Taking Changxin Palace Lantern in Han Dynasty as an example, how to understand the relationship between technology and art?

I found you a newspaper. Please read ... this thing can be explained clearly in a sentence or two. I hope to adopt. Since ancient times, science and art have been inextricably linked. With the continuous improvement of human cognitive ability, the difference between them becomes more and more blurred and tends to be unified. Take the popular lg Nobel Prize (1) in recent years as an example. It can be called science or art, in which all the whimsy bloom at the same time. Having said that, I want to talk about the understanding of the relationship between science and art in detail.

First of all, I want to say that abstract thinking in natural science is sometimes to simplify problems. As we all know, natural science advocates accurate quantification, which is the traditional way of doing research. For example, the ideal model of particles in physics is a high generalization after grasping the essence of things. Another example is f(z)=z*z+C(2) (complex equation-complex space). If you assign a value to c and iterate this number into f(c), you can draw thousands of graphs. This is actually a simulation of the complexity of nature, which can be described as an unpredictable big garden. The best example is Mandelbrot's Special Collection (3), which is an all-encompassing universe. Baker changed (in the field of mathematics), such as Jane (4), layered like origami, and iron was repeatedly folded and stretched to make the particles uniform, thus forming nano-materials, which was quite advanced at that time, in which folding and stretching were essential. Walking through the process (physical field), you can imagine walking around the street lamp. With the passage of time, it is easy to walk through the whole space.

These concepts all show the ability of natural science to highly summarize the real world.

In fact, this idea of simplifying is not only reflected in natural science, but also in the field of art. For example, Qi Baishi painted shrimps. With the deepening of artistic attainments, the number of shrimp legs has been decreasing, but the artistic conception is more concise, which is the highest realm of artistic simplification. This technique is widely used in the field of painting, and China's painting pays attention to surprise. This is an artistic technique of blank space, which is actually imaginative thinking. Another example is a cloud, which is both regular and unconventional, reflecting the fractal of Jiangnan water town. There is nothing under the horse in Xu Beihong's "Running", which is also an artistic technique of leaving white space, that is, counting white as black. China people's thinking is embodied in the following aspects: The Nine Faces of a High Face is a cultural generalization and an essence-oriented omission. Fan Kuan, a painter in the Song Dynasty, commented: "What kind of color is needed?" .

Secondly, because the nature of the world is chaotic, it is not science but art that first discovers this truth. As early as thousands of years ago, Lao Tzu put forward that "the Tao gives birth to one, two, three and everything." This is consistent with the result of modern scientific research on "three chaos"; In addition, "Zhuangzi Yingdi": "The land is Tuo (Shu), the emperor of the North Sea is unintentional, and the central land is chaotic. Tang and Tu Xiang meet in the land of chaos, and chaos treats them well. Tuo and Hu suddenly asked for the virtue of reporting chaos, saying,' Everyone has seven orifices, only for food and hearing. Try to chisel them. Dig a hole during the day and die on the seventh day. The word "chaos" was first mentioned. Of course, accidental factors are not excluded, but we have to admire the foresight of the ancients.

With the continuous development of science, people gradually find that artists' seemingly crazy language has found a basis in science. The first is the butterfly effect that shocked the whole world (5). It is an orderly structure formed by self-organization, which makes the power of common affairs increase sharply on weekdays, and the organized materials will produce great power. In addition, the introduction of Klaus formula opens a new era of generalized entropy (6). The degree of chaos of any substance is increasing, and the orderly motion energy (high quality, strong power conversion ability and high usable value) is constantly moving towards the disorderly motion energy (low quality, low power conversion ability and low usable value). According to the second law of thermodynamics, this dissipative structure is developing to the so-called thermal death, which makes the forward conversion rate 100% and the reverse conversion rate far less than 100%. Take the problem of human order as an example. People constantly ingest low-entropy substances, discharge high-entropy wastes, and maintain the low-entropy state of their own systems. Normal food is a low-entropy substance, and decay is a high-entropy substance, so it cannot be eaten. Just like dirty clothes can never return to their original appearance, time is irreversible (according to the theory of relativity, but there is time to go back in superluminal state), and entropy increase is irreversible. Physiological "anti-chaos" theory, the so-called "dynamic disease". Normal heart rate and brain waves are chaotic, and if they are regular, they will get sick, which is a manifestation of randomness in a deterministic system, while dynamic diseases are diseases characterized by abnormal time organization structure. Look at the ancients' views on time: you can't see how the water of the Yellow River moved out of the sky and entered the ocean, which is gone forever (dynamic reasons); You can't see the lovely hair in the bright mirror in the high room. Although it is silky black in the morning, it has turned into snow at night (thermodynamic reasons), which can be seen. All these reflect the guiding significance of science to life.

