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Details of the romance of Qing history
The Secret History of Mongolia, the History of Luo Jin and the Origin of Mongolia are historical biographies under the influence of different dominant ideas in different times. The Secret History of Mongolia is the earliest and most detailed record of Genghis Khan's deeds and the earliest historical biography of Mongolia under the influence of primitive shamanism. At that time, Mongolian historians believed that Genghis Khan's sweat made great achievements, and they attributed Genghis Khan's success to the blessing of "eternal life". The Secret History of Mongolia not only reflects Genghis Khan with sacred will, but also reflects the brave, brave, loyal and faithful spirit of Genghis Khan in clan and tribal times. People and things who are disloyal, dishonest, unbelieving and unjust will pay a hell of a price. We can deal a devastating blow to the enemy in time. Therefore, the image of Genghis Khan in the Secret History of Mongolia highlights the natural courage and heroic temperament of the clan and tribe era. For example, section 140 of Volume 4 of the Secret History of Mongolia records that Genghis Khan ordered Bele Gutai to wrestle with Buli Kuo Kuo, suggesting that Bele Gutai could not die without Buli Kuo Kuo, which embodies such a quality of Genghis Khan. Bulibokuo is an uncle of Genghis Khan. He and Genghis Khan belong to the same family, but when there is a contradiction between this family and the Qin family, he stands on the side of the Qin family. Bulikuo is the most famous lux in China, so Genghis Khan had to wrestle him out. When Buliukuo fell down, the author wrote: "Belegutai couldn't hold him down, so he grabbed his shoulder and rode on his hip." This detail shows that Bree's width is facing away from the other side. He only defended himself and didn't mean to attack at all, because he knew that Khan, who was endowed with the will of the gods, would not let him go. The author then wrote: "Belegutai looked back at Genghis Khan. Sweat bit his lower lip. Don't let Legutai know what Khan means. " Under the signal of Genghis Khan, Bele Gutai "rode on him, grabbed his neck from both sides in a staggered way, pulled back, pressed it with his knees and broke his spine." These details show that Belle Gutai's murder was intentional and cruel. What Blikuo said before he died played a wonderful role in making the finishing point: "I would not have been defeated by Belle Gutai! Because I was afraid of Khan, I fell down on purpose, hesitated, and lost my life! " Finally, the author wrote another sentence: "Belle Gutai broke his spine and dragged away." The details easily described by these authors have fully shaped the image of Genghis Khan's brave, courageous, calm and rational tribal hero in the political struggle, which has a strong shock.
The History of Luojin and the Origin of Mongolia, written in the 7th century A.D./KLOC-0, are historical biographies of Mongolians influenced by the historical view of Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. In the works of Danjin in Lausanne and Sanang Chechnya, Genghis Khan was born as a god by fate, and later surrendered to 72 tyrants who brought suffering to all living beings. "Levying tribute to countries of various colors and four nationalities and Jambu-Di^pa with 36 1 surname and 720 languages made people different from each other, and the world was peaceful and the life was peaceful, so it was called the King of Wheels". Therefore, in the author's consciousness, the more bravely Genghis Khan destroyed the enemy, the more he showed his heroic quality and lofty justice. Even the deeds of Genghis Khan's revenge on his family are recorded in different ways because of the author's different leading thoughts. For example, the records of Genghis Khan's family feud are different from those in the History of Luojin and the Origin of Mongolia. Luo Jin Shi only copied the records of Genghis Khan's destruction of Tatar Department in The Secret History of Mongolia. However, due to the different dominant ideas of the creators, Genghis Khan in the History of Luojin is no longer Genghis Khan in the Secret History of Mongolia. Genghis Khan's conquest of Tatar has surpassed the revenge of blood relatives, which is of great significance for Genghis Khan to eradicate tyranny for the people. In the third volume of Origin of Mongolia, the story about Genghis Khan's conquest of Tatar's Department is expressed in only one sentence: "At the age of 32, Tatar's Department was also the daughter of Kethuluo, and Jisu and Jisu opened sisters as wives." However, in the same year, the deeds of Bukzi R, the feuding department of Genghis Khan, were recorded in detail. Its content is probably that Genghis Khan, under the reminder of his mother, Madame Olunchun, and with the help of all his brothers and nine generals, smashed the plot of Bukzi R of Taiji Uighur Department to dig a hole in the room to frame Genghis Khan and subdued the rebellion. He also briefly described the historical origin of the feud between Genghis Khan's family and Taiji Uighur Department. A paragraph written immediately afterwards shows the author's mind. Regardless of the historical sources of Origin of Mongolia for the time being, we can explain the different thoughts and understandings of the creator only from its handling of similar events. Now transcribed as follows:
At this point, step on the enemy and keep the jealous in your hand. Sitting in the palace, suddenly a jade bowl fell from the skylight and fell into the master's hand. There is a drink that is full but doesn't overflow. If it is wine, it will be wonderful. The Lord drank alone, and his four brothers said, "Why does the Lord enjoy the gift from heaven alone?" This is natural. So they gave him the rest, and the four men took another sip, but they couldn't swallow it. Fourth Brother said, "This is the precious nectar that your father, the Jade Emperor, gave you, and I have been fighting for it for a while. You are the master of the world. After doing this, I am willing to listen to the decree. " The superior officer issued an imperial edict and said, "I was ordered by the emperor to give me the imperial seal of the Dragon King when I was in a rare position. Now, when defeating the enemy, the Emperor of Heaven has given us nectar. From this perspective, what you said is also true. "
The image of Genghis Khan in The Origin of Mongolia has risen from a realistic historical figure in The Secret History of Mongolia to a near-reincarnation of the Buddha, shouldering the life mission of "eradicating tyranny and saving all beings". Therefore, Genghis Khan's series of battles are all fulfilling the mission of reborn God. But this is only a Buddhist explanation of Genghis Khan's historical events, which is not contradictory to his personality characteristics. It still continues the heroic image of Genghis Khan in the Secret History of Mongolia. However, in terms of creative techniques, the author turned the historical figure Genghis Khan into a reborn god and took a big step towards the literary image.
The same content, however, was treated differently in Romance of the Qing Dynasty written in19th century. In chapter 7, I wrote:
It is said that all the rebellious tribes were ruled by Houlle Huzhen of Mude tribe and Wuyunga of Burroughs tribe. They registered the population of the nine newly surrendered tribes, and then met with Taizu, urging him to be appointed as Nohiko of each tribe. Meng Gelieke of Honggetan tribe said to Taizu: "Of the nine tribes, only Daigude tribe has forged three generations of feuds with us, and they kept bullying and humiliating us when the monarch was young. Therefore, we must kill all the people in the Gude tribe! " At that time, Buhubeile Gugu was also beside Mao. When he came out of Mao's tent, he heard that R Bu of Gude tribe rode away from the army alone and came to Zali Sulehan in Sarag. Only Targugu and Talebday of the Gude tribe in Dai Qi are ready to join the army. When the two men saw Buhubeiler coming out in ancient times, they quickly caught him and asked, "What did you say about us in your account just now?" Buhubeille was very angry when he heard it in ancient times. He blurted out, "In the past, when my brother was very young, you Daiqi Gude tribe took him away and chained him. So today, I want to kill you. Do you dare to bully others again? " Talgugu and Talebday listened to Buhubele's ancient words and were terrified out of their wits. They died of poisoning that day. Many people in the Daiqigude tribe also found their own way, and immediately they were in chaos. Muqali made a newspaper after hearing the news. Mao ordered to avoid death. Dai Qi Goodman was relieved to calm down. Hearing this, Mao sighed and said, "Buhubeiler was physically hard but not mentally hard in ancient times; Although the waist pole is hard, the mouth is not hard. Discuss military affairs in the future, and don't let Buhubeille participate in ancient times.
