Where is the specialty of buckwheat in Pinglu Hongshan?

Pinglu Hongshan buckwheat is a geographical indication certification trademark. Buckwheat in Pinglu Hongshan is a geographical indication product of agricultural products.

Shuozhou is rich in buckwheat. In recent years, with the enhancement of farmers' market economy concept, buckwheat planting area has increased year by year. Pinglu Hongshan buckwheat, which ranks first in the country in selenium content, weighs 38.8 grams per thousand grains and contains 0.73 mg/g selenium. Favored by Japan and Southeast Asian countries, it has been selected for state banquets many times. Buckwheat is an ancient crop that originated in northern China. Because of its short growth period, it can be sown in spring, summer and autumn, and a certain harvest can be obtained by replanting buckwheat in disaster years. It is an ideal crop for disaster relief and preparedness. Buckwheat is a dicotyledonous plant, belonging to Polygonaceae in botanical classification. It is far from monocotyledonous wheat, gramineous wheat, barley and other wheat crops, and it is unique in many aspects because of its few close relatives in common field crops. There are four kinds of cultivated buckwheat, namely sweet buckwheat, bitter buckwheat, winged buckwheat and rice buckwheat. Buckwheat, also known as common buckwheat, has nectaries in its flowers, which can emit fragrance, attract insects and cross-pollinate; Buckwheat, also known as tartary buckwheat, has small flower organs and no fragrance, and is self-pollinated, so artificial hybridization is extremely difficult to succeed; As for wing buckwheat and rice buckwheat, they are named because their achenes are as thin as wings, or they are full and split between the two edges, which is easy to expose the "rice" in the fruit. In short, no matter what kind of buckwheat it is, the seeds it produces have a hard shell and are triangular achenes, which are extremely rare in other crops.

territorial scope

According to the provisions of the Administrative Measures for the Registration of Geographical Indications of Agricultural Products and the specific human history and natural ecological environment conditions of Hongshan buckwheat, the Agricultural Bureau of Pinglu District studied and solicited opinions from relevant parties, and decided to delimit the geographical protection scope of geographical indications of Hongshan buckwheat: mountainous areas in northwest Shanxi and some hilly areas, including Zuihu Township, Gaoshizhuang Township, Shuangnian Township, Xishuijie Township, fenghuang town Township, Xiashuitou Township, Xiamujiao Township and Yuling Township. The protection range is located between east longitude11152 ′-12 41′ and north latitude 39 21′-39 56 ′. The highest point in China1458m, and the lowest point1234m. It is bordered by Youyu in the north, Yin Shan in the east, Shuocheng District in the south, Qingshuihe and Helinger County in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region along the Great Wall in the northwest, and Pianguan and Shenchi under the jurisdiction of Xinzhou in the southwest. The total production area is 49,500 mu and the annual output is 2,000 kg.

Natural ecological environment and human and historical factors

(1) Soil landform: Due to the great difference between natural conditions and climatic factors, the soil distribution is complex, which can be roughly divided into the following three types of soil: mountain meadow soil: the distribution range is narrow, and the area is small, mainly concentrated in the areas of Heituo Mountain and Hutou Mountain, with an altitude of 1800 meters and an area of 3,500 hectares. Grey cinnamon soil: mainly distributed in Hutou Mountain and Heituo Mountain, with a large area of about 47,000 hectares. Chestnut soil: It has the widest distribution range and the largest area, mainly distributed in the east of Hutou Mountain and north of Mashan Mountain. It is the main soil type in our region, with an area of 1.33 million hectares. The pH value is between 8.0 and 8.5, which is weakly alkaline.

The average soil organic matter is 0.895g/kg, the average soil total nitrogen is 0.062g/kg, the average available phosphorus is 7.7ppm, and the average available potassium is 77.6ppm, so the soil is poor.

The landform outline of the topographic flat land area was formed by internal and external forces after the Himalayan tectonic movement. There are 143 large peaks in the whole region, including 4 peaks over 2000m, 134 peaks over 1.500-2000m and 5 peaks under1.500m.. Among them, the perimeter of the square above 5km is 4 1 seat, the perimeter of the square below 2km is 9 1 seat, and the perimeter of the square below 2km is 1 1 seat. 60% of the mountains are north-south. There are a small amount of cultivated land, pasture slopes and forests in mountainous areas. The whole terrain inclines from northwest to southeast. The average elevation is 1400- 1600 m, the highest elevation is 2 170. 1 m, the highest point is Heituo Mountain, the lowest elevation is 1 106.8 m, and the lowest point is in the riverbed of Gaoyangpo in the southeast. Due to the difference of topography, it can be clearly divided into three geomorphic units: bedrock mountain area, loess hilly area and mountain stream basin.

