Cosmic problem set

What was the universe like before it was formed?

Physically, before the universe was formed, neither time nor space existed.

Maybe before that, it was another universe that repeated the process of the present world.

How big is the universe?

Ask the greatest mathematician in the world to go to the most advanced computer in the world, ask him to use the largest number known to mankind to represent the scale of the universe, let all mankind be his assistant, and constantly help him add "0" after this large number. What will be the final result of calculus? The result will be "no result", and human beings will never solve this problem, because this problem itself is not a math problem.

"Infinite universe" and "Infinite universe". Philosophers in ancient and modern times have repeatedly answered this question, thinking that it is an accurate expression of the problem of cosmic scale. In fact, philosophers are not much better than mathematicians. When mathematicians can't figure it out, they have used a philosophical symbol-∞, indicating that the universe is infinite. The "nothingness" and "infinity" of philosophers themselves mean that human thinking can no longer think about this problem, or that it has no philosophical solution, so it is not a philosophical problem.

God is supreme. Compared with the universe, who is bigger than who? If there is God in the universe, then "God is supreme" is a lie. If God is not in the universe, then there is no God in the universe. No matter how theologians imagine the universe and God, they can never imagine the exact boundary between the universe and God, so there is no theological solution to the problem of "how big the universe is" and it is not a theological problem.

Just because physicists, mathematicians, philosophers and theologians can't figure out the size of the universe, it shows that there is something wrong with the problem itself. "Zhuangzi Gengsang Chu" said: "Those who are true and have nothing to do are called yeyu. Some people are long and rootless (beginning) (end), and Zhou also. " "Huainanzi Qi Customs" said: "The past is called the universe, and the four sides are called the universe." So the universe itself refers to space and time. Asking about the size of the universe is like asking about the size of pure space, the length of pure time, the mass of pure mass and the temperature of pure temperature. These questions are incomplete and lack key words.

Any space refers to the size of things, and any time refers to the length of things, so the universe refers to the space and time occupied by things. It is meaningless to ask an abstract space-time scale without the subject word "something" Just like asking the height and age of an abstract "creature", there is no answer.

In fact, when people discuss the "universe", they often stand from a completely different angle. The universe mentioned by physicists is completely different from that mentioned by philosophers, and so is the universe mentioned by philosophers and theologians. This is not because there is any difference between space and time in the universe, but because people study time and space in completely different ways.

Obviously, the understanding of the universe can only be obtained through observation, and it must be verified through observation. Any cosmic solution that cannot be observed with the naked eye will not be accepted by physicists. Therefore, the physical universe is an observable universe, and its solution exists in the human horizon, and its scale is equal to the human horizon.

The philosophical solution of the universe must be based on the understanding of the existing things in the universe, and be induced, deduced and reasoned according to the conclusion theorem confirmed by observation. The time and space of the philosophical universe will be expanded by the thinking logic until this thinking comes to an end and it is impossible to continue thinking. The scale of this philosophical universe is equal to the human thinking universe.

The theological solution of the universe does not exclude the cosmic solution of physics and philosophy, but theologians try to explain the universe with a "God" that cannot be observed and thought. The authenticity of this "god" obviously depends on human imagination, so the scale of theological universe is equal to the limit of human imagination.

Does the universe have boundaries?

In ancient China, there was a saying that "the universe is everywhere, and the past is the present". Our universe is a combination of time and space. Heaven and earth are infinite, and time has no beginning and no end. This is our usual understanding of the universe. The universe is so mysterious that human beings are just a child on the beach before it. Human wisdom is too limited. So is the universe infinite or finite? Is there a boundary? For thousands of years, human beings have never stopped asking this question.

Furthermore, how to distinguish between finite and infinite. What is limited? What is infinity? In my opinion, there is no absolute infinity. In the face of human wisdom, there are only absolute limitations. Finite and infinite are not so easy to distinguish. Western proverb says: "A world in a flower, a paradise in the sand", finite and infinite can be transformed and detached in an instant. Let's give a mathematical example:

We know that the real number axis is infinitely separable and dense everywhere. The so-called "one foot pestle, half a day." In this sense, the whole real number axis is composed of infinite points. And a cell (1, 2) is also composed of infinite points that cannot be subdivided. In this sense, a cell that can be measured by distance has something in common with the whole infinite real axis. Furthermore, a two-centimeter line segment consists of infinite points, and a three-centimeter line segment also consists of infinite points. In this way, we will inevitably fall into a kind of confusion: finite is infinite, infinite is finite, and finite and infinite are so easy to convert.

