Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Weather forecast - What were the minority regimes in northern China doing during the Three Kingdoms period? Why didn't Five Flowers appear until Jin?
What were the minority regimes in northern China doing during the Three Kingdoms period? Why didn't Five Flowers appear until Jin?
Nanshan of Xiongnu, like other warlords, actively participated in various wars between Han and Wei Dynasties.
In the first year of Zhong Ping (184), the Yellow Scarf Uprising led by Zhang Jiao was quickly suppressed. However, other Han-Hu uprisings have occurred constantly, among which the larger ones are Liangzhou Bianzhang, Han Qiang Army in Han and Sui Dynasties, and Heishan Army led by Zhang Yan in the western valley of Hebei Province, all of which have grown to hundreds of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of people. During the Han Dynasty, Sikong Zhang Wenfa was sent to Youzhou and rode three thousand horses to win Liangzhou. Team WU GANG went to Jiyuan, but Wu Huan defected because he was in arrears with the army. Therefore, the satrap of Zhongshan resented Zhang Wen's refusal to lead these troops of Wu Huan, but rebelled with the satrap of Taishan Mountain and Qiu, the adult of Wu Huan in the same county, robbed Ji Yuan, killed and protected a captain of Wu Huan, and a right satrap of Beiping, with more than 100,000 people. In the fifth year of Zhong Lingping's reign (188), the Han Dynasty sent South Xiongnu soldiers to cooperate with Liu Yu, a shepherd in Youzhou, to crusade against Zhang Chun. Khan forced his son to ride from the left, and the Huns were afraid that he would send troops, so the Huns were right? Hu and the first resistance to Han Tuge, * * * more than 100,000 people, attacked and killed Qiang Canal. Yu Fuluo is an outsider, and self-reliance is Khan. Those who killed Qiangqu were afraid to help Luo avenge his father, so they set up another Oracle capital as Khan. Yu Fuluo went to Luoyang to complain and ask for help. When Emperor Ling died of illness (189), Dong Zhuo led his troops to Beijing, and there was great chaos in the world. Yu Nai and Bai Bojun joined forces to attack the counties. At that time, many people from all over the country gathered to build walls to protect themselves, but there was no income from the looting of Luo Fu banknotes. Many people were injured and had to stop in Pingyang, Hedong County (now southwest of Linfen City, Shanxi Province). Oracle Bone Inscriptions should have died only for Khan for one year, but the South Pavilion no longer established Khan, and only Lao Wang acted as the agent of state affairs.
In the first year of Dixian Chuping (190), Guandong Prefecture fought Dong Zhuo. Yu Fuluo and JASON ZHANG stationed in Shangdang took refuge in Yuan Shao and sent troops to fetch water. The following year (19 1 year), Yu Luofu tried to betray Yuan Shao, but JASON ZHANG refused. Yu Luonai hijacked JASON ZHANG to escape and was defeated by Yuan Shao in the south of Yecheng. Then Luo Fu attacked and killed honest and frank, the commander-in-chief stationed in Liyang, and the military situation became active again. Dong Zhuo appointed JASON ZHANG as the magistrate of Hanoi. In the fourth year of Chuping (193), Yuan Shu moved from Nanyang to Chenliu and lived in Fengqiu (now southwest of Fengqiu, Henan), under the jurisdiction of Yuan Shu, Luo Fu. After Yuan Shu was defeated by Cao Cao, he helped Luo return to Huyang. In the second year of Xingping (195), Yu Fuluo died, and his brother Hu Chuquan was Khan. December, Dong Cheng, Yang Feng, etc. Dedicated to the East, while Li Jue, Guo Si, etc. I asked. Dong Cheng and Yang Feng fought and lost many times, but they recruited Bai Bo Li Shuaile, Han Xian, Hu Cai and the southern Xiongnu to go to the lower right and defend. In July of the first year of Jian 'an (196), he set out for Luoyang, sent him to Xu, and then returned to Pingyang.
In the seventh year of Jian 'an (202), Yuan Shaozhi's nephew Gao Qian, Hedong Taishou Guoyuan and the southern Xiongnu Khan Hu Chuquan betrayed Cao Cao. Cao Cao ordered Zhong You, a captain, to encircle the south, to guard the Tiger-Juquan in Pingyang, and Cao Cao was under the Tiger-Juquan.
In the tenth year of Jian 'an (205), Cao Cao invaded Wuhuan in the north, which was higher than rebelling against Cao Cao again and guarding Huguan. The following year, Cao Cao conquered it, and Gao Qian went to Xiongnu for help, but Hu Chuquan was not affected, so Cao Cao decided to establish the country.