(2) Hydrological situation: Pinglu District is located in the Loess Plateau in northwest Shanxi, the watershed of Yellow River and Haihe River. The water system of the Yellow River Basin mainly includes Cangtou River, with a basin area of 29 1 km2, a total length of more than 20 kilometers in the territory, and a peak flow of 1 10 cubic meter per second. The other is Tangxi River, with a total length of 15 km, which originates from Liudun, Jiudun and Heijiayao villages, the main buckwheat producing areas, with a drainage area of 53 square kilometers and a peak flow of 75 cubic meters per second. There are mainly Dashagou in Haihe River Basin, which originates from Yangjiayao and Panjingou villages in the northern mountainous area, with a total length of 150km, a drainage area of 1035km2 and a peak flow of 230m3/s. ..

In addition, the Haihe River Basin is also a collection of big Koizumi in the whole region, such as Dahe River, Qili River and Xiemaguan River. The annual runoff is 464 1 10,000 cubic meters, and the total groundwater reserves are calculated as 200 million cubic meters per year according to the outflow. The average annual precipitation in the whole region is 4 10mm, which is concentrated in July, August and September. The underground water level is deep and mining is difficult. The utilization rate is 1.26%, and the utilization rate of flood irrigation is 5.5%. There is no pollution source in buckwheat planting area. From June 5438 to June 2007 10, it was accepted as a national ecological demonstration zone by the provincial environmental protection bureau, and the water quality in our area reached the standard and met the requirements.

(3) Climate: Pinglu area belongs to temperate semi-arid continental climate. Under the interaction of northwest cold current and southeast monsoon, combined with the complex terrain and large relative temperature difference between regions, it has formed unique climate characteristics, with four distinct seasons, long winter and short summer, strong monsoon and both rain and heat. It is dry and windy in spring, with concentrated rainfall in summer, short autumn and long and little snow in winter.

Temperature The annual average temperature is 5.8 degrees Celsius. It is cool in summer, and the average temperature in the hottest July is 20.3℃, which is suitable for crop growth and development. High temperature is less harmful, and the weather above 30℃ is rare. It's cold in winter,

It is not conducive to planting overwintering crops. 65438+ 10, the most average temperature in Leng Yue is-10.7℃, and the annual average temperature is 30℃.

In the frost-free period, when the average temperature of the day is above 10℃, most crops can grow actively, and the duration when the average temperature stays above 10℃ for several days is called the active period of crop growth. The average frost-free period in the whole region is about 1 15 days, the frost-free period in the west is 1 15 days, and the frost-free period in the north is 95 days (in Huzhu, Gaoshizhuang and other towns). The frost-free period in the southeast is 125 days, and the active period of crop growth in our region generally begins on April 27th and ends on June 2nd 10. The accumulated temperature of 10℃ is 25 14℃.

The temperature difference between day and night is the monthly average for many years. The maximum daily range in May is 13.3℃, and the minimum daily range in August is 10.2℃. The annual temperature is 1 1.5℃. High temperature and abundant sunshine during the day are beneficial to crop photosynthesis, while low temperature at night reduces crop respiratory consumption and is beneficial to organic matter accumulation.

Precipitation The average annual precipitation in the western and central regions is 370-410mm, 410-430mm in the north and 330-370mm in the southeast.

Due to the influence of monsoon, topography and surrounding environment, the wind direction and speed are mostly southeast wind in summer and northwest wind in winter. The wind direction changes obviously every day, controlled by the same air mass, and also turns at night or during the day. The annual average wind speed is 3.4m/s, and the maximum wind speed is 21m/s. Generally speaking, the wind speed is the highest in April and May, and the lowest in August. The wind force is generally 4-5, with strong monsoon force in winter and spring. The number of windy days with magnitude 8 or above is 40 days on average in several years, the longest is 80 days, and the least is 10 days. Strong winds mostly occur in April-May, accounting for 50% of the windy days in the whole year. August and September have the least windy weather, accounting for only 30%. In summer, there will be strong winds above 7-8, accompanied by thunderstorms, which are very harmful to crops.

