Comprehensive Geography Knowledge Points for College Entrance Examination

High school geography is very difficult for many students studying liberal arts. So how should senior high school candidates prepare for the exam? Next is a collection of geography knowledge points for the college entrance examination that I have compiled for you. I hope you like it. !

Complete collection of geography knowledge points for the college entrance examination

Atmospheric movement caused by uneven cold and heat

Research point one: Thermal effects of the atmosphere

The thermal effect of the atmosphere includes the attenuation of solar radiation by the atmosphere and the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere on the ground. They are a coherent energy conversion process. Therefore, it is necessary to use the comprehensive chart method to learn this part of the content, grasp the main points, and simplify the complex.

Example 1 (2011 Lianyungang Survey) On the morning of June 11, 2010, heavy fog occurred in Lianyungang and visibility was very low, causing inconvenience to road traffic and citizens' travel. The picture below shows the Haitang Interchange in the urban area looming in the thick fog. Answer questions ⑴~⑶.

⑴One of the reasons why dense fog reduces visibility is ()

A. Dense fog absorbs ground radiation and enhances atmospheric reverse radiation. B. Dense fog weakens ground radiation. C. Dense fog reflects solar radiation D. Dense fog changes the wavelength of solar radiation

Answer: ⑴C⑵D⑶A

Research point 2: The formation of thermodynamic circulation

Thermodynamic circulation is the simplest form of atmospheric motion and can be learned using the causal connection method. When reviewing, grasp the clue of temperature level → rising or sinking → density difference → air pressure level → horizontal movement of the atmosphere → thermodynamic circulation, and analyze the relationship between temperature, density and air pressure, proceeding layer by layer, from cause to effect.

Note: ① Understanding of high and low pressure: The so-called high and low pressure are relative to the same horizontal plane. In the vertical direction, the air pressure gradually decreases due to the decrease in atmospheric density. ②The relationship between the convex direction of the isobaric surface and the level of air pressure: convex upward means high pressure, and concave downward means low pressure.

Exploration point 3: Common thermodynamic circulation

You must learn to explain related problems and phenomena in life, and draw relevant thermodynamic circulation diagrams. For example: the formation and characteristics of sea and land breezes, valley breezes, and urban winds, and the ability to draw thermodynamic circulation diagrams based on the causes of thermodynamic circulation (uneven heating).

1. Valley wind: caused by the thermal difference between the valley and the air nearby. During the day, the air on the hillside heats up strongly, so the warm air rises along the slope, and the wind blows from the valley to the hillside. This kind of wind is called "valley wind"; at night, because the air on the hillside cools rapidly and becomes denser, it flows down the slope. At the bottom of the valley, the wind blowing from the hillside to the valley is called "mountain wind". Mountain breeze and valley breeze are collectively called valley breeze.

2. Sea and land breeze: A wind system with diurnal variations formed near the coast due to uneven heating of the ocean and land. When the basic air current is weak, the wind blows from the sea to the land during the day and the wind blows from the land to the sea at night. The former is called sea breeze, and the latter is called land breeze. Together they are called sea and land breeze. (Student self-drawn diagram)

3. Urban wind: Due to the concentrated urban population and developed industry, residents’ lives, industrial production and transportation consume a large amount of fuel and release a large amount of man-made heat, resulting in high urban temperatures. In the suburbs, an "urban heat island" is formed. When the atmospheric circulation is weak, the air in the center of the city continues to rise due to heating, and the relatively cold air in the surrounding suburbs converges and replenishes the city. The air rising in the center of the urban heat island diverges and sinks to the surrounding suburbs at a certain height to compensate for the low altitude in the suburbs. vacancies, thus forming a local circulation called urban heat island circulation, also called urban wind. The air flow above the city rises and sinks in the suburbs, and the near-surface wind blows from the suburbs to the city. Therefore, enterprises with serious pollution should be deployed outside the sinking distance of the urban wind, and green belts should be laid out within the sinking distance of the urban wind.

If the earth does not rotate and is close to the ground, the wind blows directly from the poles to the equator ④ If the earth does not rotate and is close to the ground, the wind blows directly from the equator to the poles

　A.①③B.①④C.②③C.②④

Question intention: This question tests the understanding of the principle of thermodynamic circulation. Only with an in-depth understanding of the principle can we answer this question correctly.

Analysis: At night, due to the small heat capacity, the land cools down quickly, the temperature is low, and the air pressure is high, while the ocean cools slowly, the temperature is higher, and the air pressure is low, so the wind blows from the land to the ocean, ② Correct; equatorial region The temperature is high and the air pressure is low all year round. The polar regions are cold and the air pressure is high all year round. Therefore, the wind near the surface should blow from the poles to the equator, even if the earth does not rotate. Therefore, ③ is correct, choose C.

Answer: C

Variation training (the first college entrance examination subject teaching quality inspection of the 2011 Hangzhou senior high school students) Valley wind is formed due to mountain heat. During the day, the air on the hillside is warmer than the free atmosphere at the same height, so the warm air rises along the slope and becomes valley wind; at night, due to radiation cooling on the hillside, the air near the ground cools rapidly and becomes denser, so it flows into the valley bottom and becomes mountain wind. wind. Answer questions ⑴-⑵ accordingly.