There are infinitesimal and infinitesimal problems in mathematics. The so-called small number refers to a small number that is infinitely close to 0 (but we can't call a number that can be written, spoken or even imagined as an infinitely small number). Infinity, on the other hand, is a number that can't be bigger, and it can generally be expressed by ∞. Can we imagine the sum of infinite infinitesimals? Is it infinite? Through examples, we can know that the sum of infinite infinitesimals can be a specific number, such as 1, 2,0, 100, or it can be infinite ∞.

Another example: the cycle of 0.9, that is to say, there are countless 9s after the decimal point. In elementary school, the teacher taught us that there are infinite 9s behind them, but they are always less than 1. The reason explained by the teacher is that 1 will never be reached. However, using the series theory and limit theory of mathematics, it can be proved that the cycles of 0.9 and 1 are completely equal. What seems untenable is the true truth after extremely strict mathematical proof. We have to face this problem and human confusion. Through these two examples, abstract things can be linked with concrete things and transformed. For example, an infinitesimal sum may be a specific number. There is no gap between them, and they can transform and communicate with each other.

Since abstract infinity and infinity can communicate with concrete limitedness. I can boldly draw the conclusion that the image of y= 1/x intersects the X axis when X approaches infinity, and the intersection point is (∞, 0). Although infinity is an imaginary number that cannot be described. But we can abstract it into concrete, and the curve is in phase with the number axis when there is such a point as ∞. Then some people may ask, since they can intersect, what is the image after intersection? The person who asked this question first gave up the premise of our discussion. Because we are talking about infinity, what is infinity? It is a big concept, that is, after it, we can't think of any bigger numbers. When we encounter something unimaginable with wisdom and thought, we name it infinity. The number after it is beyond our imagination, so the image and point after intersection are what our wisdom can think of, not infinite. Admit that the intersection is infinite, and you admit that the following points and numbers are unimaginable. We don't imagine infinity.

So, around a big circle. Let's go back to the boundary of the universe.

With the previous foreshadowing, we can draw a conclusion that the universe is infinite in time and space, but it has boundaries. We might as well name the boundary of the universe: ∞. In other words, the boundary of the universe is a boundary of our human wisdom, but we can imagine a limit beyond which we cannot imagine. The so-called universe is a word created by human beings, just like time. Someone asked, "What was God doing before he created time?" This is an interesting question. Before God created time, there was definitely no time, because time appeared after God created it. Then it is certainly unreasonable for us to use a later word to describe what happened before this word appeared. When we think about what God was doing before creating time, it is certainly impossible to draw a conclusion by using human language and thinking system to think about things that do not belong to human language and thinking system. Just as people in a two-dimensional world can't imagine a three-dimensional space.

Similarly, what is beyond the universe? As before, we can temporarily call things and things outside the universe that human beings can't define and think about as "non-universe". This is an interesting concept. How can I put it? I use words from a human language system and thinking system to define things that do not belong to human language system and thinking system. Even this thing can't be called something. Just like when humans first named eggs, if we called them "dogs", we would naturally call them dogs today. The boundary of the universe is actually the thinking and limit of human wisdom. When there, human language and way of thinking can no longer advance, and that is the boundary of the universe. Beyond the boundaries, it is not only unspeakable, but also unimaginable. Even humans don't know its existence at all, and they don't know whether it exists. The universe is infinite, but it has boundaries.

What is the end of the universe?

For people, the earth is very big. Its average radius is 63,765,438+0.2 km, but compared with the sun, it is only 1% of the radius of the sun. If the spheres the size of the earth are arranged one by one, it takes about 500 thousand earths to get from the sun to Pluto, the farthest planet in the solar system. But the sun is just a star in the Milky Way. In the vast galaxy, there are about 654.38+000 billion stars like the sun, and some stars are even thousands of times larger in diameter than the sun. Running from one end of a galaxy to the other, even the fastest light takes 65.438 billion years (another way of saying it is 85,000 years). Imagine how big the galaxy is.