Bing is not only the place where Hu and Han live together, but also the capital of Ye and Luo, so Cao Cao attaches great importance to the candidates who govern Bing. For example, Du Ji, the satrap of Hedong, and Liang, the secretariat of Bingzhou, were all state and county officials carefully selected by Cao Cao. The reflection volume 15 "biography of Liang" contains:
And the new soil attached, learned to another department of Sima secretariat, when chaos, Hu Di in the world, Zhang Xiong domineering, officials and people die, the people are poor, militarists fuck the public, for bandits, more fans, often playing chess. When you are a scholar, you will be tempted to recruit him, call you right, and recommend you to be a shogunate a little. Hao You has done his best, but he was sent to Ding Qiang for the second time, thinking that he was righteous; Because the army has gone out again, please consider it brave. After the officials and the people left, they moved a little bit and sent power back and forth, with tens of thousands of mouths; Those who disobeyed, dispatch troops begged, beheaded thousands and surrendered tens of thousands. Respectfully, his name is Wang, and he works in the music department, just like an editor. Clear the border, the people spread the wild, diligently advise farmers and mulberry, and ban them. Celebrities of the University of Technology are salty in the world.
Liang's rule over all classes of Xiongnu in Bing is as follows: First, he recommended Hao You to the central government to prevent them from making waves in the same place; The second time was to recruit strong men, thinking that "righteousness is strict"; For ordinary Huns, they took advantage of the Central Army to go out and distinguish "courage". This will not only supplement the country with a sophisticated and brave army, but also open up opportunities for the Huns to establish military exploits. When Hao You and Ding Qiang leave this country, they will move their families to Yecheng as collateral. As for those who disobey orders and decrees, they will be suppressed. For the name of the state, it is based on the amount of employment, or the public court. In this way, the Huns are subordinate to their own posts, which is the same as making up households.
As for the measures taken by Cao Cao and his later rulers to the Xiongnu immigrants in the mainland, the history books have the following accounts. TongJian Volume Sixty-seven Jian 'an Twenty-one Years:
The Southern Xiongnu lived in Sene for a long time. They lived in harmony with the editor, but they didn't lose their tribute. The discussant is afraid that the hukou will be long and it will be difficult to be banned. It is necessary to plan ahead. In autumn and July, South Khan entered the DPRK in Wei, and Wang Wei stayed in Ye, making you go to humble his country. Shan Yu gave cotton, silk, money and food. Descendants pass on their numbers. It is divided into five parts, each of which is handsome with its nobles, and the Han people are chosen as Sima Du.
"Book of Jin" Volume 97 "The Legend of the Northern Emperor Xiongnu" also said:
At the end of the later Han Dynasty, there was chaos in the world, and the ministers said that the conference semifinals had many accusations, fearing that they would be enemies, so it was advisable to guard against them first. During the Jian 'an period, Wei Wudi was divided into five departments, of which the most expensive one was Shuai Department, and the Han people were selected as Sima to supervise it. At the end of Wei, it was renamed a captain. Its left part, a surname, can unify more than 10 thousand people, living in Guzhi County, Taiyuan (now Fenyang County, Shanxi Province); The right surname can be reduced by more than 6 thousand, living in Qixian County (now southeast of Qixian County, Shanxi Province); A surname in the south can be more than 3 thousand, living in Puzi County (now Shanxi? County); A surname in the north can be more than 4 thousand, living in Xinxing County (now Xinxian County, Shanxi Province)! The middle surname can be more than 6 thousand, living in Daling County (now northeast of Wenshui, Shanxi Province).
"Book of Jin" Volume 56 "Jiang Tongzhuan" said:
During the Jian 'an period, (Cao Cao) sent the right Wang Xian to visit Tuchun, listening to his tribe scattered in six counties. In the reign of Emperor Xian Xi (in 264), one (pointing to the left) was too strong, and it was divided into three rates (with handsome). At the beginning of Taishi (in 265 or later), it increased to four.
As can be seen from the above, with the expansion of the Xiongnu inhabited areas and the reproduction of the population, the rulers of Wei and Jin dynasties have more and more strict control over the Xiongnu. Cao Caoshi's policy is:
(1) Stay in Huqiu Spring of Ye to prevent it from confusing all beings; (2) Ordering the relatively obedient Right King Xian to enter Beijing to act as an agent in the state affairs: (3) Divide the Xiongnu into five to cut its power; (4) Make the Han people become the Sima of all ministries, so as to gather the power of Xiongnu nobles. This policy of divide and rule is no problem when the central government can still control the overall situation, but once political corruption or repeated civil strife occurs, it will get out of control and even be overthrown. People of insight at that time had foreseen this. "The reflection" volume 28 "biography of Deng Ai" contains:
At that time, Liu Bao, Zuo, Bing were combined into a movie. Ai Shang said, "Rong Di is an animal and doesn't care about righteousness. Strong is violent, weak is violent. So, there should be Zhouyi, right? The enemy of Judah, Han zu has a siege of Pingcheng. Every Hun has a sheng, which is a serious problem for the previous generation. Since Khan was away from home, he couldn't contain it, but he was wronged for a long time (in order to eliminate the mistakes in writing), which made him come to work. The reason is that Qiang Yi lost his unity, so he dispersed and lost his master. Take Khan as an example, Wan Li is on the right track. Today, Khan's respect for the sun is sparse, and the power of a foreign land is heavy, so Land Rover must be prepared. I heard that Liu Baobu rebelled against Hu, but it was split into two countries because of the rebellion to share its potential. If you go to a humble job to show your previous dynasty, but your son is not successful in his career, you should add his son to show his number, so that you can stay in Yanmen, go abroad and be weak, and record your old glory. This is also a long-term plan. " Chen also said: "If you live with the people, it is advisable to appear gradually to make the residents look good."