Compared with the related contents in The Secret History of Mongolia and The Origin of Mongolia, the records in The Romance of Qing Dynasty have the following changes: First, the content and plot are combined into one, that is, the conquest and demise of the Tatar Department in The Secret History of Mongolia and the conquest and demise of the capital of Emperor Taiji in The Origin of Mongolia are combined into one. From this, we can see the fact that the author created The Romance of Qing History on the basis of Mongolian historical works. Second, the reasons for things are different. The Secret History of Mongolia and the Origin of Mongolia all recorded that Genghis Khan took the initiative to send troops for conquest. Nine tribes in history of qing dynasty surrendered voluntarily. It shows that the author does not agree with Genghis Khan's initiative to attack other tribes. Third, the responsible person is different. In the Secret History of Mongolia, Genghis Khan negotiated with his relatives to destroy the Tata Department; The Romance of the Qing Dynasty was suggested by Meng Gelieke of Honggetan tribe to destroy the Tata Department. It shows that the author does not agree with the description of some behavioral characteristics of Genghis Khan in previous historical biographies. Fourth, the fuse is different. In the Secret History of Mongolia, Buhubeiler inadvertently revealed the secret with his simple character in ancient times. In the Romance of the Qing Dynasty, Biele was angry, reckless and deliberately told secrets in ancient times. It shows that the author "stole the beam to replace the column" and thinks that Buhubeiler should bear the main responsibility in ancient times. Fifth, the processing results are different. In the Secret History of Mongolia, Genghis Khan ordered the killing of all the men in the Tata Department, and the Tata people rose up and died one after another. In the Romance of the Qing Dynasty, Taiji Uighur committed suicide by taking poison, and Genghis Khan ordered him to avoid death. Obviously, the creator's intention is to highlight Genghis Khan's generosity and kindness. The reason for this change is related to the historical era in which the author Yin Zhannaxi lived and his acceptance of the influence of mainland ideology and culture. The living environment bordering the mainland and the background of the19th century made Yin Zhannaxi accept the early democratic thought and germinate the modern national enlightenment consciousness with progressive tendency. He is no longer satisfied with portraying Genghis Khan, a great national figure, as a clan hero in the tribal era, nor does he believe that Genghis Khan is the absurdity of the reincarnation of the Buddha, nor can he tolerate the denial of Genghis Khan's historical achievements by scholars and writers of other nationalities. In the new historical and cultural environment, Yin Zhanna paid more attention to describing the deeds of Genghis Khan. He tried to reshape the image of Genghis Khan, a tribal hero in Mongolian historical works, into an enlightened political monarch in feudal times, that is, to show Genghis Khan's wisdom, generosity and kindness. In this reconstruction process, China's historical classic "The Original History" played an important role.
Under the domination of Confucian cultural spirit, the subjective thinking consciousness of Central Plains historians often regulates people's cognition of ethics and morality. The records of Genghis Khan's deeds by historical editors such as Yuan Shi also present a thinking structure with ethics-based aesthetics as the main framework. They believe that Genghis Khan was able to achieve great things and create the Mongolian Empire because of his Confucian benevolence. Therefore, in Yuan Shi and Zi Zhi Tong Jian, they highlighted the deeds of Genghis Khan's "generosity and kindness". Interestingly, there is no record of the conquest and extinction of Tata 'er Department and Taiji's Wuti Department in Chinese historical materials such as Yuan Shi, that is, the deeds highly valued by Central Plains historians have been ignored or neglected by Mongolian historians. What is not recorded in the Secret History of Mongolia and other Mongolian history books, such as the deeds of Genghis Khan's department of helping the poor and helping the weak, is taken as evidence that the emperor's merits are increasing day by day, which is valued by historians in the Central Plains and included in the History of the Yuan Dynasty and the Outline of Zi Tongzhi. The original copy of Yuan Shi Mao Ji is as follows:
Among the ministries at that time, Tai Chi Wu was the strongest with a huge population. His home is in the fierce department, close to the emperor's residence. The emperor tasted hunting, especially Zhao Lie's hunting and riding. The emperor said, "Can we stay together tonight?" Zhao Lie said: "We stayed with each other as we wished, but followed 400 people. Because we don't have enough food, we have sent back half of it. What should we do now? " Emperor Gu invited guests to stay overnight, but whoever stays knows what to eat. We will camp again tomorrow, and the emperor will let the exorcists shine and let them return. Everyone felt it and said privately, "Although Tai Chi Wu and I are brothers, we often harass my horses and chariots and take away my food and drink, which is beyond your control. Some people have the degree of a monarch, but only Prince Temujin? " According to the fierce jade law, it was abused by Tai Chi Wu from time to time, so he came back with Tahai Daru and led his men to kill Tai Chi Wu to save themselves. The emperor said, "We are familiar with sleep. Fortunately, you thought of me. Now that we are in heat, we should try our best to take it away from you. " But the two of them can't keep their word and go back to revolt. Tahai Dalu went to the middle road and was killed by Taiji Martial Man. According to Hattori, it's dead. At that time, the emperor's merits were getting bigger and bigger, and all departments of Taiji Wu suffered more from the illegality of their masters. Seeing the emperor's generosity, he gave people a horse and was happy about it. If ChiLaoWen, if you don't, if you don't work, if you don't work, if you don't work, if you don't work, if you are busy, you want to surrender.
These historical materials about Genghis Khan's "benevolence" were not fabricated out of thin air by Central Plains historians to promote Confucianism. This can be confirmed by Raster's collection of history.