Third, nonlinear science is gradually developed with the birth of chaotic problems. In linear science, science and art can sometimes be separated, while in nonlinear science, science and art always modify each other. Moreover, with the continuous development of science and art, the degree of correlation is getting bigger and bigger, just as the height of mountaineering rises, so does the degree of landscape integration.

In the field of science, Newton's method is used to solve the chaotic situation of equations, and Newton's equations with cubic degree or more are nonlinear, so it is widely used in fractal field. Just as plants and trees need branches and asymmetries to feel beautiful, the field of science has theoretically revealed this process from simple to complex. The integration of art and science is imperative. I remember a picture of relativity published in a magazine, which reflected that a part of a person's face appeared in the back of his head, and succinctly reflected the effect that an object was infinitely thin when the speed approached the speed of light, which hit the nail on the head.

The cause of complicated things may be very simple, such as the following formula: Beijing Princess Tomb+Qiong Yao = Princess Huanzhu, which looks ridiculous, but it is true. Nonlinear theory expands something infinitely, making fingers rise to a huge artistic system. This is the nonlinearity in the field of art.

In addition, science also has inevitability, which gradually evolves into a combination of contingency and inevitability: there is no absolute truth, only relative truth. Zheng said in Wisdom Teeth: "With the continuous progress of human civilization, more and more truths will be thrown into the garbage bin of fallacies." That's the reason. Art, on the other hand, is a choice of many possibilities and has great subjective initiative.

Finally, talk about the differences between Chinese and western cultures. China people pay attention to imagination, beauty and so on. For example, in ancient China, it was thought that one dragon gave birth to nine children, which reflected variability. Li Shangyin's "Chang 'e" and "Jinse" have a kind of hazy poetry, which can be called the eternal swan song. Today last year, in this door, people's faces and peach blossoms set each other off into red (Cui Hu's "South Village of Capital")-the symmetry of time was broken, which reflected irreversibility and symmetry, that is, symmetry was broken. "Flowers are similar year after year, and people are different year after year" (generation of sad Chinese Pulsatilla) and Zhang's "Moonlit Night on a Spring River" and "Spring Tide" ... * * * are born with tide ... without the moon ... life is endless from generation to generation ... and look similar. , depicting the flowers bloom and fall, spring goes and spring comes.

Westerners advocate science and truth, and often apply scientific theories such as the golden section to art, such as the Mona Lisa (classical painting)-painting has a heavy feeling, and finding a certain position with one eye has a sense of depth, which can be achieved or not.

Poor and far away. The author Leonardo da Vinci used geometric optics in art, taking into account any small details, and flexibly applied the pinhole imaging principle (camera principle). Paul Jesson Braque (7) (Abstract) is known as the characteristic of the United States, and his painting features are large, infinite, nonlinear, chaotic, random and uncertain, all of which are the embodiment of fractal. His works have great spontaneity, which is infinite in form. Its education pays attention to the diversity of talents, stresses independence and freedom, and teaches students in accordance with their aptitude, which can give full play to people's potential. It does have many advantages over China.