Wargo, like Cao Cao, also saw that the national cohesion of the Huns was still very strong. Although Khan was originally enfeoffed in Yeh, most of the princes were still enough to make waves, and they still need to continue to divide and rule. In particular, we must try to move Huns mixed with Han people outside to break the curse. Wargo's idea of gradually moving out was forty-eight years earlier than the famous "On Disciples and Tolerance" published by Jiang Tong in the ninth year of Emperor Yuankang of Jinhui. But this idea of immigration is easier said than done. As Chen Jin, who opposed immigration at that time, pointed out: when natural and man-made disasters have made it impossible for people of all ethnic groups to live and work in peace and contentment, forcibly relocating a large number of Xiongnu and other ethnic groups with deep grievances against the rule of the Jin Dynasty is likely to lead to resistance. As far as immigration policy is concerned, it is incorrect and unreasonable. Since the minority people have entered the Central Plains agricultural area, why must they be driven away? Can't ethnic minorities live in the Central Plains? In fact, after the Huns moved in, their lifestyles changed greatly and became more and more China-like. Although until Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, Xiongnu still lived a nomadic life of "moving by weeds and ploughing fields without battlements". However, since Uhaanyehe entered the Han Dynasty, especially more than 200 years after the southern Xiongnu entered the settlement, with the gradual inward migration of Xiongnu, its production mode has gradually changed from animal husbandry to planting. "Book of Jin" Volume 93 "Biography of Wang Xun" said:
The number of customers who rent cattle to the public or below is different. From then on, I was afraid of fighting, and I preferred fighting. There are hundreds of moves at the door of your potential. In addition, Taiyuan ministries also take Xiongnu and Conference semifinals as field visitors, with thousands of them. Emperor Wu acceded to the throne, forbidden to invite guests, and made it clear that he was on guard and his subordinates did not dare to commit crimes.
From the above, it can be seen that it was quite common for bureaucratic landlords to exploit landless peasants by renting land during the late Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties. Farmers who have no land or little land would rather be field visitors of bureaucratic landlords in order to avoid the burden of military service and labor of the government. Not only people, Huns and other ethnic minorities, but also farmers, even the Huns served by various ministries in Taiyuan have reached thousands. "The reflection" volume 22 "Chen Qunzi Thai biography" and load:
Thailand's ... At first, I moved to the guerrilla general. He was the secretariat of Bingzhou, which strengthened the general, made him observe the festival, protected the Xiongnu corps commander, softened the people, and was very powerful. Nobles in Beijing give more valuables, because Thai and Thai handmaiden are hung on the wall and don't give their seals. Taxation has become history, and I will pay it back.
As can be seen from the above, some Huns were sold as handmaiden. In a word, the Huns who moved in gradually turned to the agricultural economy, and they became farmers and handmaiden.
But Attila Hou's situation is far above the general public. Although the rulers of Wei Dynasty and Jin Dynasty restricted the military and political power of Attila nobles, they still gave preferential treatment in economy. The Book of Jin 10 1 The First Biography of Liu Yuan said:
Liu Yuanhai, an emerging Hun ... At the beginning of Emperor Gaozu's reign, his eldest daughter was his concubine and his wife was modu chanyu, so his descendants took Wei Liu's surname, ... Yu Zibao was left, that is, the father of Yuanhai was also ... young and eager to learn, and he learned Yi and Shangshu very well. Historically, Han Hezi has made a comprehensive investigation. It is said that students Zhu Ji and Fan Long at the same school said, "Every time I read a book, I often follow it, but I know nothing about it ..." Wang Hun of Taiyuan made friends with him and ordered his son to help him.
The above materials show that the Liu and Zhou families, as Xiongnu aristocrats, have survived the Han, Wei and Jin dynasties, but have been deeply influenced by Chinese culture. Liu Zhou himself was rich when he was young, so he was able to read books and biographies. Because of his knowledge of ancient studies, he was able to contact famous Confucian scholars and scholars, and was respected by friends such as Wang Hun, the cremation of Taiyuan. Because Liu Yuan understood the historical fact that the emperor ruled the people, which encouraged his ambition. When the time is ripe, Liu Bang's lament that "a gentleman should be like this" hovers in Liu Yuan's mind, and he wants to "become a high-impedance business."
