World Heritage Quanzhou Site: Cizao Kiln Site (Jinjiaoshan Kiln Site)

Porcelain stove kiln site (Jinjiaoshan kiln site) is a representative inheritance factor of export commodity production in the World Ocean Trade Center, and an outstanding representative of export porcelain kiln site in Quanzhou suburbs during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, reflecting Quanzhou's industrial structure characterized by foreign trade handicrafts. The kiln site is in step with the development of Quanzhou's marine trade, and the production system and scale show the strong basic industrial capacity and export capacity of the World Ocean Trade Center.

location

Cizao kiln site (Jinjiaoshan kiln site) located in Jinjiang area is the largest group of ancient kiln sites in the suburbs of Quanzhou. It is 2 1.4km away from Quanzhou Ancient City and less than 20km away from Quanzhou Port Jiangkou Wharf.

background

Porcelain-making technology is a great invention in ancient China. Since the 7th century, porcelain has played an important role in East-West trade and cultural and technical exchanges. /kloc-Since the 20th century, porcelain has become one of the largest commodities in Chinese and foreign trade, and it has become popular all over the world. China? Yes, synonyms. ?

The development of overseas trade in Quanzhou has greatly promoted the development of Quanzhou ceramics industry. 10-14th century, kiln sites are all over Quanzhou, and more than 50 export-oriented porcelain kilns have been discovered, ranking first in China. Famous kilns in history are Cizao Kiln and Dehua Kiln. ?

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Cizao Kiln Site

Development history

Jinjiang magnetic stove, where the magnetic stove kiln is located, is the main producing area of Quanzhou porcelain and has the most unique natural resources for ceramic production. Located in the south foot of Zimao Mountain in the northwest of Jinjiang, it is a hilly area with high northwest and low southeast, and rich porcelain clay is buried. The subtropical monsoon climate is warm and humid with lush vegetation, which can provide fuel for kiln combustion; Meixi, a tributary of the Ninety-nine River in Jinjiang, passes through the territory, with convenient water transportation, only a dozen kilometers away from Quanzhou Port. The site selection of magnetic stove kiln is scientific, and the site selection of building kiln on the hillside on both sides of Meixi River can be used on the spot. Chai? It is convenient to wash the precipitated clay with water, and the shipping capacity is large and the freight rate is low, which solves the problem that ceramic products are easy to be damaged during transportation. It can not only solve the problems of industrial chain directly and efficiently, but also solve the problems of raw material supply and product transportation at the lowest cost, so that product prices are more competitive in the market. Since the Song Dynasty, the only way for kiln industry to survive and develop in the market competition is technological innovation, enhancing market competitiveness and striving for development. Innovation in product category, glaze color and decoration techniques; Innovation of blank making, glazing and firing technology; Innovation of management mode. Solving the sales problem of products in overseas markets mainly depends on Quanzhou maritime merchants. Because Quanzhou maritime merchants are familiar with the overseas market demand and the magnetic stove kiln industry, they provide information on the overseas market demand to guide the production of magnetic stove kiln products. There are two ways for Quanzhou maritime merchants to understand the demand of overseas markets. First, from? Living in Tibet? Live together. Second, come to the spring? Fanshang? . Familiarity with the customs and habits of Guo Fan is a market-oriented model. Another market-oriented model is customized burning (also called customized burning), and the military is a customized burner for Muslims in Southeast Asia. ?

Cizao kiln industry also followed Quanzhou Port from its rise to its peak in the same period. Although the products are wide, the production technology is varied, tailored to local conditions and unique. They are oriented to overseas markets and exported to many countries and regions in East Asia, Southeast Asia and East Africa. 10-14th century, the porcelain stove kiln became an important place in the southeast coast of China from an ordinary household kiln. Mainly export, supplemented by domestic sales? Our company is a production base for exporting ceramics, and Feisheng has played an important role and influence in the history of economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. ?

Exhibition Hall "Cizao Kiln: Quanzhou Export Ceramic Production Base in Song and Yuan Dynasties"?

The special exhibition of magnetic stoves and kilns focuses on two major themes: production and export.

produce

Jinjiaoshan kiln site is a typical representative of Quanzhou ancient kiln site. It has unique basic conditions: first, it is rich in porcelain clay, second, it has mountains suitable for building kilns, and third, it has streams convenient for traffic.

According to the archaeological excavation and research results from 2002 to 2003, the overall layout of the restored Jinjiaoshan kiln site includes porcelain clay extraction area, waterfront elutriation area, porcelain making area and porcelain kiln. They were built on hillsides, then transported from Meixi to Jiangkou Wharf, and exported to East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia and East Africa with the merchant ships of Quanzhou Port. ?

The remains preserved in Yishan kiln site in Jinshan reflect the whole process of ceramic production. ?

