How to publish agricultural science and technology papers, and seek specific steps and methods.

First, introduce the concepts of science and technology.

Science is sorting out facts and discovering laws from them. Science is a kind of knowledge, which reveals the essence of objective things, the inevitability of accident, the regularity of the movement process and the objective truth that systematically reflects the truth of things.

Technology serves social production and human material and cultural activities, and it is the sum of material means, spiritual means and information means for human beings to use and transform nature. Including process skills, labor experience, information knowledge and tools and equipment.

First, the common types, genres and methods of scientific papers

(1) type

1, Soft Science Paper (Software): It is a knowledge system for studying skills, wisdom, information organization and leadership. It is a comprehensive application of the theories and methods of natural science, social science and philosophy, which predicts, plans, manages and evaluates complex social problems, and explores the optimal solutions and decisions as a whole. Including comprehensive review, construction decisions and strategies, construction principles, policies and methods, scheme evaluation and analysis, prediction and model design, understanding and suggestions.

2. Hard science paper (hardware): it is a knowledge system for studying material equipment and its technology. Including the design, calculation, construction, structure, test and application of materials and equipment.

(b) Common types of scientific papers

title

Author's name

Postal code, work unit, position or title

abstract

key word

Preface or introduction

main body

conclusion

refer to

(3) Writing methods

1. Title: The title should reveal the central content of the paper as much as possible and reflect the characteristics of the paper. Use short and clear words. To this end, the title should be accurate, concise and distinctive.

2. The content includes the research object, work purpose, experimental methods, the main contents of the research and the significance of the main results.

(1) Summary of the report: relatively long, generally 250-300 words. Including the purpose, scope, test methods and equipment, results and conclusions. Hardware papers for applied research.

(2) Indicative abstract: Describe the essence of the article, not involving research methods, results and conclusions, generally 30-50 words. It is suitable for software papers such as review, evaluation and analysis.

3. Keywords: At present, the words that relate to and clarify concepts in articles are generally listed at the back of the abstract, which are called "keywords" for easy retrieval.

4. Foreword or introduction: The function is to introduce the ins and outs of chronology and answer why you want to write this paper. It should include the research background, purpose, scope, methods, achievements and significance.

5. Text: It is the main body of scientific papers.

(1) The content includes data obtained from experiments, observations and measurements; Materials obtained from investigation and study; Judging from the data and information. Scientific papers focus on viewpoints, which are abstracted from materials, and materials serve viewpoints to achieve the unity of materials and viewpoints.

(2) Patterns and genres can be divided into the following two types:

According to the level of cognitive cycle, according to the order of research work process. The phenomenon of experimental re-study, or phenomenon-the external conditions of re-study phenomenon-the internal causes and essence of phenomenon-the measures to explore the change of phenomenon-practice verification. When explaining and writing, the levels are clear, one link is linked, step by step, and closely related to the theme.

Comprehensive experimental data or materials, extract typical viewpoints and context, usually introduce experimental materials, equipment, methods, etc. , collect the results, and draw a conclusion through reasoning analysis.

6. Conclusion

The conclusion is the conclusion of the paper, the final overall argument of the paper, and the abstract phenomenon essence and law. The wording is rigorous, the logic is rigorous, the words are clear and specific, and the sentences are concise and clear. Specific contents may include:

(1) Briefly describe the verification conclusion or final argument obtained through analysis and discussion.

(2) Explain the scope of application of the conclusion.

(3) Explain the significance of the research results.

(4) The development and prospect of this workbench.

7. Reference

Indicate the title, author's name, magazine name, publication date and publishing department of the article or book. When quoting other people's conclusions, investigations and experimental data, the reference number should be marked on the quoted content.

8, foreign academic journals require unless the foreign title, name, unit, abstract.

Second, review the article comprehensively.

It is a comprehensive review of the progress in a certain scientific and technological field in a certain period, and also a scientific and technological report reflecting the author's own knowledge. Synthesis is the basis of a text, and evaluation is the latitude and longitude of a text.

Theory is not a general dynamic report, but a guiding work, which is the author's systematic summary of the progress in a certain professional field according to his own research or production practice after reading a large number of documents and materials, and puts forward his own opinions through analysis and induction.

1, the summary should generally include the following contents: problem raising-historical development-current situation analysis-trend prediction and improvement suggestions.

2. Pay attention to the following points when writing a summary.

(1) Don't mix the summary with one of your own research workstations in an article, write an article that is neither a summary nor a scientific research report. The focus of evaluation is comparison and evaluation, and it is not appropriate to evaluate one's own research work.

(2) Don't do second-hand summary articles, that is, add some personal opinions on the basis of others' summaries.