Weakening respiration is conducive to the accumulation of plant nutrients, C is correct; the valley wind during the day increases the temperature of the slope surface, and the mountain wind at night decreases the temperature of the slope surface, so the valley wind can expand the temperature difference on the slope surface, which has It is beneficial to the growth of crops, D is wrong.

Answer: ⑴B⑵D

Complete Geography Knowledge Points for the College Entrance Examination 2

Climate Boundary

(1) January 0℃ isotherm (also The boundary between subtropical, warm temperate and plateau climate zones): generally along the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, passing eastward through the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River.

(2) 800 mm constant precipitation line (the boundary between humid and semi-humid areas): along the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, passing eastward through the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River.

(3) 400 mm constant precipitation line (the boundary between semi-humid and semi-arid areas): from the western slope of the Greater Khingan Mountains through the vicinity of Zhangjiakou, Lanzhou, and Lhasa to the eastern Himalayas.

(4) The 200 mm constant precipitation line (the boundary between semi-arid and arid areas): roughly passes through the Yinshan Mountains, Helan Mountains, Qilian Mountains, Bayan Hara Mountains and the Gangdise Mountains.

Complete three geography knowledge points for the college entrance examination

1. The Earth’s internal sphere

Research on the structure of the Earth’s interior: Since the knowledge of the Earth’s interior mainly comes from seismic waves research.

When an earthquake occurs, the underground rocks are strongly impacted, producing elastic vibrations that propagate around in the form of waves. This elastic wave is called a seismic wave. Seismic waves are divided into longitudinal waves (P waves) and transverse waves (S waves). Longitudinal waves propagate faster and can propagate through solids, liquids and gases; transverse waves propagate slower and can only propagate through solids.

Taking the Moho interface and the Gutenberg interface as boundaries, the interior of the earth can be divided into three spheres: the crust, the mantle and the core.

(1) Since seismic waves propagate at different speeds in different media, reflection and refraction will occur when seismic waves pass through the interface of different media. Scientists have taken advantage of the above properties of seismic waves to analyze them. The precise measurement of seismic waves "understands the structure of the earth's interior."

(2) It can be seen from the seismic wave curve inside the earth that seismic waves change suddenly at a certain depth, and the surface of this sudden change in speed is , called a discontinuity surface.

(3) There are two discontinuity surfaces inside the earth, one is at an average of 33 kilometers below the ground (referring to the continental part). Below this discontinuity surface, there are longitudinal waves and transverse waves. The propagation speed increases significantly. This discontinuity was first discovered by the Austrian seismologist Mohorovich, so it is called the Moho surface. The other one is at a depth of 2,900 kilometers underground. The propagation speed of the longitudinal wave suddenly decreases and the transverse wave completely disappears. . This discontinuous surface was first studied by the German seismologist Gutenberg, so it is called the Gutenberg surface.

(4) The Moho surface and the Gutenberg surface are used as interfaces to divide the interior of the earth. There are three spheres: the crust, the mantle, and the core. Therefore, the Earth's internal spheres are divided into two discontinuous planes (Moho plane and Gutenberg plane) where seismic waves propagate suddenly. p> 2. Earth’s outer spheres

Overview comparison of each outer sphere

The Earth’s outer spheres include the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, etc., and between these spheres Interconnected and mutually restricted, they form the natural environment for human survival and development.

Synchronous exercises

(2012? Laiwu mid-term) The propagation speed of seismic waves is different in different media. Scientists use this principle to detect the internal structure of the earth based on the changes in the propagation speed of seismic waves inside the earth. Read the above materials and complete questions 1 to 2.

1. According to the detection of seismic waves, the The average thickness of the outer layer is about 100 kilometers, which is an elastic hard rock layer called the lithosphere. Its range refers to ()

A. Crust B. Crust and asthenosphere

C. Crust and upper mantle D. Crust and top of upper mantle

2. According to the changes in seismic wave speed, the interior of the earth is divided into three layers: the crust, the mantle and the core. The correct description of the internal circle structure is ()

A. The interface that divides the crust and core is the Gutenberg surface

B. The temperature, pressure and density of the core are all Smaller

C. Under the Moho surface, the propagation speed of longitudinal waves suddenly decreases, and the transverse waves disappear completely

D. Under the Moho surface, the propagation speeds of longitudinal waves and transverse waves are both Significant increase

Analyze question 1. The lithosphere is composed of rocks, including the mantle above the asthenosphere and the crust. Question 2 can be answered based on the characteristics of the various layers inside the earth.

Answer 1.D2.D

Complete Four Geography Knowledge Points for the College Entrance Examination

1. The main means of geographical connection of human activities are transportation and communication

2. The starting point and end point of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

From Xining, the capital of Qinghai Province, to Lhasa via Golmud, it is the longest plateau railway in the world.

The route passes my country's nature reserve - Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve

3. Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve is located at the source of the Yangtze River, Yellow River and Lancang River, protecting the plateau wetland ecosystem and biodiversity.

