How long did the Alexander Empire span Asia and Europe?

Macedonian Empire is the first empire across Europe, Asia and Africa in history. Its territory extends from Afghanistan and northwest India in the east, Italy in the west, Central Asia, Caspian Sea and Black Sea in the north and Indian Ocean and North Africa in the south.

origin

Macedonia is located in the northeast of Greece, and its national origin is still inconclusive. It may be a mixed-race descendant of Greek Illyrians, Thracians and Dorians. Because it is remote and backward, it is called barbarian by prosperous Greece. In the second half of the 6th century BC, Macedonia was unified and became a monarchy.

rise

Macedonia attached itself to Persia at the beginning of the Persian war, but secretly sent information to the Greeks behind Persia's back. At the end of 5th century BC, the capital moved from Aigai in the northwest mountainous area to Pera in the southeast coast. In the 4th century BC, Regent Philip II (359-336 BC) deposed his young master, established himself as king, and carried out a series of reforms. Philip II used the advanced experience of Greece for reference and adopted measures with Macedonian characteristics, such as strengthening the royal power, weakening the power of aristocratic meetings and citizens' meetings, carrying out monetary reform and adopting the gold-silver standard. The most important thing is his military reform, which established a standing army loyal to the king and built a powerful Macedonian phalanx. Later, he invaded the gold mines in Thrace and earned a steady income every year to expand his military strength. The fighting capacity of Macedonian army surpassed that of other Greek city-states. Philip also built a powerful fleet to prepare for marching into the eastern countries.

Philip II invaded Greece in the south after the country became powerful and Greece was in a scuffle among the city-states. In 338 BC, the anti-Macedonian coalition led by Athens and Thebes fought a decisive battle with Macedonian troops in Cronia, central Greece, and the coalition was defeated. The next year, Philip called a meeting of all the city-states of Corinth and announced that Shrek's city-states had formed an alliance. Almost all Greece recognized Macedonia's hegemony and decided to attack Persia. In 336 BC, Philip was assassinated at his daughter's wedding banquet. The throne was inherited by Philip's 20-year-old son Alexander the Great.

conquer

After the murder of Philip II, the map of Alexander Empire, there was another uprising against Macedonia in Greek states. Alexander, who was only 20 years old, quickly suppressed the rebellion in less than half a year after he succeeded to the throne.

In the spring of 334 years ago, Alexander crossed the Heiles Strait and attacked the Persian Empire. Alexander's army and the army of Darius Iii, king of Persia, fought for the first time on the banks of the grani Kush River in grani, Asia Minor. The Greek army won a great victory and occupied Asia Minor in less than half a year. In 333 BC, Alexander defeated the 65,438+Persian army led by Darius Iii in the Syrian Isus Plain, and captured Darius' mother, wife and two daughters. Darius Iii fled eastward.

In 333 BC, Alexander conquered Syria and Phoenician cities. The following year, he conquered Egypt and established a new city in Egypt called Alexandria.

Alexander left Egypt in the spring of 33 1 BC to continue his crusade. 10, when crossing the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, a war broke out between Abela and Darius Iii's army. It is reported that there were about 400,000 Persian troops, including the "Ma bu" or horse stance just look troops and elephant soldiers, but they were all defeated by Alexander and Darius Iii fled eastward. Alexander went on and conquered Babylon. He moved eastward from Babylon, entered Persia, occupied Susa and Persepolis in Persia, got a lot of gold, silver and jewels, and then set fire to Persepolis, killing its residents, in retaliation for the hatred of Xerxes I, king of Persia, who set fire to Athens in 480 BC. In the next three years, Alexander suppressed sporadic resistance in northeast Persia. Darius Iii, king of Persia, was also killed by his men, and Persia perished.

In 327 BC, he re-entered India. He led the army from the south bank of the Caspian Sea to the east, passed through Pattaya, conquered Afghanistan, entered India, defeated the Indian rebels, pacified Punjab, and planned to continue southward along the Indus River. However, his soldiers have been fighting abroad for many years and they are eager to return home. Due to the rainy and hot weather in India, the soldiers suffered a lot and even mutinied openly. Alexander divided the conquered part of India into three provinces and returned them.

At the beginning of 324 BC, Alexander established a huge empire-Macedonian Empire (also known as Alexander Empire) with Babylon as its new capital.

In June, 323 BC, Alexander suddenly developed malignant malaria, and died 10 days later, at the age of 33.

divide

After Alexander's death, Greek countries and all parts of Persia took the opportunity to resist. Alexander will fight with each other for land again, and the empire will immediately fall into chaos and eventually split into three relatively stable countries. His Ministry occupied Egypt and southern Syria with Ptolemy, and established Ptolemy dynasty. Seleucus occupied Asia Minor, Mesopotamia and northern Syria and established the Seleucus dynasty. Kesander occupied Macedonia and Greece and established the kingdom of Macedonia. These three countries were the most powerful countries in the late Greek era. These late Greek countries existed for about 300 years. After Rome destroyed Carthage in BC 146, they developed eastward. These countries were successively conquered by Rome.