Meixi

Meixi is the main waterway of ancient porcelain in Cizaoyao, which flows into Quanzhou Bay from west to east via Jinjiang. Ships transporting ceramics from Cizaoyao can directly go from Meixi to the dock in Quanzhou Bay, and then export them overseas. Most of the kilns in the Cizao kiln system are located on the hills on both sides of Meixi. ?

Sell to foreign countries or other places in China

Ceramic production in Cizao kiln is closely related to the development and prosperity of Quanzhou Port. 10-14th century, the kiln industry in Cizao area was developed, and archaeological discovery 12 kiln site.

Technical characteristics of magnetic stove kiln:

1, the glaze color is rich, including blue glaze, sauce glaze, black glaze and blue glaze, which makes up for the lack of roughness of porcelain clay and highlights the wisdom of fostering strengths and avoiding weaknesses.

2. There are various decorative techniques, such as carving, picking flowers, stamping, laminating, hollowing out and painting.

3. The kiln furniture is unique. Dehua kiln is fired with sagger, and magnetic stove kiln is fired with pad column.

4. Decorative pattern: From the pattern, we can see that the prominent feature of the magnetic stove kiln is overseas fixed burning, such as Islamic-style bound flowers and moire photos.

Since the late Qing Dynasty, the production of porcelain furnaces and kilns has changed from daily-use porcelain to building ceramics. ?

The process of producing ceramics in magnetic stove kiln includes: earth borrowing, mud refining, embryo making, decoration, glazing, embryo drying and firing.

Longyao model

Dragon kiln model of magnetic stove kiln, the kiln goes up the hillside like a dragon, so it is named dragon kiln. ?

Export situation of magnetic stove kiln:

1. Export scope: East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia and East Africa.

2. Export utensils: daily-use ceramics.

3. Derivation basis: ① Historical materials such as Jinjiang County Records, Zhufan Records and Island Records are clearly recorded. (2) Archaeological discovery of shipwreck in Song Dynasty in Houzhu, Quanzhou, indicating that there are products of magnetic stoves and kilns. (3) There are also abundant discoveries on the route, which were discovered in the territorial waters of China? Nanhai No.1? 、? Huaguang Reef Island? Shipwreck; Overseas, there are a large number of typical export targets of magnetic cookers, such as the shipwreck in Xin 'an, South Korea, the shipwreck in Java, Indonesia, the shipwreck in Luzon, Philippines, and the shipwreck in Chepala.

Military leaders, also known as clean bottles, are sacred things that Muslims carry with them. The widespread spread of Islam in Southeast Asia has stimulated people's demand for military leaders, so magnetic stoves and kilns seized business opportunities and produced a large number of such items and sold them overseas.

Zuofang site

The workshop site is located on the east slope of Golden Chair, covering an area of about 250 square meters. The terrain is high in the east and low in the west. Archaeological findings show that there are six manually trimmed platforms, including 1 mud storage tank, 1 sedimentation tank, 10 clay pot, 3 column holes, 4 piers, 6 ash pits and pottery car pits, which are completed by the kiln site. Its service time was10-13rd century (from the Five Dynasties to the Southern Song Dynasty).

Y3 kiln site

Y3 kiln is located in the east-west direction of Longyao kiln, with a remaining length of 4 1 m.. Existing kiln bottom, kiln wall, kiln door, mixed masonry kiln protection wall, side kiln road, etc. The Y3 period is about10-12nd century (from the end of the Five Dynasties to the end of the Northern Song Dynasty).

Y2 kiln site

This is Y2 located in the middle of the excavation area, that is, northwest? Longyao, which runs southeast, is the best preserved of the four kiln sites, with an inclined surplus length of 60.88 meters. The fire chamber in the kiln head is located at the foot of the mountain, and the kiln body stretches over the hillside. From a distance, it looks like a long dragon lying in the mountains. This is the origin of the name of Longyao. The slope of the kiln bottom gradually decreases, forming natural pumping force and naturally increasing firepower. The existing fire chamber, kiln chamber, kiln tail, kiln roof, kiln door, kiln road, kiln wall and other related relics are typical representatives of magnetic stoves and kilns in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Y2 mainly produces celadon and black glaze with sauce, and the firing time is about10-13rd century (from the end of Northern Song Dynasty to Southern Song Dynasty).

Y4 kiln site

The site of Y4 kiln is an east-west dragon kiln, with the remains of kiln bottom, kiln wall, 1 kiln door and kiln retaining wall.

Protection management

The main threats to the protection of earthen sites are wind and rain erosion, insect pests and natural weathering. In view of rain erosion, we built a protective exhibition shed to prevent rain from flowing in. In case of typhoon and other disastrous weather, strengthen protection and inspection, and timely carry out artificial drainage on the ground of kiln site, and special assessment and maintenance will be carried out by professionals after the disaster.