4. What are the benefits of container transportation?

Save packaging materials, simplify packaging procedures, improve transportation efficiency, ensure the integrity of goods, reduce transportation costs, improve transportation labor conditions, etc.

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5. What are the four busiest routes in the world?

① North Atlantic route;

② Mediterranean and Suez Canal routes;

③ North America Routes from ports on the east coast to ports on the west coast of North America via Panama;

④North Pacific route

6. What are the tasks of postal communications and telecommunications communications services? What are the natural influences? Factors affecting?

Postal communications mainly use transportation and transportation networks to convey letters and packages. Affected by natural disasters such as terrain obstacles, typhoons, heavy rains and floods.

Telecommunications communication business mainly uses wired electricity, radio, light, etc. to transmit information such as symbols, text, images, and language. Affected by terrain obstacles, solar activity, etc.

Complete Five Geography Knowledge Points for the College Entrance Examination

1. Shape and Size of the Earth

1. The Earth is a sphere that is slightly flat at the poles and slightly bulging at the equator. Basis: Examples of Magellan's fleet circumnavigating the world.

2. The earth’s surface area is 510 million square kilometers, its average radius is 6371 kilometers, and its equatorial circumference is about 40,000 kilometers.

2. Globe

Remember the following on the globe.

The North and South Pole, the equator, the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle.

3. Latitude, latitude

⑴ Latitude: On the globe, the equator and the circles parallel to the equator are called latitudes.

The latitude lines have three characteristics:

①. The latitude lines indicate the east-west direction;

②. The lengths of the latitude lines are not equal (the equator is the longest, from the equator to the poles, The latitude gradually shortens and finally forms a point);

③, forming a circle on its own.

⑵. Latitude:

①. The equator is 0°, north of the equator is northern latitude (0°-90°N), and south of the equator is southern latitude (0°-90°N). °S). The equator bisects the Earth into northern and southern hemispheres. The number of latitudes gradually increases from the equator to the north and south. Latitude value is 90°.

② People stipulate that: 0°-30° is low latitude; 30°-60° is mid-latitude; 60°-90° is high latitude.

IV. Longitude and longitude

1. Longitude: On the globe, the arc connecting the south and north poles and perpendicular to the latitude.

Meridians have three characteristics: ⑴, indicating the north and south directions; ⑵, both lengths are equal; ⑶, forming a semicircle by itself.

2. Longitude:

⑴. The starting point of longitude is the 0° longitude, also called the "prime meridian". To the east of the 0° longitude is the east longitude (0°-180°E); to the west is the west longitude (0°-180°W), so the east-west longitude is 180°. The longitude number gradually increases from 0° longitude eastward and westward.

⑵. 180° longitude: the longitude line where 180°E and 180°W coincide.

⑶. Any meridian coil divides the earth into two equal hemispheres. Internationally, the meridian loop composed of two longitudes, 20°W and 160°E, is used as the dividing line between the eastern and western hemispheres. For example: 15°W is located in the Eastern Hemisphere; 165°E is located in the Western Hemisphere.

5. The graticule

1. Use the graticule to determine the position of any point on the ground.

2. Read the latitude and longitude charts and be able to answer relevant questions (with examples)

⑴. The latitude and longitude of point A: 30°W 40°N

B The latitude and longitude of the point: 10°W 10°N

⑵. Viewed from the Eastern and Western Hemispheres: Point A is located in the Western Hemisphere and Point B is located in the Eastern Hemisphere;

Viewed from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres: Point A is located in the Northern Hemisphere B. point is located in the Northern Hemisphere.

⑶. From the perspective of low, medium and high latitudes: Point A is in the mid-latitude area

Point B is in the low-latitude area.

⑷. From the perspective of the five zones of the earth: point A is in the north temperate zone and point B is in the tropics.

(Area A has four seasons, and area B has direct sunlight.)

⑸. Point A is located northwest of point B.

VI. Distribution of land and sea in the world

1. Ocean and land: Ocean accounts for 71% and land accounts for 29%.

2. Seven continents:

⑴. Memorize the names and basic outlines of the seven continents (picture of World Geography P 23).

⑵. The continents in the Eastern Hemisphere: Asia, Europe, Africa, and Oceania; the continents in the Western Hemisphere: South and North America.

Antarctica is located within the Antarctic Circle, spanning the eastern and western hemispheres.

⑶, area and smallest continent: Asia, Oceania; altitude and lowest continent: Antarctica, Europe. Continents that the equator passes through: Africa, Asia, Oceania, and South America.

⑷The dividing line between Asia and Europe: Ural Mountains-Ural River-Greater Caucasus Mountains.

The dividing line between Asia and Africa: the Suez Canal.

The dividing line between North and South America: the Panama Canal.

The dividing line between Asia and North America: the Bering Strait.

3. Four oceans: (1) Area, the deepest is the Pacific Ocean; the smallest and shallowest is the Arctic Ocean.

⑵. The Atlantic Ocean is "S" shaped, spanning the southern and northern hemispheres.

4. Memorize the distribution maps of the seven continents and four oceans.

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