Common sense of disasters and accidents

1. Common sense of escape from various disasters

First, the method of self-rescue and escape in fire (1), towel protection method: when you escape, soak the towel, cover your nose and mouth, walk as close as possible to the ground, pass through the smoke, and don't take the towel away when you have difficulty breathing.

(2) When isolating the fire: When the door is closed by fire and there is no way to escape, you can block the door with wet bedding and clothes, splash water to cool down, close all windows and wait for rescue. (3), rope slip method: When each channel is blocked by fire, you can use a strong rope or tear curtains and sheets into strips and twist them into ropes, fix them in the heating pipe and so on, and slowly slide down along the rope.

(4) Parabolic call for help method: People trapped by fireworks who cannot escape temporarily should try to stay in balconies, windows and other places where people can easily find them, shaking or throwing bright and dazzling things out of the window for help. (5) Low-rise jumping method: If you are trapped on the second floor by fire, you can throw some quilts and other fabrics on the ground, then grab the windowsill with your hands, and your body will droop, and your head and feet will naturally fall. Don't jump off a tall building.

Second, the basic requirements for self-help and escape in fire (1), when a fire breaks out, you should escape quickly and not be greedy for money. (2), family members should know how to master fire escape at ordinary times, familiar with several escape routes.

(3) When receiving the fire threat, act decisively, put on wet clothes and bedding, and rush out to the safety exit. (4) When escaping from the smoke, try to keep your body close to the ground and cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel.

(5) Don't run when there is a fire. You can roll on the spot or crush the flame with heavy clothes. (6) If you can't take the elevator in case of fire, you should escape in the direction of the safety exit.

(7), outdoor fire, the door is hot, don't open the door, to prevent fire into the room. Use soaked bedding, clothes, etc. To block the doors and windows, to splash water to cool down.

(8) If the escape route is blocked by fire, you should immediately return to the room and send a distress signal to the window by flashing a flashlight, waving clothes or calling for help. Never jump off a building blindly. You can use evacuation stairs, balconies, drainage pipes, etc. In order to escape, either tear the sheets and quilts into a training rope, tie it to solid objects such as window frames and iron railings, and slide down the rope, or go down to the unlit floor to get out of danger.

Third, the method of avoiding the earthquake (1) When encountering an earthquake in a building, you should hide in a space that is not easy to collapse, or hide next to objects with strong support and good self-concealment, such as iron cabinets, cabinets, heating, and large equipment. Pay attention to lean into the bracket, but you can't get in.

The purpose is to use the triangular natural space formed between the falling cement slab and the support when the roof collapses, in which people can breathe easily and help others. (2) When encountering an earthquake outdoors, try to stay away from narrow streets, tall buildings, tall chimneys, transformers, high-voltage lines, glass curtain wall buildings, viaducts, large billboards, petrochemical, chemical, gas and other toxic factories or facilities; When crossing the bridge, you should firmly grasp the bridge railing and get off the bridge immediately after shaking.

After the earthquake stops, don't run back to the collapsed building easily to prevent aftershocks from hurting people. (3) When there is an earthquake in the classroom, you should hold your head, close your eyes and squat under the desk quickly under the command of teachers and other personnel.

Be sure to keep calm and choose things (chairs, cabinets, tables, etc.) on the spot. ) hide, lie down and wait for confirmation, and avoid running away. As soon as the earthquake stops, listen to the command and evacuate quickly and orderly. Don't crowd when evacuating, don't jump off a building blindly, and don't crowd in elevators and aisles.

(4) In case of earthquake during working hours, turn off the power supply and air supply quickly and hide near solid machines, equipment or office furniture. But pay attention to leave the power supply, gas source, fire source and other dangerous places.

(5) When encountering an earthquake in a theater, stadium or restaurant, you should quickly lie down under your seat and bury your head in your head; You can also hide under the stage or orchestra pit; The audience at the door can run out of the door quickly. (6) When encountering an earthquake in a department store, you should hide near pillars or large commodities, but try to avoid glass cabinets.

When you are upstairs, you should seize the opportunity to gradually move to the bottom, send information to the outside world, and call for help when someone is not far away. Fourth, self-help and escape in case of flood (1), pay attention to the weather forecast.

When the weather forecast reports continuous rainstorm or heavy rainstorm, people living in river valleys, low-lying areas and areas along rivers and lakes should be vigilant, pay attention to changes in water conditions at any time and take appropriate measures in time. (2) Before the flood comes, evacuate the flood-prone area according to the pre-selected route.

(3) If the flood is fierce and it is too late to evacuate, you can climb to the roof, wall or nearby trees and wait for rescue. Houses with mud walls and joints are in danger of collapse at any time after soaking in water, and can only be used as temporary shelters. So find other ways to escape.