The level of knowledge is related to the mastery of folk culture. The more advanced we are, the more we need to think in Chinese, which requires us to have certain Chinese thinking ability. Therefore, under the premise of clearly understanding the relationship between science and art, we should constantly improve our comprehensive quality in order to continuously create more exciting things. Note (1)lg Nobel Prize: also known as Ig Nobel Prize. It was established by the annual report of the journal of humor science "Incredible Research" of Harvard University and Cambridge University. The requirements for this award are "unusual, humorous and imaginative". (2)f(z)=z*z+C: This refers to the equation in the fractal field. Fractal is a rough or broken geometric figure, its components can be subdivided infinitely, and its local shape is generally similar to the whole. Fractal generally has self-similarity and scale invariance. Many mathematical structures are fractal, such as Scherbinsky triangle, Koch snowflake, peano curve, Mandelbrot set, Lorenz attractor and so on. Fractal can also describe many real-world objects, such as clouds, mountains, turbulence and coastlines. Of course, they are not simple fractal shapes. Mandelbrot once gave a mathematical definition of fractal: a geometric object whose Hausdorff dimension is strictly greater than its topological dimension. This is not only abstract, but also not a satisfactory definition, because many fractals are not covered by this definition. Later, Mandelbrot gave a more popular definition: the shape of a part similar to the whole in some form. We can judge whether an object is fractal by describing the fractal set f: a) F has a fine structure. In other words, at any small scale, there are always complicated details; B) F is so irregular that its whole and part can't be described by traditional geometric language; C) F usually has some self-similarity, which can be approximate or statistical; D) The fractal dimension of f in a certain sense is usually greater than its topological dimension; E) In most interesting cases, f is defined in a very simple way and can be generated in a recursive process. I realized a simple fractal algorithm with julia set. On the complex plane, the horizontal axis represents the real number and the vertical axis represents the imaginary number. Each Julia set (with infinite points) determines a constant c, which is a complex number. Now you take any point on the complex plane, whose value is complex number Z, and substitute it into the following equation for iterative operation: Z = Z * Z+C; That is, the result of adding c to the square of the old z is taken as the new z, and then the new z is taken as the old z, and the operation is repeated. When you keep doing it, there are three possibilities for you to finally get the z value: 1, and the z value increases without boundaries (tends to infinity); 2.z value decays (tends to zero); 3, the value of z is changing, that is, it is not 1 nor 2; Points that tend to infinity and zero are called constant attractors, and many points end at and are attracted by constant attractors. The point that does not tend to infinity but tends to zero is the "Julia set" part, also called chaotic attractor. Let the computer know which point is a stationary attractor, or "Julia set". Generally, it is approximately calculated according to the following algorithm: n = 0；; while((n++ & lt； Nmax) and amp&((real (z) 2+IMAG (z) 2) <; rmax)){ Z = Z * Z+C； } where: Nmax is the maximum number of iterations, Rmax is the escape boundary, and there are two situations to exit the while loop. The first case is: (real (z) 2+imag (z) 2) > = Rmax. The point in this case is equivalent to "the value of z increases without boundary (tends to infinity)". For stable attractors, we paint these areas white. In the second case, n > = Nmax, the points in this case are equivalent to "Z-value attenuation (approaching zero)" or "Z-value change", and we paint these areas black. The boundary of the black region graph is Julia set. "Julia Collection" has an extremely complicated form and a fine structure. In the actual implementation, considering the compromise between the time efficiency of program overlapping and the final graphic effect, Nmax is set to 200 and Rmax is set to 4. Because black and white graphic art is not very attractive. The simplest way to get color graphics is to use the iterative return value n to color. In order to get a better artistic effect, I processed the returned n value as follows: r = ((n *1+20)% 255) g = ((n * 3+40)% 255) b = ((n * 5+80)% 255) reference of the effect diagram:/. Its Julia set J(fc) presents various fractal images with the change of parameter C. For example, in the famous year of you, D.Ruelle obtained the relationship between J- set and mapping coefficient, and solved the calculation problem of Hausdorff dimension of analytic mapping hit set. L.Garnett obtained the numerical solution of Hausdorff dimension of J(fc) set. In 1983, M.Widom further generalized some results. The research of whole function iteration began with the normal graph 1926. 