(3) Don't generalize, full of platitudes and descriptive words, which have no reference value and no new insights.

(4) materials and viewpoints should be unified, avoiding too much introduction of materials and too little comment, and too much detail.

(5) Reviewing the situation abroad should be domestic, and discussing the past and present should focus on the present.

(6) Theory and practice should be unified, broad-minded but not boastful, rigorous but not rigid, supported by quantitative production data, and guided by long-term development and theoretical research.

(7) unify scientific and technological research with economic benefits, and put forward more estimates and measures from the aspect of popularization feasibility.

(8) Outline and highlight key points. Don't list "the words of each family". The key to summing up is to be precise and detailed, and the general details should be brief.

Three, agricultural technology guidance articles

This paper mainly introduces key agricultural technology extension projects and advanced agricultural technology achievements, teaches advanced agricultural technology models, and puts forward guiding suggestions for actual production problems.

General writing: analyze an actual production problem and propose a solution. Or introduce the characteristics of a research object, the relationship with the surrounding environment, and put forward supporting application technology. When necessary, introduce economic benefits.

1, suggestions on prevention and control of diseases, pests and weeds. This paper introduces the morphological characteristics, occurrence regularity and harm to crops of a pest, and puts forward some suggestions on integrated control techniques. Or technical suggestions on the identification and control of various diseases, weeds and rodents in a certain crop and in a certain period. Publish the forecast of pests and diseases, and put forward technical suggestions for prevention and control.

2. Introduce excellent crop varieties. This paper mainly expounds the characteristics, yield-increasing effect, key points of supporting cultivation techniques and adaptation areas of varieties. If it is a breeding report, it is necessary to increase the material combination and breeding process.

3. Crop cultivation techniques. This paper introduces the application effect, technical points and related matters needing attention of single technology. This paper introduces the characteristics of a crop and its requirements for environmental conditions, and puts forward some suggestions on comprehensive cultivation techniques (high yield and high quality).

4. Fertilization technology. Introduce the characteristics of a certain fertilizer, or a certain fertilization technology, yield-increasing effect and application technology. Or talk about the law of fertilizer demand of a certain crop and put forward reasonable suggestions on fertilization technology.

5. Agricultural environmental protection. We can discuss the occurrence law of natural disasters in farmland, prevention methods, low-yield soil improvement technology, the harm of farmland pollution and prevention methods. Development of green food and pollution-free food production technology.

Four, agricultural experiment summary (report) writing

(1) exam name: the title of the exam, including the exam cycle and unit.

(2) Text content

1, the purpose and basis of the experiment: briefly describe the main problems to be studied and solved, and what is the significance for production and science.

2. Materials and methods of the experiment: Briefly and correctly describe the research contents, materials and methods used in the experiment.

Mainly should explain:

(1) Content of test treatment: What kind of treatment or measures are there.

(2) General situation of test site: soil, soil quality, fertility, topography, etc.

(3) The area, layout and repetition times of the experimental field.

(4) Field measures: time and measures for testing varieties, soil preparation, sowing, fertilization, management and harvesting.

(5) The accidents and accidents occurred during the test execution shall be briefly described. Such as wrong fertilizer, wrong medicine, food damage of rodents, birds and livestock, unpredictable weather disasters and so on.

3. Analysis of test results: mainly including growth period investigation, character analysis, yield analysis, test significance test, etc.

First of all, the test data should be classified and listed in the statistical table. Then analyze it item by item by topic. Firstly, the differences between treatments with significant yield-increasing effect, growth period, plant characters and yield and control were analyzed, and the differences were briefly explained in words, and then other treatments were analyzed.

For those more important births, you can take photos and attach them to the summary. For those data with certain changing rules, you can draw histogram, simple histogram, curve, point chart and so on. Cooperate with text analysis to increase transparency.

The analysis of the test results should be organized and discussed in advance, and each special question should be clearly put forward and the inference must be reasonable. Avoid tedious content and vague arguments, which make people feel bored and confused.

When there is a contradiction between phenomena, data or related results, if it is not a data error, special attention should be paid to analysis, and important contradictions should be put forward at the same time for further study.

4. Conclusion: Judge the success or failure of the test results, explain the role and experience of the test results in production or science, and put forward the problems to be clarified and the direction of further efforts in the future during the discussion.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) related submission requirements

1, the title and content should be consistent with the columns and coverage of the publication. The content should be innovative or have local characteristics, so as to avoid duplication with articles published in journals. The manuscript strives for concise language, clear arguments, sufficient arguments, reliable data, strict logic of arguments and correct conclusions. Attention should be paid to keeping state secrets in the content.