(4) If possible, you can eat some high-calorie foods, such as chocolate and biscuits, and drink some hot drinks to enhance your physical strength. When taking refuge, you should take necessary warm clothes, especially necessary drinking water, and never drink flood water to avoid getting sick.

(5) Use flashlights, whistles, flags, bright sheets, clothes and other tools to send out distress signals to attract the attention of rescuers and come for help. (6) You can use wooden boards, wooden beds, boxes and other things that can float on the water to escape, but you must pay attention to this method unless you have to.

(7) After the flood, don't walk through the knee-deep stream with fast flowing water. Extended data:

According to Voice of China's Global Chinese Broadcasting Network, test your common sense of disaster prevention and mitigation: if there is a fire, how to escape in the shortest time? After the earthquake, how do survivors waiting for rescue make a living? There is to participate in * * *, being squeezed. What posture can ensure that the heart and brain are not hurt? Obviously, this common sense can save lives when disasters come, but not everyone knows it very well.

Some friends in front of the radio may say that everyone wants to know the answer to similar questions, but the problem is that there is no convenient and simple channel to understand and the publicity is not in place. At present, there is a good way to help you learn these self-help knowledge-The Illustrated Popular Science Series of Disaster Avoidance and Escape published by People's Health Publishing House.

This is the first popular science series in China to show disaster avoidance, escape and self-help in the form of cartoons.

2. Relevant knowledge of preventing natural disasters and accidents.

Light-to-light phenomenon is a widespread phenomenon in nature and human society, and it is very common in daily life.

From the performance point of view, an important turntable parameter of the system begins to fall back at a faster speed after reaching the extreme value, until it is extremely small, which is the so-called "extremes meet". For example, when the sun just falls below the horizon, the sky will suddenly become very bright, which is the original definition of a blip.

It is also a metaphor for the seemingly short-lived prosperity before the old things die out. For people, it means that when they are dying, they suddenly turn from dizziness to sobriety, and they are in good mental and physical condition, but this is an illusion, because the fire of life is quickly extinguished on them.

There are some similar phenomena in life, such as the filament will glow after the incandescent lamp is turned off; After the faucet is turned off, the water will suddenly drop a string of water drops after it is turned off first, and then it is really turned off; When a pot of boiling water suddenly turns off the heat source, the boiling intensity of water does not decrease slowly or stop suddenly, but increases first and then decreases sharply. In the historical process of human society, there have been such phenomena, especially in the feudal society of China. When every feudal dynasty collapsed, there was always a large-scale rampant rebellion. For example, in the process of the demise of the Tang Dynasty, some celebrities injected a shot in the arm many times, which made the Li and Tang Dynasties glow again, but failed to save the end of their demise. Since the Opium War, the Qing Dynasty has declined day by day. Although the Taiping Army was pacified, it can only be said to be the light before the Qing Dynasty.

Therefore, we can know that similar phenomena will occur in some natural disasters. Now we find that many natural disasters often have various precursors before they happen, such as the abnormal behavior of various animals before the earthquake.

So where is the phenomenon of light to light? Applied to the field of disasters, it means that when a certain disaster occurs, a certain phenomenon in nature often presents a relatively calm and normal state. We can give a few examples to illustrate.

It was found that there was no wind around before the typhoon came. According to records, in 1703, the unusually strong Atlantic wind and heavy rain hit England and Wales in England for two weeks in a row.

165438+1October 25th, after half a month of bad weather, the weather suddenly cleared up, the sea was calm, and the storm that people were worried about all day long finally passed. People want to have a good sleep at night.

The crew has prepared all kinds of appliances and is ready to pull out anchor and set sail in the next day or two. 165438+1October 26th, during the day, the weather was excellent, but no one thought that behind the gentleness and tranquility of this day, there was a more vicious disaster.

At midnight that day, a storm rarely seen in history came to southern England and Wales. Strong winds kept roaring, forming a huge tsunami. It is estimated that the economic losses caused by this storm amounted to 6.5438+0 million pounds, and the death toll was nearly 10,000.

Another example is1June 5, 896, on the eve of the devastating tsunami in Japan, the weather was also fine. There are many such examples in history. For example, in 1905, 26,000 people died in the storm surge in Shanghai; 1906, a typhoon broke out at the mouth of the Pearl River without warning, and 1000 people were killed; On the eve of 1922 Shantou tsunami, the weather was unusually calm.

Also, before a major earthquake, it is often relatively calm and people are unaware of it. For example, on May 23rd, 1927, Gulang, Gansu, it was sunny that day. Suddenly, a violent shock came, but it soon calmed down.

