What kind of place is Siberia?

Siberia has a vast territory. According to the natural conditions, it can be divided into three main areas: the western Siberian plain, located between the Ural Mountains and the Yenisei River, with low terrain and wide swamps, with an average elevation of120m. The main rivers are ob river and Yenisei River; The central part is the Central Siberian Plateau, which starts from Putolana Mountain in the northwest corner of Yenisei River in the west and reaches the Dalina River basin in the east, with an average elevation of 300-500 meters. The surface of the plateau is broken. Mountain areas in the south and northeast, including Cerschi Mountain, Yangshask Mountain, Baikal Mountain, East-West Sayan Mountain, Altai Mountain (northwest section), etc. Siberia is located in the middle and high latitudes, with a remarkable continental climate, which gradually increases from west to east, with long cold winters and mild and short summers. The annual average temperature is below 0℃. The absolute low temperature in Yakutia in the northeast is -70℃. The temporal and spatial differences of precipitation are obvious. The annual precipitation along the Arctic Ocean is 100 ~ 250 mm, the coniferous forest belt is 500 ~ 600 mm, and the Altai Mountain reaches 1000 ~ 2000 mm. 75% ~ 80% of the precipitation is mainly concentrated in summer. Vegetation includes tundra, forest swamp, coniferous forest, forest grassland and treeless grassland. Siberia is rich in natural resources, including oil, natural gas, coal, gold and diamonds. All kinds of resources are concentrated and there are many large-scale deposits.

Siberia is the habitat of nomadic people. From the second half of the16th century, Russia crossed the Urals and expanded to Siberia, cutting off a large area of territory that originally belonged to China. 1895 ~ 1905 after the construction of the trans-Siberian railway, large-scale development began in this area, and a large number of people, mainly Russians, migrated eastward. During the first five-year plan period of the former Soviet Union (1928 ~ 1932), Kuznetsk coalfield and industries along trans-siberian railway developed greatly. Angara-Yenisei River was developed in 1950s. Since the mid-1960s, large oil and gas fields in western Siberia have been developed. In the mid-1970s, the 4275km second trans-siberian railway-North Arab Railway (Taishet-Soviet Port) started construction and was opened to traffic in June1984165438+1October. Siberia is an important energy and raw material base. On this basis, petrochemical, coal chemical, non-ferrous metal mining and metallurgical industries have also been developed. The iron and steel industry has begun to take shape, and the machinery industry has developed, but it is still very weak. Agriculture is more developed in southern Siberia, with wheat and dairy products and meat animal husbandry as the main sectors.

The population is about 40 million. Russians account for more than 80%, Ukrainians and Belarusians account for about 5%, and others include Komi, Yakutia and Tuva. The population is distributed along the railway. The main cities in Siberia are Novosibirsk and Krasnoyarsk.

Siberia is a large area of North Asia in Russia. It starts from the Ural Mountains in the west, east to the Pacific Ocean, north to the Arctic Ocean, southwest to the mountainous areas in central and northern Kazakhstan, and south to China, Mongolia and North Korea, covering an area of 6,543,802,760 square kilometers, all of which are in Russian territory except the southwest end. Some people regard the watershed between the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean as its eastern boundary (the East is called the Far East). It is about 7,000 kilometers long from east to west and 3,500 kilometers wide from north to south, covering an area of about 1 10 million square kilometers.

Siberia is not so much a geographical term as an image of a regional scope. East of the Urals and north of the Asian continent, many people, especially foreigners, are usually called Siberia. People who have never been here have a prejudice against this vast area-cities, forests, oceans, rivers, lakes and swamps, and always associate it with snowy areas, cold, emptiness and barbarism.

In fact, Siberia is diverse. According to some conditions, it can be divided into some regions: western and northern Siberia, Altai, Tuwa, Hakka, Sayan and Outer Baikal, Yakutia, and even the northernmost part can be included in Siberia. Siberia is 7000 kilometers from east to west, 3500 kilometers from north to south,100000 square kilometers, almost equivalent to the area of 20 France.

According to natural conditions, it can be divided into three main areas:

In the west is the western Siberian plain, which lies between the Urals and the Yenisei River. Low-lying, wide swamp, with an average elevation of120m. The main rivers are ob river and Yenisei River.

The central part is the Central Siberian Plateau, which starts from Putolana Mountain in the northwest corner of Yenisei River in the west and reaches the Dalina River basin in the east, with an average elevation of 300-500 meters. The surface of the plateau is broken.

Mountain areas in the south and northeast, including Cerschi Mountain, Yangshask Mountain, Baikal Mountain, East-West Sayan Mountain, Altai Mountain (northwest section), etc.

Siberia is located in the middle and high latitudes, with a cold climate, and the two "cold poles" in the northern hemisphere (Yongsk and Oymyakon) are here. The continental climate is remarkable, increasing gradually from west to east, with long cold winters and mild and short summers. The annual average temperature is below 0℃. The absolute low temperature in Yakutia in the northeast is -70℃.

The temporal and spatial differences of precipitation are obvious. The annual precipitation along the Arctic Ocean is 100 ~ 250 mm, the coniferous forest belt is 500 ~ 600 mm, and the Altai Mountain reaches 1000 ~ 2000 mm. 75% ~ 80% of the precipitation is mainly concentrated in summer. Vegetation includes tundra, forest swamp, coniferous forest, forest grassland and treeless grassland. From north to south, there are tundra, forest tundra, forest, forest grassland and grassland belt in turn. Most rivers flow into the Arctic Ocean, such as ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River.

Lake Baikal is the largest and deepest freshwater lake in the world. Permafrost and frozen soil are widely distributed. Coniferous forests account for 60 ~ 70% of the whole mountainous area. Siberia is rich in natural resources, including oil, natural gas, coal, gold and diamonds. All kinds of resources are concentrated and there are many large-scale deposits. The reserves of hydropower resources account for more than half of Russia.

This is a rich and undeveloped land. Three centuries ago, Russian scientist and educator Mikhail lomonosov predicted that "Siberia will promote Russia's strength". It is rich in natural gas, oil, gold, diamonds, wood, fur, wildlife, fish and clean fresh water, and has built the world's largest power station on many rivers. Generally speaking, everything in Siberia is large-scale: ob river, Irtysh River, Yenisei River and Altai Mountain are particularly attractive. The symbol of this area is Lake Dan Coe in Terez. Local residents call it Jinhu. This area is very popular with hikers, water sports enthusiasts, skiers, climbers and horseback riders. Resilience and courage can be tested along complicated waterways, such as Kadong River, Bashikos River, Qiu Ya River and Chumeishi River. Climbing Mount Beruhe (4,056 meters), the highest peak of Altai Mountain, is considered to be something to be proud of. Alpine ski trails are laid on the Shaoria Mountain not far from Maizhdulechensk.

Hidden in the vast virgin forest is the mysterious Putorana Plateau, which is the highest part of the Central Siberian Plateau. "Putuolan" means "steep shore lake kingdom" in the language of Ewenki, a local resident. The valleys as deep as 1000 meters cut off the plateau and formed lakes. Standing at the highest point-Mount Carmen, you can get a panoramic view of Fiona Fang for hundreds of kilometers. Water poured down from the steep valley wall, forming a series of waterfalls.

Deer are always the most precious property for the northern aborigines. You can ride a deer or put it on a sleigh, sew clothes and shoes with deerskin, or set up tents-the houses of local residents. Deer meat has been the main food of northerners for hundreds of years.