2. Writing format. The title should be concise and to the point; Write the author's postal code, work unit, position (title) and name under the title; The chapters of the manuscript are arranged according to the numbering order of national standards 1, 1. 1, 1 ... The title number is written in the top box, followed by1box.

3. Table and drawing requirements. There can't be too many tables and pictures in the manuscript. The table is in the form of three-line table, and the expression and writing of the title and the initial words should be complete and concise, and the contents in the table should not be repeated with the contents of the article, and the data should be complete and accurate; Morphological characteristic map or curve coordinate map should be drawn by computer (laser sample map) or sulfuric acid paper, with legends in the map and positions in the manuscript.

4. Standards for the use of units of measurement and symbols. Lecturer units use legal units of measurement, and technical manuscripts are represented by capital letters and lowercase foreign language symbols. The following Chinese characters in brackets can no longer be used, such as:

The length is km (km), m (m), cm (cm), mm (mm) and um (micron), and Li, Zhang, ruler, inch, meter and cm are no longer used;

The area is km2 (square kilometers), hm2 (hectares), mm2 (square meters), cm2 (square centimeters) and mm2 (square millimeters);

Volumes are m3 (cubic meter), cm3 (cubic centimeter) and mm3 (cubic millimeter);

The weights are t (tons), Kg (kilograms), g (grams) and mg (milligrams);

Stop using ppm, the quantity is 10-6 and the concentration is mg/㎏.

Considering the actual situation of readers, the area unit can still use "mu";

The years, days, hours, minutes and seconds are all written in Chinese characters.

5. Rules for the use of numbers. Represents the century, year, month, day and hour (the full name of the year), a number with metrological and statistical significance, an ordinal number and a number in Arabic numerals; When numbers are used as morphemes to form stereotyped words, phrases and idioms, and two adjacent numbers are connected in parallel to represent the lunar calendar, the number of the day of the week, the number before adjectives and the word "-"before nouns are Chinese characters. For example: three or four days, seventy or eighty kinds, ten drops of water, a long March of 25,000 Li, a difference of 108,000 Li, 20 days, and poinsettia. The Arabic numeral range number is "~"; Percentage range, the percent sign "%"of the preceding number cannot be omitted.

6, Chinese characters and terminology requirements. The Chinese characters in the manuscript shall be subject to Xinhua Dictionary, and traditional Chinese characters and self-made words shall not be used. Terminology of special nouns should be standardized, and local dialects should not be used. Professional names should use scientific names, not common names, local names and aliases, dosage forms of contents cannot be omitted, and commodity names can only be indicated in brackets.

7. Rules for writing foreign letters. The foreign letters in the manuscript need to be typed or printed, and the language type, case and italics, upper and lower corners, numbers and confusing letters must be clearly written.

8. Use punctuation correctly. According to the Usage of Punctuation Marks revised and published by the State Language Committee and the State Press and Publication Administration in March 1990, there are two kinds of punctuation marks, *** 16.

There are seven kinds of dots: period (. ), comma (,), pause (,), semicolon (; ), colon (:), question mark (? ), exclamation point (! );

There are seven kinds of labels: quotation mark (""), bracket (), ellipsis (……), dash (——), hyphen (——), title ("), interval () and bullet (. ) and proper nouns (_ _).

9. Copy the manuscript clearly with a pen on 16 square manuscript paper, with neat handwriting, no graffiti and correct punctuation. You can also provide computer printed manuscripts or floppy disk manuscripts (manuscripts with the same content are preferred, and the editorial department can directly scan and sort them out, or send emails to the editorial department to publicize China's agricultural technology). The manuscript is written by itself, and multiple submissions are not allowed. The manuscript is kept by itself, and the employment will not be rejected. If the author has not received the publication employment notice within 6 months, he can handle it by himself. If you don't want to modify it, please state it when you submit it. "Heilongjiang Agriculture" does not need mimeographed, copied or duplicated, and it can be handled by itself if it is not hired for 3 months.

10, the number of words required for the article. Agriculture in Heilongjiang: Summaries, monographs and work studies are within 2,500 words, and some reach 3,500 words. Manuscripts for agricultural technical guidance are generally between1000-2,000 words, and some reach 3,000-3,500 words. Friends of farmers column 1000 words or less.

Agricultural Technology Extension in China: special topics, speeches by department directors, science and technology forums, etc. Generally, it does not exceed 3000 words, and some reach 3500-5000 words. Agricultural technical guidance is generally 1000-2000 words, not more than 3000 words.