According to historical records, Pinglu Hongshan buckwheat has been planted for more than 800 years, which is famous for its large particles, thin skin, high quality and good color. 1000 grains weigh 38.8 grams, and the eight amino acids necessary for human body are similar to those of eggs. The content of trace element selenium is 0.79 1ug/g, ranking first among similar products in the world. The most precious thing is that the flavonoid "rutin" is extremely rich, second only to ginkgo biloba.

In the early 1970s, when former Japanese Prime Minister tanaka kakuei and former French President Pompidou visited China, they named Hongshan buckwheat noodles. At present, there are more than 10 buckwheat varieties processed in Hongshan, among which "boiled Wo Wo" and "cat's ear" are unique and lifelike, and are called folk food crafts by the people. Eating buckwheat food has formed a unique diet culture.

Production technical requirements

(1) Origin Selection and Special Contents: Buckwheat is drought-resistant and barren-tolerant, with strong adaptability and high consumption of soil fertility.

Land with medium or above fertility should be selected for planting. But it is not suitable for continuous cropping, and heavy alkaline soil should be avoided. Sandy loam with loose soil and good air permeability is suitable, and it is best to choose after beans, potatoes and intertillage crops. Require a good environment and stay away from pollution sources.

(2) Variety selection and specific requirements: Hongshan buckwheat and Japanese "Zaoheihei" with wide adaptability, high quality, high yield, disease resistance, strong stress resistance and good commodity are selected as the main planting varieties, and the seeds are screened to remove impurities and defects, and then dried for 1-2 days to improve the germination rate.

(3) Production process management: Fine soil preparation The topping ability of buckwheat seedlings is poor, the root system development is weak, and the requirements for soil preparation are high, so it is necessary to do a good job in farming and soil preparation as much as possible.

The sowing period is from June 5 to June 20 (from summer to around); Methods: machine sowing or plough ditching and hand sowing seeds; Depth, 1.5-2 inches; 60,000-80,000 plants per mu, and the sowing amount is 3-4 kg per mu.

On the basis of applying sufficient basic fertilizer, applying plant ash 100-200 kg, diammonium phosphate 10 kg per mu, and adding appropriate amount of high-quality organic fertilizer as seed fertilizer can significantly increase buckwheat yield. Spraying 0.5 kg urea, 200 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 60 kg water 1-2 times per mu from flowering to fruiting. Artificial pollination in full bloom, pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases.

Timely intertillage: the combination of fixed seedlings at seedling stage with shallow hoeing and intertillage at bud stage.

Pest control: prevention first, comprehensive management, agricultural control, physical control and biological control first, and scientific and rational use of chemical control.

(4) Product harvesting: Generally, the most suitable harvesting time of buckwheat is 2/3 black, and 1/3 is in the milk ripening stage, so it should be harvested and piled up in time to promote its later maturity. To reduce particle loss. Harvesting should be carried out before 1 1 in the morning, and the seeds should be put into storage in time when the water content is below 14%.

(5) Requirements for production records: A production file of geographical indication agricultural product Pinglu Hongshan buckwheat should be established, and the specific measures taken in production environment, production technology, pest control and harvesting should be recorded in detail.

Typical product quality characteristics and product quality and safety regulations

Hongshan buckwheat, Polygonaceae, has erect stems, high stems, obvious edges and corners, few branches and soft texture. Broad halberd-shaped leaves, green to dark green, round leaves. Racemes, solitary, sparsely flowered, small, white and pink, tasteless, cross-pollinated. The lines are large and thin, triangular, with blunt and sharp edges and smooth and brown surfaces.

Buckwheat seeds consist of pericarp, seed coat, endosperm and embryo. The thickness of pericarp accounts for 25-30% of the whole grain weight; The seed coat is very thin, close to the endosperm, yellow-green; Embryo is very developed, accounting for a large proportion, closely surrounded by endosperm, located in the center of the grain, thin and twisted, with a slightly S-shaped cross section. When the seeds of buckwheat awn are sown, the food made of its powder is white, and the 1000-grain weight of buckwheat in Pinglu Hongshan is 38.8 grams.

Compared with other main cereals, buckwheat has higher protein and fat content than wheat flour and rice. Vitamin B2 is 2- 10 times higher than that of rice and corn flour. There is no rutin and chlorophyll in the grain. As for inorganic salts and trace elements, they are also higher than other grains to varying degrees. Especially amino acids, picroside, lysine, tryptophan and arginine are higher than those of wheat flour, rice, corn and soybean.

