What effect does the sun have on space weather? What is the main impact? What do you think?

The sun spews out a lot of high-energy particles, which is called solar wind, and forms a dynamic radiation system in space, which is called space weather. In the solar system, space weather is mainly influenced by the speed and density of solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field brought by solar plasma. Space weather systems may have a far-reaching impact on human interests and well-being, such as the safety of astronauts, radio communication, GPS signals and public power grids on the ground. The more we know about the factors driving space weather and its interaction with the Earth and the Moon system, the more we can reduce its harm.

According to the recent announcement on the agency's website, NASA has determined two new tasks of observing solar activity and space weather to promote our understanding of the sun and how it affects space weather near the Earth. In fact, the sun is more active and complex than what the naked eye sees during the day. Several sunspots with the radius of the earth are dotted on the surface of the sun, carrying a powerful magnetic field thousands of times larger than the average background magnetic field of the sun.

Each solar active region grows, declines and reorganizes in a time range of several minutes to several months. Sunspots appear in groups, resulting in a solar cycle of about 1 1 year and a magnetic cycle of about 22 years. The typical speed of the solar wind and the variation of solar radiation are consistent with the periodic variation of the sun. Although large-scale dynamic processes drive the periodicity of the sun, the actual mechanism of brightness, heat and mass flow changes also depends on the sum of various interactions that occur on a small scale. Compared with the fiery background of continuous small-scale activities, the global structure stores a lot of energy on a huge scale.

At the peak of the sun, solar energy ejects billions of tons of plasma at the rate of three times a day. These CMEs can travel five times faster than the background solar wind, and if they point to the earth, they can reach the earth in less than a day. Coronal mass ejection (CME) is usually associated with solar flares, which is the most violent of all explosions. The dynamics and coupling process of the earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere and atmosphere, as well as the response to the input of the sun and the earth, the regions of the earth's space environment are coupled through the interaction of neutral gas, charged particles and plasma fluctuations, which occur on a series of time and space scales. The energy and momentum transfer through this environment shows different degrees of feedback and complexity, which requires a method to use it as a tightly coupled system.