The Milky Way is not the largest. Today, more than 654.38+billion celestial systems as big as the Milky Way have been discovered, which are called "extragalactic galaxies", not to mention the increasingly distant extragalactic galaxies have not yet been discovered! All these galaxies, we call them "main galaxies", and these systems are included in this "main galaxy". Some data are wrong to interpret "the whole galaxy" as the universe.

Although the largest radio telescope in modern times has been able to see celestial bodies 6,543.8+billion light years away from us, it is still not beyond the scope of this total galaxy. We don't even know how big the whole galaxy is, and where its edge and center are!

The increasingly distant cosmic data obtained by the Australian Observatory of the International Observatory in recent years show that the so-called edge of the universe has no boundaries at all.

So the universe is infinite in space, endless and boundless.

Not only that, the "life" of the universe has no beginning and no end. It has no beginning and will not disappear in the future.

"The development of objective process is full of contradictions and struggles, so is the development of people's cognitive movement." Man's understanding of the universe is developed through contradictions and struggles. "Copernicus's theory about the solar system and Darwin's theory of evolution were once considered to be wrong things, and they both experienced arduous struggles." "When something wrong is generally abandoned by human beings and a truth is generally accepted by human beings, the updated truth is fighting against new wrong views. This struggle will never end. " When Heliocentrism was established and geocentric theory was generally abandoned, human beings were still struggling with the idealistic limited theory that "our Milky Way is the only galaxy in the universe", and the discovery of extragalactic galaxies declared this theory completely bankrupt. Since the 20th century, some bourgeois scholars have tried to describe the whole galaxy by the size of the universe, put forward various finite universe models such as expanding universe and pulsating universe, and even tried to determine the "universe radius". However, human knowledge is always developed and created in social practice. All kinds of idealistic world views will eventually go bankrupt with a deeper understanding of the universe.

The world outlook of materialist dialectics holds that the world is infinite. The world is endless in time and space. There are a large number of stars and other celestial bodies outside the solar system (including our solar system) that make up the Milky Way. There are countless "galaxies" outside the Milky Way. The universe is infinite in big aspects and infinite in small aspects. Man's understanding of nature is endless. The whole galaxy we can see now is only a limited part of the infinite universe. Even after finding the boundary of the total galaxy in the future, it still has not reached the "end of the universe", and there is no such "end of the universe" at all; Because there must be something else outside the total galaxy. Of course, it doesn't mean we can't know. Human's understanding of the universe is bound to deepen gradually, so the argument of "standing still, being pessimistic and doing nothing" is wrong. It is wrong because these arguments do not conform to the historical facts of the development of human society for about one million years, nor do they conform to the historical facts of nature that we know so far (such as the nature reflected in the history of celestial bodies, the history of the earth, biology and other natural science). "

What is it like outside the universe?

The universe should have boundaries.

When the universe is still a cosmic egg, we can think about it. That must be limited, so even if the force in the big bang is infinite, it is impossible to make a limited space explode into an infinite space.

The limited concept is that the universe has boundaries, and you will never reach them. There is likely to be a great force at the edge of the universe, which is enough to make any substance suffer a repulsive force when approaching it, thus changing the' absolute' motion direction of the object, but in fact its relative motion direction has not changed, because this repulsive force affects the whole universe. We can understand that there is a person who has a very powerful telescope on the earth and looks in a certain direction. It is very likely that after a certain year, he will see the earth and even himself in the mirror. The reason is that when light travels in a straight line (regardless of other forces), it will continue to be rejected when it approaches this' wall'. Gradually, this repulsion is getting bigger and bigger, which makes the light bend with a certain curvature and continue to run. Finally go back to the original point. I wonder if it is spherical. Since it is a perfect shape or state, I think the universe will' consider' it. )

Simply put, if we are on a two-dimensional basis, as long as the speed of people does not exceed 7.9km per second, we will never leave the earth. At this time, to some extent, we will think that the earth is infinite.

Of course, the universe is still expanding, which is for sure.