The fact is this: according to Liedi's residence, it is near Genghis Khan's residence. According to people in the Ministry of Fierce Land, one day, a hunting activity was held on a mountain named Zarma Black, which straddles the middle of the prairie. Genghis Khan's hunting center approached them, and the hunting was closed together and went smoothly. It's getting late, and they said, "Let's spend the night here with Genghis Khan!" There are 400 people in the Emperor's Department. 200 people went home because they didn't bring pots and food, and the remaining 200 people spent the night here with Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan ordered them to be given all the jars and food they needed. Hunting the next day, Genghis Khan gave them more prey than they deserved. When they were ready to return to their respective camps, they were very grateful to Genghis Khan and said, "Emperor Taiji left us and ignored us. In the past, Genghis Khan was very kind to us and gave us many gifts. He is (really) a (good) monarch who cares about (his) subordinates and the army! " They thanked Genghis Khan along the way and spread his good reputation among tribes. When they returned to the camp, Yulu, one of the tribal leaders, bit Artu and Mahua with his teeth: "Let's get close to Genghis Khan, obey him and listen to his orders!" Later, they and people from other tribes came to Genghis Khan and said to him, "We are like wives without husbands, horses without owners and cattle without shepherds! Mother's sons are destroying us! For your friendship, let's fight with swords and annihilate your enemies! " Genghis Khan replied to the jade law, and Artu said, "I am like a sleeping person. You woke me up by pulling my forehead! I sit (can't move) and you pull me out of the heavy burden so that I can stand up. I will try my best to repay you! " ..... After a while, the above tribes got together and said, "The secret man of Taiji Uighur oppressed and tortured us for no reason, but Prince Temujin took off his clothes and gave it to (us), jumping off the horse and giving it to (us). He is a man who can worry about local and military affairs and take good care of Uighur. After careful consideration and deliberation, they all volunteered to join Genghis Khan.
Comparing these two quotations, it can be said that they are exactly the same. In particular, Genghis Khan said in the History of the Yuan Dynasty, "We are familiar with sleep. Fortunately, you can feel me. Since this is a cliche, I will try to be with you. " There is also a complete record in Historical Records. This shows that this passage in Historical Records and the records in Yuan History can be mutually verified, which proves that Genghis Khan did have the deeds of "benevolence" to help the Ministry. However, due to different cultural backgrounds, such behavior is explained in accordance with Islamic teachings in Historical Records, while Yuan Shi is evaluated as "benevolence".
Yin Zhannaxi adapted some records of Mongolian historical materials in The Romance of Qing Dynasty, and absorbed a large number of records of Genghis Khan's "benevolence" from Chinese historical materials such as Yuan Shi. For example, in the third chapter of the Romance of the Qing Dynasty, "Muqali fought for the first time on the Karen River, and the sage Mao shot a tiger with an arrow at the foot of Taragui Mountain", Yin Zhannaxi told the story of Genghis Khan's aid to Zhaolie Department. The original text is reproduced as follows:
It is said that Tahar, the leader of Daiqi Gude Department, was defeated and fled, was shot by random arrows, and was seriously injured and fled home. He died less than a few months after he came back. He has two sons, one is Targudai and the other is Tarlebdai. In ancient times, Tal colluded with his R cloth and attacked his Gude department, which was rampant and humiliated the people. Iruge, the leader of his pearl department, was dissatisfied with him and wanted to take refuge in Mao, but he didn't know Mao's mind, so he sent an envoy to invite Mao to hunt with Lagarde. Mao immediately agreed. Bugora quickly dissuaded him: "This Zhu Cai department is a close relative of Dai Qi Gude department, and has always been at odds with us. There have been many enemies recently, so your majesty must not be careless. " Mao said, "I don't think there is any malice in it. As the saying goes,' if you don't see the wolf, you can't find the wolf'. I think it's nothing. Let's talk about it when we leave. " Tolkien Sheila came out and said, "If the king wants to go, he must take some brave and resourceful guards." The strategist Muqali went on to say, "That's true!" Six ministers, including Bouguji, Gaulard, Zalma, Zabule, Chao Morgan and Xire Hutuke, were told to take 300 strong men. I walked for a few days to arrive in Lagarde, and I saw that the leader of the Pearl Department, Iruge, had been here for three days. The two sides were overjoyed to meet each other. After hunting together for a few days, I gave some food to the near ministers around Iruge, so that they could eat and drink enough. It was already the middle of winter. Seeing that Cai's soldiers were wearing thin clothes, Mao sent Gaulard back and asked him to send 20 camel furs. This year, the sheep in Peta have multiplied a lot, and Bugula Erdos brought ten camels and thirty camels to carry leather clothes. At this time, it was dark, yellow dust was flying, and the wind was biting. Mao gave each of the more than 400 soldiers brought by Iruge a warm leather coat. The soldiers in the main course department are really happy, and everyone is happy. Thanks to Mao's cheers, they shook the earth.