198 1 year, M.Misiuterwicz proved that the J set of exponential mapping is a complex plane, which solved the problems raised by normal graphs and aroused great interest of researchers. It is found that there is a difference between the J set of transcendental whole function and rational mapping J. In 1984, R.L.Devanney proved that the J (Eλ) set of exponential mapping eλ is a Cantor bundle or a complex plane, and J(fc) is a Cantor dust or a connected set. (4) King Yue Sword: This refers to the King Yue of North Gu Jian. Gu Jian, King of Yue, has exquisite casting technology, rust-free whole body and sharp blade. The bird seal script has an inscription of 32 words, and the handwriting is clear and easy to read. The wrong gold inscription is unscathed and glittering. ⑦(Jθ sound base) Bei Gu Jian, with a total length of 64 cm, a trumpet-shaped head with a diameter of 3.8 cm, a cylindrical handle with a length of 9.6 cm, and a circular hoop on the handle for two weeks. The hoop surface is decorated with a convex Yun Leiwen, with a wide concave lattice and a width of 5.2 cm. The ridge is ridged and sharp. There are 10 characters on both sides of the sword lattice, 12 characters on the head of the sword, and 32 characters on the bird seal, among which 16 characters are staggered with correct inscriptions. The explanation is as follows: the front of the sword lattice: Gubei Wang (Yue) and Gubei Wang (Yue); The back of the sword lattice: from (sword) to (make) to (make) to (use); Sword head: The sword used by Wang Bei (Wei) and Yue (Yue) for their own work. Regarding the reading method of inscriptions, the author thinks that the word 10 on the front of the sword lattice should be read from the middle end to the left and right in turn, meaning "Yue (Yue) Wang is in the north"; The words 10 on the back should also be read in this order, and the fifth word can be omitted, which is "automatic sword". The fifth word should be symmetrical and has no practical significance. The first character of the sword should be pronounced Jia (Wei), and the eighth character is unknown, which seems to be "Gong", which needs to be verified. According to the inscription No.2 and the casting technology of Gu Jian, the swords in the collection were carefully observed and compared with other bronze swords. Archaeologists found that the blade of the sword was sharp, the ridge of the sword was clear, the lattice of the sword was smooth, the head of the sword was round, and there was no trace of casting. The bronze sword blanks unearthed in Bajiao Village, Yanji Town, Ezhou City are all in the original casting state, but the edges and corners of the sword ridge and blade are very vague. Mr. Dong mentioned that bronze swords and other cultural relics were machined by mechanical turning in the article "Looking at the Origin of China's Machining from Ancient Bronze Cultural Relics". "Wang Yuejian" has been machined and partially polished except for the body. The most noteworthy thing is the hilt, and the whole hilt has maintained its original casting state. Remarkably, there are obvious door marks between the tail of the hilt and the head of the sword. Through further observation and X-ray detection, the scientific conclusion is finally drawn: the sword body of the King of Yue was cast three times. The first section: the second hoop, including body, lattice and stem, is poured at one time; The second stage: the end of the hilt and the head of the sword are cast at one time; The third stage: after the first stage and the second stage of casting are completed, they are machined and engraved with inscriptions, and then the two stages are connected with clay molds for the third casting. It is this "casting" method that connects the body and the head of the sword into a whole. Through this series of technological processes, the simple casting process has been successfully completed. The lettering and gold-misprinting techniques of the inscription in Gu Jian, North Vietnam, are skillfully used. The inscription of the sword of the King of Yue is ***32 characters, the regular script is bird seal, and the strokes are fine (only 0.3-0.4 mm). The inscription of bird seal has a history of at least 2,500 years in China. The so-called bird seal is to decorate characters in the form of birds, to contain static characters with smart breath, and to make the characters vivid, beautiful, dignified and brilliant through the treatment of wrong gold technology. What kind of technology was used to complete such a beautiful inscription? Obviously, there are only two ways. First, casting; Second, cut hair. If the casting method is used, the strokes are too thin, and