Perhaps, the universe is so big and the whole world (all material worlds) is so big. There is nothing outside the universe. However, this is unacceptable to many people. After all, in our world, there is not a limited thing that is' nothing' outside. Otherwise, as long as it is in a limited space, there must be another space outside, which always feels too far-fetched. Then, scientists don't have to argue about what is finite and what is infinite. Because there must be space outside the limited space, then everyone is still arguing about something.

I think the outside of the universe is' nothingness'. At that time, the whole universe was just a point, except that it had no space. At present, the so-called space bearing the universe itself is blown out by singularity, and all the blown-out spaces are the universe. Just like an uninflated balloon, its whole volume is only that big, and when you inflate it, its volume becomes so big again. This is the relationship between space and the universe! !

Perhaps, the universe is so big and the whole world (all material worlds) is so big. There is nothing outside the universe. However, this is unacceptable to many people. After all, in our world, there is not a limited thing that is' nothing' outside. Otherwise, as long as it is in a limited space, there must be another space outside, which always feels too far-fetched. Then, scientists don't have to argue about what is finite and what is infinite. Because there must be space outside the limited space, then everyone is still arguing about something.

Maybe we can look at the universe from the perspective of black holes. The universe was formed after the Big Bang and before the Big Bang (all before the explosion of cosmic eggs). We don't consider cosmic eggs here. According to scientists, about 90% of the universe is dark matter. When the dark matter in the universe reaches about 99%, the universe will shrink greatly, and the premise of the big contraction is that the universe must be limited, otherwise it is impossible to exist indefinitely. In this way, we can prove that the universe is limited on the other hand. Of course, what is beyond the universe? It's hard for us to understand. As mentioned above, it is difficult to understand a world without it. So many people instinctively resist its existence (the state of' nothing'). Therefore, there are so many people who seek answers that may never have results. Of course, this is just my guess.

However, sometimes I will imagine what is outside the universe on the premise of acknowledging the existence outside the universe. Or according to black holes. We can fundamentally understand the influence of black holes on the universe. Black holes also have some influence. Perhaps, what many people now call our universe is actually a super black hole exploding in a huge space. That is to say, this black hole is just a celestial body in a super universe, which is the only universe, and the' universe' we are discussing now (hereinafter collectively referred to as the sub-universe) is actually just a space in this super universe (mother universe). In this super universe, there are many' sub-universes' similar to ours. In many universes like ours, there are some substances with great resistance. Speaking of which, we have to explain why there is a wall outside our' sub-universe'. We can imagine putting a bomb in an iron bucket with enough endurance. When the bomb exploded, the biggest force was the iron drum wall. On the other hand, when our' sub-universe' was still a black hole, one day a big explosion suddenly happened inside, which had a great impact on the space with great resistance outside. Of course, this space can still bear this explosive force. Therefore, this "wall" was propped up under the action of great power. Here, I have one more thing. It is possible that a large number of substances were ejected during the big bang of this huge black hole. Due to the influence of explosive force, some substances accumulated to the space boundary formed by the explosion, forming a "thin film". Because of the explosive force, the density of these substances is quite high, so the' wall' with considerable repulsion is similar to adding a protective film to our universe to avoid the invasion of outer space substances. The rest of the matter forms the celestial bodies in our' sub-universe'. To sum up, then outside the universe we exist, it is actually the sub-universe, and the matrix with great resistance between the sub-universe and the sub-universe. And these all exist in the huge space that carries these universes.

Now, let's see why those sub-cosmic matrices have so much resistance. At this point, I think there are two possibilities, or a state of' nothing'. This' nothingness' is nothingness, and it takes a lot of strength to transition from nothingness to existence. Either these substances are a world composed of antimatter, and under the characteristics between positive matter and antimatter, the characteristics of the matrix are caused.

In addition, we can also say that another characteristic of the matrix is elasticity. When the force of the big bang completely disappears, the matter will immediately return to its original appearance. And this phenomenon happened after the great contraction of the universe. When our sub-universe becomes a big black hole again, it may take hundreds of millions of years for the matrix outside the sub-universe to begin to change its original shape. These substrates will fill all the spaces (just as air will fill all the vacuum). So this big black hole will be constantly squeezed by the matrix. The extremes meet, and finally, a new round of big bang happened in the black hole. Otherwise, according to our understanding of black holes, they will not' explode' but will only evaporate.