One day, they were hunting in a narrow valley. Iruge suddenly saw a tiger and let out a cry of "alas". The tiger was awakened by shouts. It didn't avoid people, grinning and growling. In an instant, the tiger with white eyes and white forehead grabbed the ground with four claws and suddenly jumped up, and the branches and leaves on the tree fell to the ground. The tiger's roar shook the valley, and Iruge was terrified out of his wits. He quickly turned his horse around and ran away. The tiger chased him like lightning, and in the blink of an eye, it would bite Iruge's ponytail. At that time, Mao saw it and hurried Ma Chong down the mountain to wipe the tiger's waist. Then he took out his arrow and looked at the tiger's front legs. The arrow went through the tiger's chest and fell. The people of Zhucai tribe hurriedly shouted, "This tiger was killed by our master." He said, take the tiger away. Iruge said nothing and looked arrogant. Six ministers here are very angry and clamoring for the tiger back. Mao shook his head to stop, and everyone in Zhu Cai's department praised Iruge for his superb martial arts. Ji Bu knows Mao's mind. The next day, he led the people to hunt and drove all the wild animals to the Zhucai tribe. The bamboo color tribe captured countless wild animals and was full of joy. After hunting for more than ten days, when Taizu came back with his troops, Iruge knelt on the side of the road with more than 400 troops of Zhu Cai tribe and said with tears, "Daiqigude is our own clan, but he often sends people to rob our property, cattle and sheep and bully us in every way. He has no appearance of governing the country. In our opinion, only a wise master can rule the world today. When we come back, we will bring all the fallen people to you. " Hearing this, Mao comforted him and said goodbye to him.
It can be seen from this passage that Yin Zhannashi highlighted Genghis Khan's "heart" of generosity and kindness with plain language. Then in the fourth chapter of the Romance of the Qing Dynasty, Yin Zhannaxi romanticized the sentence "When the emperor's merits and virtues grew, the Taichi Ukrainian department suffered a lot, and when he saw the emperor's leniency, he gave a horse and walked happily", which highlighted the practical role of Genghis Khan in helping the Ministry to take care of the Mongolian plateau. He wrote:
At that time, R Buhe, Targu and others of Dai Qigude Department were tyrannical and ravaged the servants and people. The servants couldn't bear it, and dozens of people got together to discuss: "According to the people of the Leti tribe, Temujin, the monarch of Bita, gave his clothes to others, gave his horse to others to ride, helped others with his talents, and attributed the credit to others. His magnanimous virtue is like the sun seen in the clouds, and his endless kindness is like driving away the cold spring breeze. He is really the son of heaven born by Bai Di. If we go to him, we can find a wise Lord and be blessed all our lives! " People talk about it in succession. Overnight, more than 20,000 people left Dychgood and went to people for the ethical treatment of animals.
Indeed, in the process of describing Genghis Khan's unification of the Mongolian Plateau in the Romance of the Qing Dynasty, except for a few tribes who were defeated and joined by the invasion of Bita, most tribes were moved by Genghis Khan's generosity and benevolence and voluntarily joined. Compared with the affirmation of the great cause of Genghis Khan's reunification by the secret history of Mongolia, the origin of Mongolia or Buddhist teachings, The Romance of the Qing Dynasty clearly affirmed the great cause of Genghis Khan's reunification in the sense of human relations and morality.
In a word, Yin Zhannaxi not only absorbed the contents of China's historical classics such as Yuan Shi, but also agreed with the evaluation criteria of Confucianism in the Central Plains. The core of Confucian ethical standard thought is "benevolence", as Zhu said: "benevolence is the root, compassion is the bud, and kissing, being close to the people and loving the people extend to branches and leaves." This Confucian aesthetic standard, which takes the sublimity and perfection of morality as its value orientation, penetrated into Yin Zhannaxi's thinking cognition through historical materials such as Yuan Shi. As mentioned earlier, the praise of the Daiqi Gude tribe to Genghis Khan is: "magnanimity, virtue like a cloud to see the sun, endless kindness like a spring breeze to drive away the cold." Isn't it Yin Zhannaxi's own evaluation of Genghis Khan? It can be said that The Romance of the Qing Dynasty is a historical novel under the influence of Confucianism in the Central Plains. Yin Zhannaxi, relying on Mongolian and Chinese historical materials, followed Confucian aesthetic standards, and used the writer's flexible techniques to create the image of Genghis Khan, a benevolent king who "should obey heaven, cherish morality, be kind to the people and move the three armies to show affection". From the evolution of the image of Genghis Khan in Mongolian historical biography, we can also spy out the clear track of the aesthetic taste of Mongolian literature changing from Buddhism to Confucianism.
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