Then, I don't know how long it took There was terrible thunder deep underground, and the earth was violently bumping. The collected dust flew up and the yard no longer existed. The earthquake, with a magnitude of 8 on the Richter scale, killed more than 40,000 people and collapsed more than 400,000 houses. There is also the famous Tangshan earthquake 1976. On July 28th, at 3: 42: 54 Beijing time, the underground rock broke, and this city with a population of one million was instantly razed to the ground, making it the most tragic page in the world earthquake history so far.

However, just a minute ago, it was calm here, and it was especially calm before and after that night. Usually, there is no sound of bugs and frogs. Unusually quiet, so quiet that disaster suddenly happened in this silent night. In addition, scientific observation found that the magnetic disturbance was relatively calm before the arrival of the big magnetic storm.

In the early stage of scientific civilization, human beings are eager to predict natural disasters, but limited by human strength, many predictions are in a weak infancy and precursor understanding stage. Even now, although there are good forecasting theories and scientific equipment, it is still very difficult to forecast climate change, heavy rain and major earthquakes.

The reason is the suddenness and suddenness of natural disasters. We can also be optimistic that in the long-term struggle against natural disasters, people have gained a lot of understanding of the perceptual experience of disaster phenomena and process appearances.

Although these experiences are far from coping with disasters, they can also be regarded as a simple prediction method. To truly prevent and resist disasters, we need scientific means to grasp the mechanism and law of disaster formation and occurrence.

Main reference materials: Chronicles of Ancient and Modern Catastrophes edited by Wang Lin, Zhang and Zhu Zuyan, China Youth Publishing House, 1992, Chronicles of Major Disasters in China in the 20th Century edited by Qian Gang and Geng Qingguo, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1999, edited by Zhu Zuyan, Wuhan Publishing House, 2000.

3. Relevant knowledge of preventing natural disasters and accidents

Light-to-light phenomenon is a widespread phenomenon in nature and human society, and it is very common in daily life. From the performance point of view, an important turntable parameter of the system begins to fall back at a faster speed after reaching the extreme value, until it is extremely small, which is the so-called "extremes meet". For example, when the sun just falls below the horizon, the sky will suddenly become very bright, which is the original definition of a blip. It is also a metaphor for the seemingly short-lived prosperity before the old things die out. For people, it means that when they are dying, they suddenly turn from dizziness to sobriety, and they are in good mental and physical condition, but this is an illusion, because the fire of life is quickly extinguished on them.

There are some similar phenomena in life, such as the filament will glow after the incandescent lamp is turned off; After the faucet is turned off, the water will suddenly drop a string of water drops after it is turned off first, and then it is really turned off; When a pot of boiling water suddenly turns off the heat source, the boiling intensity of water does not decrease slowly or stop suddenly, but increases first and then decreases sharply. In the historical process of human society, there have been such phenomena, especially in the feudal society of China. When every feudal dynasty collapsed, there was always a large-scale rampant rebellion. For example, in the process of the demise of the Tang Dynasty, some celebrities injected a shot in the arm many times, which made the Li and Tang Dynasties glow again, but failed to save the end of their demise. Since the Opium War, the Qing Dynasty has declined day by day. Although the Taiping Army was pacified, it can only be said to be the light before the Qing Dynasty.

Therefore, we can know that similar phenomena will occur in some natural disasters. Now we find that many natural disasters often have various precursors before they happen, such as the abnormal behavior of various animals before the earthquake. So where is the phenomenon of light to light? Applied to the field of disasters, it means that when a certain disaster occurs, a certain phenomenon in nature often presents a relatively calm and normal state. We can give a few examples to illustrate.

It was found that there was no wind around before the typhoon came. According to the records, in 1703, unusually strong Atlantic winds and heavy rains hit England and Wales in England for two weeks in a row. 165438+1October 25th, after half a month of bad weather, the weather suddenly cleared up, the sea was calm, and the storm that people were worried about all day long finally passed. People want to have a good sleep at night. The crew has prepared all kinds of appliances and is ready to pull out anchor and set sail in the next day or two. 165438+1October 26th, during the day, the weather was excellent, but no one thought that behind the gentleness and tranquility of this day, there was a more vicious disaster. At midnight that day, a storm rarely seen in history came to southern England and Wales. Strong winds kept roaring, forming a huge tsunami. It is estimated that the economic losses caused by this storm amounted to 6.5438+0 million pounds, and the death toll was nearly 10,000. Another example is1June 5, 896, on the eve of the devastating tsunami in Japan, the weather was also fine. There are many such examples in history. For example, in 1905, 26,000 people died in the storm surge in Shanghai; 1906, a typhoon broke out at the mouth of the Pearl River without warning, and 1000 people were killed; On the eve of 1922 Shantou tsunami, the weather was unusually calm.