it is extremely difficult to make the model. In addition, the carved sword lattice and sword capital are machined, so the words cast by the model will be worn out during machining. Therefore, archaeologists can only rule out the possibility of Zhu Fan. Another method is natural chiseling. Through the partial enlargement of the picture, archaeologists can clearly see the chiseled traces from the inscriptions on the wrong gold, especially the inscription "Gu" on the head of the sword, whose mouth is "W" shaped, while the inscription mouth is "V" shaped. The wrong gold process needs a "W" notch, and the "V" notch will affect the adhesion between the gold thread and the notch. Coupled with the smooth lines of the inscription, it is further confirmed that the inscription is completed by engraving. The inscription in North Gu Jian is ***32 characters, of which 16 is staggered in gold, alternating with staggered inscriptions. Looking at it through a high magnification magnifying glass, the inscription of typo gold is slightly prominent. This treatment is different from other inscriptions on the sword of the king of Yue. The contrast of yin and yang enhances the visual impact and produces the effect of combining rigidity with softness. This is just the author's understanding of the ancients from an aesthetic point of view. Then why did the ancients arrange the inscriptions like this? Maybe it's not as simple as archaeologists think. It may be intrinsically related to the religion, culture and understanding of nature at that time. In addition, archaeologists also found black deposits in the word slot. Maybe the engraving groove is also filled with nonmetallic substances. What color does this substance show? Archaeologists are unknown. But why do archaeologists study every problem so clearly? We should leave some imagination space and unsolved mysteries for later archaeologists, so that people can think deeply while watching. (5) Butterfly effect: In a dynamic system, small changes in initial conditions can drive a long-term huge chain reaction of the whole system. This is a chaotic phenomenon. Edward lorenz, an American meteorologist, analyzed this influence in the paper 1963 submitted to the New York Academy of Sciences. "A meteorologist mentioned that if this theory is proved to be correct, a seagull flapping its wings is enough to change the weather forever." In his later speeches and papers, he used more poetic butterflies. The most common explanation for this effect is: "A butterfly flapping its wings in Brazil can trigger a tornado in Texas a month later." The source of this sentence is that meteorologists have made a computer program that can simulate climate change and display it with images. Finally, he found that the image was chaotic, much like the spread wings of a butterfly. So he explained this figure vividly in the way of "butterflies flapping their wings", so there was the above statement. Butterfly effect is usually used in weather, stock market and other complex systems that are difficult to predict in a certain period of time. This effect shows that the result of the development of things is extremely sensitive to the initial conditions, and the smallest deviation of the initial conditions will cause great differences in the results. Butterfly effect is used in sociology to explain a bad micro-mechanism, which will bring great harm to society if it is not guided and adjusted in time, and is dubbed as "tornado" or "storm"; A good micro-mechanism, as long as it is guided correctly, will have a sensational effect after a period of efforts, or it will be called a "revolution." The butterfly effect often appears in chaos. Also known as nonlinear.

(6) Generalized entropy: The concept of generalized entropy is broader than that of thermodynamic entropy, and the thermodynamic process can be simplified to thermodynamic entropy (through unit conversion). Fourth, information thermodynamics. Since the concept of entropy (generalized entropy) in information theory includes the concept of thermodynamic entropy, can we generalize the whole thermodynamics from the concept of information theory, or establish a more general theoretical system for studying information systems, with thermodynamic system as its special case? The information theory expression of the second law of thermodynamics has a wider meaning, which can be applied to the information transmission or conversion process of any non-thermodynamic process, so it can be called the second law of generalized thermodynamics. (7) Jackson Pollock: Jackson Pollock's large-scale abstract paintings are recognized as the most unique and important visual presentation in the 20th century. His untimely death and hasty life completely conform to the myth of jealous talents. Many people think that he created a new definition of painting and had a far-reaching impact on modern and modern art. ..