References:

Sina Aiwen (iask.games.sina.com.cn)

What shape is the universe?

The universe is the floorboard of space and time. How can it have a shape? Funny, hehe, time has no shape.

Besides, even if it has a shape, what do things outside the universe or between universes belong to? What is the composition of the material? What should we call it? Hard to explain, isn't it?

How long is the life of the universe?

At present, human intelligence is not enough to understand the universe! Does the universe have an end? What's outside at the end? Is there a beginning and an end? Where do we come from? Why do you exist and why do you die? When does time start and end? Can the human brain understand itself? . . . . You will never understand, this is beyond the limits of human imagination at present!

What is the nature of the universe?

A mass of black, because then the violent impact slowly expanded, and then slowly derived from the celestial body.

How did the universe come into being?

It doesn't come from anywhere, it always exists like this.

Does the universe have thoughts?

I don't think so. Just time and space.

Could the universe be a life?

Answer the same as above

What is the function of the universe?

It may be electromagnetic force, weak force, strong force, gravity.

Why do you have time?

Time is part of the universe.

What is the time? This question is too profound to say clearly.

My personal understanding is: for businessmen, time is money; For a dying person, time means the countdown of life; For an ordinary person, time can only be a cycle.

What is the starting point of time?

I think 0 is the point where the universe explodes. The beginning of space and time. . .

Einstein 1905 published in the German Yearbook of Physics in September, the famous relativity paper "On electrodynamics of moving objects" mentioned the speed of light in four paragraphs:

"Light always travels at a certain speed V in vacuum, regardless of the motion state of the emitter."

"The following considerations are based on the principle of relativity and the principle of constant speed of light. We define these two principles as follows:

1. The laws followed by the state changes of physical systems have nothing to do with the reference coordinate system when describing these state changes, but are two coordinate systems that move in parallel at a uniform speed.

2. Any light moves at a certain speed V in the "stationary" coordinate system, regardless of whether the light is emitted by a stationary or moving object. "

"For speeds greater than the speed of light, our discussion has become unquestionable; In the future discussion, we will find that the speed of light plays an infinite role in our physical theory. "

"Therefore, when nu = v, w becomes infinite. Just like our previous results, there is no possibility of superluminal. "

(Einstein's miracle year-five papers that changed the face of physics [America] John? Stachel, ed., translated by Fan Dainian and Xu, Shanghai Science and Technology Education Press, 200 1, pp. 97-98,100-10, 109,/kloc. )

The fourth solution with constant light speed is the mass velocity solution, which was derived by mass-velocity relation. Einstein's mass-velocity relation:

M=m0/√ 1-υ2/c2(m is the moving mass, m0 is the static mass, υ is the moving speed of the object, and c is the speed of light). It shows that when an object moves at a speed much lower than the speed of light (on the human scale), the change of mass is not obvious, and the added mass is ignored, so it can be considered that the mass is unchanged and the classical mechanical laws can meet the calculation needs. But when approaching the speed of light, the mass of the object increases more, and with approaching the speed of light, the mass tends to infinity. The size is extremely connected and the mass is infinite. Because the poles are the same and infinitesimal, the infinitesimal mass can be regarded as zero, so photons have no static mass. As a limit, light has the same size and the same motion, and no static mass means no moving mass. From mass-velocity relation's formula, we can also draw the conclusion that when m0=0, M = 0 and υ = C, the formula is not valid. Some people think that how can there be energy without mass? It should be noted that electromagnetic fields are energy fields and photons are energy quanta. Because photons have no mass, any energy value is infinite compared with mass. Because there is no mass, it does not consume energy in motion, and photon energy is enough to keep its speed unchanged except for transmitting energy to other objects.