Also, before a major earthquake, it is often relatively calm and people are unaware of it. For example, on May 23rd, 1927, Gulang, Gansu, it was sunny that day. Suddenly, a violent shock came, but it soon calmed down. Then, I don't know how long it took There was terrible thunder deep underground, and the earth was violently bumping. The collected dust flew up and the yard no longer existed. The earthquake, with a magnitude of 8 on the Richter scale, killed more than 40,000 people and collapsed more than 400,000 houses. There is also the famous Tangshan earthquake 1976. On July 28th, at 3: 42: 54 Beijing time, the underground rock broke, and this city with a population of one million was instantly razed to the ground, making it the most tragic page in the world earthquake history so far. However, just a minute ago, it was calm here, and it was especially calm before and after that night. Usually, there is no sound of bugs and frogs. Unusually quiet, so quiet that disaster suddenly happened in this silent night.

In addition, scientific observation found that the magnetic disturbance was relatively calm before the arrival of the big magnetic storm.

In the early stage of scientific civilization, human beings are eager to predict natural disasters, but limited by human strength, many predictions are in a weak infancy and precursor understanding stage. Even now, although there are good forecasting theories and scientific equipment, it is still very difficult to forecast climate change, heavy rain and major earthquakes. The reason is the suddenness and suddenness of natural disasters. We can also be optimistic that in the long-term struggle against natural disasters, people have gained a lot of understanding of the perceptual experience of disaster phenomena and process appearances. Although these experiences are far from coping with disasters, they can also be regarded as a simple prediction method. To truly prevent and resist disasters, we need scientific means to grasp the mechanism and law of disaster formation and occurrence.

Main references:

Records of Ancient and Modern Catastrophes, edited by Wang Lin and Zhang He, China Youth Publishing House 1992.

Chronicle of Major Disasters in China in the 20th Century, edited by Qian Gang and Geng Qingguo, Shanghai People's Publishing House 1999.

Zhu Zuyan, editor-in-chief of A Sea of Chinese Idioms, Wuhan Publishing House, 2000.

4. What are the types of public security disasters and accidents?

Public security disasters mainly include explosion accidents, bullet accidents, poisoning accidents and radiation accidents! Fire accident, traffic accident and crush casualty accident, etc.

First, the explosion accident. It refers to an accident in which explosive materials such as gunpowder, explosives, primary explosives, various initiating devices and ammunition are subjected to high temperature, friction, impact or mixed with other substances, resulting in violent explosion.

Second, the bullet accident. It refers to accidents in which firearms accidentally go off and ammunition explodes, causing personal injuries and material losses.

Other accidents that are purely ammunition explosions can be treated as explosion accidents. Third, poisoning accidents.

Refers to accidents in which people and animals are injured by some highly toxic substances, resulting in disability and death. Fourth, radioactive accidents.

Refers to personal injury and radioactive disease accidents caused by radiation and infringement of radioactive substances. Fifth, squeezing casualties.

Refers to the personal injury and death accidents caused by crowd, disorder and building collapse in public places. Sixth, fire accidents.

Refers to accidents that cause personal injury and property loss due to spontaneous combustion, lightning strike and electrostatic fire. Material loss due to violation of fire prevention rules and regulations and safe operation procedures, or due to ignorance of the characteristics of materials, improper placement and mixed storage. Seventh, traffic accidents.

It refers to accidents in which drivers, pedestrians, passengers and other personnel engaged in traffic-related activities on the road violate road traffic management regulations or safety operation rules, causing personal injury or property loss.

5. Are natural disasters accidents?

Natural disasters are force majeure. Force majeure is an exemption clause in the contract. It means that after the signing of a sales contract, the contract cannot be performed or cannot be performed as scheduled, not because of the fault or negligence of the parties to the contract, but because of unforeseen, unpredictable, unavoidable and uncontrollable events of the parties to the contract. The party who has an accident may be exempted from the responsibility of performing the contract or postpone the performance of the contract.

Accident refers to the fact that although the actor's behavior objectively caused damage, it was not caused by the actor's intention or negligence, but by irresistible or unforeseeable reasons. Difference between them: 1.

The reasons for the damage are different. The cause of damage caused by force majeure is the force that human beings can't resist \ avoid under certain circumstances, including the coercion of natural forces and unnatural forces. However, the damage caused by the accident is the damage caused by the actor's failure to foresee his own behavior at that time.

2。 The prediction of the damage results is different.

The actor of force majeure foresees or can foresee the occurrence of damage results, but there is nothing he can do under certain circumstances by virtue of his ability, objective conditions and environment. The accident is just a lack of foresight and unpredictability of the damage result.

3。 There are different reasons why it does not constitute a crime.

Force majeure is because the actor can't control his behavior according to his will, and other events are because the actor can't realize that the damage will happen subjectively. .