"Rural Practical Engineering Technology": Technical manuscripts generally do not exceed 2000 words, and a few are 1000 words or 3000 words. Serialization of long articles and lectures. Can be used for crop planting, gardening, water-saving irrigation and other columns.

Professional academic journals: each paper (including charts) does not exceed 5000 words, with a maximum of 8000 words. Individual journals are allowed to publish papers with more than 65438 words (including charts) +0-20000 words. Especially welcome short and pithy articles; Briefing should not exceed 2000 words, and each research briefing should be limited to 700 words.

1 1. Please write a brief introduction of the first author at the end of the article, including: name, gender, date of birth, position, professional title, work unit, mailing address, postal code, contact telephone number, etc. "China Agricultural Technology Extension" requires that the submission column be indicated on the envelope.

Paper example

I have selected some well-written articles as model essays in relevant publications in previous years for your reference. Its characteristics are standardized writing, accurate wording, thorough analysis, practical technology and guiding significance.

I. Scientific papers

1, soft science papers:

Influence of China's entry into WTO on China's agricultural technology extension system and its countermeasures

Author: Xia Jingyuan, cultural postcode of National Agricultural Technology Service Center: 100026, published in the third issue of China Agricultural Extension in 2002,10-2 pages.

Content: Preface, 1. The main problems existing in the integration of China's agricultural technology extension system with the international market at present; The concept of popularization of 1. 1 is not suitable; 1.2 function positioning is inappropriate; 1.3 management system is not suitable; The popularization method of 1.4 is not suitable; 1.5 safeguard measures are not applicable; 1.6 laws and regulations are not suitable; 2. Analysis of the impact of China's entry into WTO on agricultural technology extension system: 2. 1 indirect impact; 2.2 Direct influence; 3. Ideas and countermeasures of agricultural technology extension system to meet the challenge of WTO entry: 3. 1 innovative extension concept; 3.2 scientific positioning function; 3.3 straighten out the promotion system; 3.4 conversion operation mechanism; 3.5 improve the promotion method; 3.6 improve the quality of all staff; 3.7 increase support; 3.8 Strengthen the construction of laws and regulations. More than 5,300 words.

2. Hard science papers

Study on quantitative change law and dynamic model of geometrid population in tung oil tree

Authors: Zhao Xing, Zhou Yanchu, Yu Chuanming, Changde Forestry Bureau of Hunan Province.

Yu Zhonghu, Forestry Bureau, Baojing County, Hunan Province

Published on pages 1993, 9(2),124-126, 130 of Agricultural System Science and Comprehensive Research.

Content: abstract, key words, 1. Materials and methods; 1. 1 location of investigation point; 1.2 survey method; 1.3 method for establishing population dynamic model (spectral wave analysis is Fourier series); 2. Results and analysis; 2. The population number change rule of1foot moth pupa; 2.2 Establishment and test of the population dynamic model of Aegiceras tonkinensis pupae; 3. Conclusion and discussion. There are 4 references with English titles and names, with more than 3,500 words.

Second, review the article.

Example 1: Impression of Modern Agriculture in Israel

Author: Zhu, stationmaster and senior agronomist of Hunan Agricultural Technology Extension Station, postal code 4 10005, published in the third issue of China Agricultural Technology Extension in 2000, 14- 15 page (overseas window).

Content: Preface, 1, Water and Agricultural Irrigation; 2. Modernization of varieties and seed commodities; 3. Agriculture and greenhouse; 4, agricultural technology and agricultural technology promotion. About 3000 words.

Example 2: Brief introduction of agricultural science and technology trends at home and abroad

Author: Yu Zhendong, Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Huachuan County.

Published in 1997 Agricultural Technology Training Textbook of Huachuan County.

Content: 1. Brief introduction of foreign agricultural science and technology trends: 1. Cultivate improved varieties; 2. Agricultural production is increasingly industrialized; 3. Transition from on-site management to automation; 4. Rational fertilization and irrigation; 5. Control diseases, insects and weeds by scientific methods. 2. Brief introduction of new achievements in domestic agricultural science and technology: 1. Cultivation techniques of grain, beans and potatoes; 2. Horticultural cultivation techniques; 3. Plant protection technology; 4. Soil and fertilizer technology; 5. Agricultural engineering technology: (1) large machinery; (2) Small four-wheel supporting machinery; (3) Plant protection machinery; (4) irrigation facilities; (5) Drought resistance technology; (6) cultivating new varieties; (7) Application of electronic technology in agricultural production.

Three, agricultural technology guidance articles

Example 1: control of soybean dodder

Author: Liu Jiangsu State-owned Xincao Farm Plant Protection Station zip code 224246, published in China Agricultural Technology Extension, No.4, 2000, page 43 (Plant Hospital).