Photons have no mass, so intellectuality is unacceptable. People look for evidence of quality everywhere. Some people think that light with light pressure is the expression of quality, but they don't know that light pressure is the expression of photoelectric effect, and it is the expression of light quantum and light energy transforming into electric energy. Some people also quoted Einstein's formula of mass and energy: E=mc2(E is energy, m is inertial mass, and c is the speed of light), thinking that there is energy only when there is mass, which conflicts with the above formula of mass and energy speed. This conflict shows that light, as a limit, is independent of two formulas. According to another energy formula: E=hν(E is energy, n is Planck constant and ν is optical frequency), we can calculate the photon energy of light at a certain frequency, so that m=hν/c2 can deduce the photon potential quality. Note that a certain energy must correspond to a certain mass, but for photons, this is only their potential mass, not their real mass, which is why we can't find a photon with mass in the experiment. Potential mass just shows how much mass can be converted into. If light and electromagnetic field are not considered to have mass according to classical mechanics, then vacuum, as a quantum field of light, will show great mass, and all places with light will also have heavy mass pressure, and the mass of particles containing electromagnetic field will have to be doubled, and the law of universal gravitation will also deform vacuum. If we continue to reason, the stronger the light, the greater the mass and the greater the gravity, the star becomes a black hole. Isn't that ridiculous? Electromagnetic field is energy field and gravitational field is mass field. Only when they are further identical can the potential mass-energy relationship be sublated into a real relationship, which is not the topic discussed in this paper. Others prove that light has mass by bending in the gravitational field, and things with mass are attracted by gravity. As we know, energy is repulsive and not affected by gravity. As for why it bends, it will be understood later. Electromagnetic field has energy without mass, gravitational field has mass without energy, and physical objects have both. We need to walk a long way to really understand them.

The fifth solution with constant light speed is the space-time solution, which is derived from Einstein's theory of relativity. Relativity tells us that when an object moves at high speed, there will be a phenomenon of "short feet and slow clocks" This phenomenon changes little at low speed, which can be regarded as constant according to Newton's laws of mechanics, but it changes obviously at high speed. If the scale of 1m is taken along the moving direction, when the earth time is 1s and the speed per second is 30,000km, 1m is 0.995m and 1s is1.0/s; At 1.5000 km, 1 m is 0.866 m, 1 s is1.5 s; At 297000km, 1 m is 0. 14 1 m, 1 s is 7.1s; 299,900 kilometers, 1 meter is 0.02 meters, and 1 second is 50 seconds. When the speed of an object reaches the speed of light, the dimension of the object along the space direction will be shortened to zero, and time will stop slowly.

υ (km/s)

0 (meter)

1. (m)

T 0 (seconds)

T (second)

0. 1C = 30，000

1

0.995

1

1.0 1

0.5c = 65438+500,000 yuan

1

0.866

1

1. 15

0.9c = 270000

1

0.436

1

2.29

0.99c = 297，000

1

0. 14 1

1

7. 1

0.9998c = 299，900

1

0.02

1

50

C = 299,792,458 million

1

1

The effect of "short feet and slow clock" shows that time and space change with the speed of matter movement, which is applicable to all matter, including light. At the speed of light, the clock stops, and zero time means that light does not consume time in the process of propagation. Space is the extensibility of matter, and time is the continuity or extensibility of matter change. No time means that matter is static, so the speed of light is constant. Although zero space-time is a reasonable inference, it is a natural phenomenon and a natural law, which is also not allowed by intellectual metaphysics. Some people think that motion is absolute and relative at rest, which not only separates motion from stillness, but also gives different things to the corresponding categories that should be used together, which is also reduced to a low level in metaphysics.

Dialectics holds that there is no identity. Zero space-time doesn't mean anything, but we can't measure it. Countless photons dissolve into a whole, and * * * together form a large unified field. Regardless of each other, this light is another light, because you can't separate a single quantum of light and you can't give a quantum a specific space and time. This phenomenon is similar to the problem of ownership by the whole people in economics: the means of production belong to the whole people, and everyone owns the means of production, which is only symbolic; Everyone does not own the means of production, which is practical, and it is impossible to determine which means of production belongs to someone. As a result, the proletariat is still the proletariat. When the world goes bad, egoism expands and becomes yours and mine. Don't take it for nothing, everyone takes it, everyone takes it.

Compared with this universe, the field of human life is as small as dust and is not worth mentioning. People have lived in the field of human scale for a long time, and their life experience and understanding are limited to this. The two poles of this world-the largest and smallest-are outside our world. We would never have understood the dialectical thoughts of Laozi and Hegel if modern human beings were not faced with the crisis of survival, forcing us to enter the mysterious realm of two poles and seek new living space.