(1) High-quality protein: The protein of buckwheat flour contains both water-soluble protein and salt-soluble globulin, which account for more than 50% of the total protein, and are different from the protein composition of ordinary grains, but close to beans. Eight essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by human body are very complete in buckwheat. In addition, the 18 amino acid of buckwheat protein also contains histidine and arginine necessary for adults and children. The proportion of essential amino acids in buckwheat is appropriate, which is closest to eggs (the balanced essential amino acids closest to human needs), while other wheat flour, corn flour and soybean flour are not as good as buckwheat flour. In addition, the data from the national database of crop variety resources show that the content of aspartic acid in buckwheat, which can relieve fatigue, is also high.

(2) Easily digested and absorbed sugar: Most of buckwheat endosperm is starch (sugar). A polygonal single particle similar in quantity to rice starch.

(3) Selenium enrichment: Selenium is an essential and extremely important trace element for human body. It is called "life" functional element, and it is the only anti-cancer substance recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is known that more than 40 diseases of human body are related to the lack of selenium in diet. The selenium content of buckwheat in Pinglu Hongshan ranks first among similar products.

(4) Unique vitamins: buckwheat has unique vitamins, and the content of r_ tocopherol in buckwheat powder is the highest, which shows that it has strong antioxidant capacity, which can not only effectively prevent pregnancy, but also effectively prevent cell regeneration of the elderly, and maintain the continuity of strengthening exercise. It has preventive and therapeutic effects on almost all adult diseases such as arteriosclerosis, heart disease, hypertension, liver disease and diabetes, and has staged effects on diseases caused by lipid peroxide. VE has antioxidant and anti-aging effects in human body, and is suitable for all middle-aged and elderly people.

Diseases can be prevented and treated, especially coronary heart disease. VPP is an important substance to maintain the normal function of brain nerve cells and develop language ability, and it is also the main raw material for manufacturing nerve endings and transmitting nerve impulse chemicals. Buckwheat is also rich in chlorophyll and rutin that other grains do not have. Rutin is a flavonoid and polyphenol derivative. Its basic structure is 2- 1 chromone, and rutin is 3-0- rutin glycoside. It has many physiological activities such as relieving cough, relieving asthma, eliminating phlegm, dilating coronary blood vessels and reducing vascular fragility. It can be used as an adjuvant drug for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and cerebral hemorrhage. Take 2 tablets of therapeutic powder every day, which is equivalent to taking 100- 150 tablets of rutin, with a dose of 20 mg.

(5) Complete kinds of trace elements: Buckwheat is rich in trace elements, among which potassium, magnesium and copper are the highest, 2-4 times higher than wheat flour and rice; The content of magnesium is the highest, which is four times higher than that of wheat flour and more than three times higher than that of rice. A variety of trace elements in buckwheat can protect the liver, enhance renal function, hematopoiesis and increase immune function, and achieve the effects of strengthening the body, strengthening the brain, caring skin, improving intelligence, maintaining the normal operation of cardiovascular system and lowering cholesterol.

Pinglu is a famous buckwheat producing area in China and even the world. Hongshan buckwheat 1995 won the silver prize in the third international agricultural Expo, and 1985 won the silver prize in Shanxi miscellaneous grains Expo. When former Japanese Prime Minister tanaka kakuei and former French President Pompidou visited China in 1970s, they named Hongshan buckwheat noodles. Buckwheat series products are exported to Russia, Japan and South Korea. Due to the unique geographical environment, the local area is also rich in coarse cereals such as naked oats, peas, millet and kidney beans.

Buckwheat processing enterprises in Pinglu rely on the advantages of local small grains resources, adopt folk processing formulas and combine modern processing technology to develop three categories of products: one is pasta series, including fresh noodles, cakes, dried noodles with long beard, hollow noodles, bowl noodles, buckwheat pancakes, chopped green onion cakes, enemas, cool cakes and so on; The second category is porridge series, including buckwheat health porridge, miscellaneous bean instant porridge and so on; Three kinds are puffed food, including snacks, buckwheat porridge, flour tea and milk powder.

Packaging identification and other relevant regulations.

Buckwheat belongs to processing raw materials, and there is generally no standardized packaging and labeling. Storage conditions: cool, ventilated and dry place. Transportation: sealed and pollution-free transportation.