To sum up, the Huns seemed to have nothing to do when they were in the Three Kingdoms, but in fact they were vassals of warlords. However, because the Huns have been in the frontier for a long time, many of them have gradually engaged in agriculture, mastered more advanced production skills in the Central Plains, and senior leaders are familiar with the traditional culture of China. Although it retains its national cohesion, many people become farmers and handmaiden, oppressed and exploited by the landlord class of Han nationality, which can be used by the upper class of Xiongnu. After the Three Kingdoms, the Western Jin Dynasty was unable to deal with the Xiongnu and other underarms because of civil strife, which gave the Xiongnu nobles an opportunity. Therefore, the Three Kingdoms period is a crucial period for Huns to fight with each other, and it is also the preparatory stage for them to establish a minority dynasty in the Central Plains for the first time, and its importance is self-evident.
Xianbei people unified Monan during the Three Kingdoms period.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tan Shihuai unified Xianbei ministries and established a grand alliance of eastern, central and western military tribes in the vast area north of the Great Wall. Soon after the delay, Xianbei fell into a state of scattered ministries. When Cao Cao was in power, Xianbei in the west rebelled, and Monan split into three factions from the east of Yun Yun: one was Budugen (a descendant of Tan Shihuai), with tens of thousands of people, according to Yun Yun and Yanmen; The second is Kirby energy group, which is distributed in Dai Jun and Shanggu; Third, a group of small groups belonging to the original alliance "Dongda people" are scattered in western Liaoning, right Beiping, Yuyang Great Wall and other places. Among them, Kirby Energy Group has great strength and influence. When Yuan Shao was in Hebei, the Han people went to Bikeneng in Xianbei to avoid his harsh and abusive politics. Bi Ke can make his people learn Chinese, Chinese characters and weapons manufacturing from the Han people, thus becoming powerful.
During the Jian 'an period, when Cao Cao was stationed in Youzhou, Ke Bineng and other Xianbei leaders made contributions through Yan Rou, the leader of Wuhuan, to show their obedience. Cao Shi and his son for two generations, to appease these leaders. In the first year of Huang Chu (220), Bi Ke could offer horses to Emperor Wen; In two years, Bi Ke returned more than 500 Han people who stayed in Xianbei to the Han people. In three years, he led more than 3,000 riders and rushed more than 7,000 horses and cattle to "exchange markets" with Cao Wei, and then sent them back to 1000 Han families and returned to Shanggu and other places. Houkebineng Group is powerful, and successively merged Budugen and other departments to unify Monan area. After Kirby became powerful, he invaded the Cao-Wei border for many times, and was later killed by an assassin sent by Wang Xiong, the secretariat of Youzhou and a captain protecting Wuhuan. The unification of the desert and the south is in a state of disintegration. Three forces, Yuwen Department, Duan Department and Murong Department, rose in the east of Xianbei. They took the opportunity to go south and occupied Wuhuan's hometown. Yuwen was not Xianbei originally, but later moved eastward to Liaodong and Xianbei people, and gradually became Xianbei after joining Tanshihuai. Duan is a native of Xianbei in western Liaoning, and his living center is Ganoderma lucidum (now Gan 'an County, Hebei Province).
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During the Three Kingdoms period, Qiang people in Hexi, Wudu and Yin Ping belonged to Wei and Shu respectively. Wei and Shu attacked each other and both recruited Qiang soldiers to fight. Many Qiang people moved into Gansu, Shu, Qin and Yong.
Data input (British) Defence Inteligence)? Density Indicator (density indicator)
In the twenty-fourth year of Jian 'an (2 19), Cao Cao attacked Wudu because Wang Agui and Yang were not attached, and finally attached it as the border king, moving 50,000 people from Wudu to Fufeng and Tianshui counties. Wudubian, Han and others migrated to Jingzhao, Zhang, Yong, Tianshui, Nan 'an and Guangwei counties. Later, Wei moved the capital to Guanzhong; During the battle between Shu and Han, some Miao people migrated to Shu and Han. So in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, except Wudu and Yin Ping (Guanghan County was originally a county, and the three countries changed to counties), Miao communities were formed in some counties in Guanzhong and Longyou, interwoven with the Han nationality and other ethnic groups. The most famous ones, such as Tuipu's and Lu's in Jin Lveyang, all moved from Wudu.
In short, during the Three Kingdoms period, some ethnic minorities began to move inward, while others fought civil war on the grasslands. Although the three countries are in chaos, as a cloud, ethnic minorities have not taken much advantage. Ethnic minorities like 50 thousand were pacified by Cao Cao himself.
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