Content: Preface, 1. Symptoms of soybean injury; 2. Measures to control Cuscuta chinensis; 2. 1 Select bean seeds; 2.2 rotation and stubble replacement; 2.3 dig deep into the soil; 2.4 fertilizer is fully decomposed; 2.5 wide line drilling; 2.6 Manual removal; 2.7 Drug control; 2.7. 1 soil treatment; 2.7.2 Treatment of stems and leaves.

Example 2: China aromatic rice and its cultivation techniques

Author: Zhiwen Peng, Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Wuliu City, Hubei Province, postal code 435400, published in China Agricultural Technology Extension, No.2, 2002, p.30.

Content: 1. Main features; 1. 1 meter mass; 1.2 growth period; Morphological characteristics and yield of 1.3; 2. Main cultivation techniques. About 1200 words.

Example 3: Characteristics and Cultivation Techniques of Celery

Author: Shao Changshun of Liaoning East Asia Seed Group Company

Liaoning Eastasia International Seedling Co., Ltd. Libo

Published in Heilongjiang Agriculture, No.3 1 in 2000.

Content: Preface (Introduction to Celery), 1. Environmental requirements; 1. 1 celery has strict temperature requirements; 1.2 celery is strict with water; 1.3 celery has strict requirements on soil; 1.4 celery has strict requirements on fertilizer (nutrition); 2. Cultivation techniques; 2. 1 cultivation season; 2.2 sowing and seedling raising; 2.3 Reasonable colonization; 2.4 site management; 2.5 timely harvest.

Example 4: Application and effect of mechanical deep application technology of rice

Author: Liu Weimin, Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Hulin City, Heilongjiang Province.

Heilongjiang Hulin Agricultural Mechanization Technology Popularization Station Jiang

Published in China Agricultural Technology Extension, No.3, 2002, page 56.

Content: Preface (technical introduction); 1. Application of mechanical deep application technology in our city: 1. 1 test tracking survey; 1. 1. 1 test processing; 1. 1.2 test conditions; 1. 1.3 autumn seed test and yield determination; 2. The characteristics of mechanical deep application technology; 2. 1 Improve fertilizer utilization rate; 2.2 After deep application of chemical fertilizer, the yield per unit area of rice can be significantly increased; 2.3 Apply fertilizer evenly, reduce volatilization, and meet the needs of rice growth; 2.4 save labor and fertilizer to reduce pollution; 3. Problems that should be paid attention to in operation; 3. 1 The work site should be flat and free of straw and other sundries; 3.2 seedlings should be strong; 3.3 Fertilizer standard; 3.4 The fertilizer box is waterproof and the fertilizer is moisture-proof; 3.5 It is necessary to clean the fat box at the end of homework every day.

Example 5: The harm of salt to rice and its control methods

Author: Quandeng, Plant Protection Station, Linghai City, Liaoning Province, postal code 12 1200, published in China Agricultural Technology Extension, No.2, 2002, page 49 (fertile soil Yuan Ye).

Content: preface (general situation of saltworks); 1. The harm of salinity to rice production; 1. 1 basic situation of hazards; 1.2 degree of danger; 2. Governance methods; 2. 1 Select excellent salt-tolerant varieties; 2.2 Cultivate strong seedlings and enhance the ability of salt and alkali resistance; 2.3 Establish standardized field engineering to ensure smooth drainage and irrigation; 2.3. 1 single row and single irrigation; 2.3.2 Deep ditch drainage; 2.4 washing saline-alkali; 2.5 scientific fertilization; 2.6 Adjust saline-alkali 2.7 fertility and improve soil. About 1200 words.

IV. Test Summary (Report)

Example 1: analysis of yield-increasing potential of different soybean varieties (lines) planted in narrow rows and close density

Author: Wang Cheng, Hejiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, zip code 154000, published in Heilongjiang Agriculture No.6 1999, p.30..

Content: Preface; 1, test materials and methods; 2. Analysis of results; 3. Conclusion. In the three-year experiment, a total of 12 varieties were tested.

Example 2: Experimental study on weed control in rice transplanting field in special defense, Binning

Author: Yu Zhenmin Suihua Plant Inspection and Protection Station, zip code 152054, published in Heilongjiang Agriculture, No.2, 2000, pages 23-24, about 1300 words.

Content: Preface; 1. test reagent; 2. Test processing; 3. Experimental design and investigation methods; 3. 1 Investigation on weeding effect: 3.2 Investigation on rice safety; 3.3 Field yield survey; 4. Test results (4. 1, 4.2, 4.3); 5. Conclusion (5. 1, 5.2, 5.3).