Is the ancient imperial edict based on "the emperor ordered the heaven to carry things?"

The origin of "Fengtian carries the imperial edict" should start from Qin and Han Dynasties. Qin Shihuang unified the whole country. Not satisfied with the title of king, he became emperor on his own, called himself "I", and made life a system and an imperial decree. His decree is engraved with the words "ordered by heaven, live forever" to show its legitimacy. Han inherited the Qin system and gradually established a complete emperor system. Cai Yong in the Eastern Han Dynasty wrote in "On Arbitrariness": "Qin Cheng was demoted to the Han Dynasty at the weekend, and he was both virtuous and Huang San, so he got five emperors, so he thought it was a number. Emperor Gaozu was ordered, and his merits were appropriate, and he did not change ... Han called himself emperor, called himself me, and his subjects called him your majesty. It is said that the imperial edict was established and recorded by historians. Cars, horses, clothes, equipment, everything, everything. Where are you? You are in the Forbidden City, and then you are in the province. Seal. seal. Fortunately, you are lucky and brave. His orders are to plan books, make books, write letters and quit books. " Among them, the writing format of the imperial edict such as the strategy book is based on Ye Fan's The First Record of Emperor Guangwu of the Later Han Dynasty. In September, Chi Mei entered Chang 'an and started running for Gaoling again. Zhao Yue said that Xin Wei "turned over a new leaf and was destroyed, abandoned the city and fled, leaving his wife naked, unnecessary." The article quoted the Han system as saying: "There are four books under the Emperor: one is to plan books, the other is to make books, the third is to write letters, and the fourth is to admonish books. Bookmaker, weaving bamboo slips, two feet long and half a foot short. The seal script, from the year, month and day, is called the emperor's order to the vassal. The policy of "three publics" and "three publics" is to avoid crimes, while the official script uses one foot, one wood and two lines, which is the only difference. The scribes ordered by the emperor system said in their works that they had formulated three imperial edicts, all of which were sealed with seals, official books were sealed and sealed, and Lubu Prefecture and County were also sealed. Imperial edict, imperial edict, also speak, its text says speak official cloud [cloud], such as a story. Those who enjoin and admonish are called the Secretariat and the prefect. In their words, there is a letter from an official. It's all like this. " It can be inferred that the most important imperial edict in the Han Dynasty should have started in a certain year, a certain month, a certain day and an emperor ... The imperial edicts in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are similar to those in the Han Dynasty, but it is worth noting that most of the existing imperial edicts in this period are "the right time, the right place and the right people, and I will be subject to this order." In short, such as the Book of Jin, san huang acceded to the throne in the Jin Dynasty, the six emperors in the Jin Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty acceded to the throne, all wrote the above words. The important reason for this situation is probably that dynasties changed frequently at that time, and all emperors paid great attention to emphasizing that their rule was destiny and others could not steal it.

Imperial edicts in the Tang Dynasty can be divided into seven forms: preparing books, making books, making books, making books, making books, making books, and making books, which are generally drafted by Zhongshu Province (mostly Zhongshu Sheren) and reviewed and promulgated by the provincial government. There are strict regulations on the examination and promulgation of the provincial government. Small things are rewarded by the department. "("Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty "has the article" Giving things to things "), so the first book it issued is often the word" under the door ". For example, the beginning of Crown Prince Su Zong's system of supervising the country is "under the door, the foundation of the world ..." And the words of destiny are often found in the imperial edicts of the emperor's accession to the throne. For example, the book of Dezong's accession to the throne has the words "Heaven has a destiny, and the emperor Wang Shouzhi". When Su Zong acceded to the throne, he was pardoned: "I heard that saints are afraid of heaven's destiny, and the emperor obeys heaven ..." Shunzong acceded to the throne and said, "I made up the heaven's order ..."

The imperial edicts of the Song Dynasty inherited the imperial edicts of the Tang Dynasty and made some changes. Similar to the Tang Dynasty, the imperial edict of the Emperor of the Song Dynasty, no matter how big or small, "shall not be carried out unless it passes through the Second House" (Notes of the Ministers of the State Dynasty, Volume 47, Cai Chengxi: "The theory of God Sect does not pass through the Second House", where the Second House refers to the door of the Chinese book and the Privy Council). The drafting of the imperial edict was discussed by China Calligraphy Department, and then the bachelor was asked to do it. So many important imperial edicts, like the Tang Dynasty, all began with the word "door". For example, the pardons of eight emperors from Song Taizu to Song Huizong contained in the Collection of Letters from the History of Song Dynasty are all placed at the top of the article. At the same time, among the imperial edicts preserved in the imperial edict collection of the Song Dynasty, the imperial edicts beginning with "I named the door" or "I named the door" also accounted for a considerable proportion. Such imperial edicts are more common among emperors after Zhenzong, and they feel greater and more glorious every day.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolian was the national language, so "Mandarin admonishers said imperial edicts, and Mier spokesmen said imperial edicts" (Preface to the Grand Ceremony in the World). Imperial system). Mongolian imperial edicts and China imperial edicts all began with the words "with the power of immortality, with the protection of great happiness, with the imperial edict". In fact, in the power of immortality, protecting Dafu means in Mongolian. But at that time, many Mongolian letters were mechanically translated into Chinese, so many Chinese letters began with "eternal life in the power of heaven, protecting the shadow of great happiness"

The imperial edict of Fengtian was widely used in the Ming Dynasty. Ming Taizu spared no effort to strengthen centralization, which naturally produced the momentum of being ordered by heaven and ruling the world. Mao believed that his rule came from God's will, but in the first volume of Yu's Collection of Allusions, Mao tried to say, "Everyone does what he says, but God dares not do it." So the beginning of the imperial edict is Fengtian traffic. The etiquette of the Ming dynasty clearly stipulates that princes and ministers must have the words "Heaven commands, ruling all parties" and "Heaven commands, ruling the court". And the festival should be celebrated with "Fengtian Yongchang", and the emperor's suburban worship calls himself "the heir of the emperor". The first sentence of the tune used is "harmony is heaven and earth, and harmony is heaven and earth." The first sentence of the emperor's wedding speech is also "I accept the destiny", and the emperor's treasure seal contains the treasure of the emperor, and the treasure of Daming and Tian Zi is carried in Fengtian "and so on. Folk worship of heaven and earth is strictly controlled. The entry of "blasphemy" in the Code Volume of Ming Dynasty 165 stipulates that if the people privately sue the heaven for worship, it is blasphemy, and it must be 70 sticks. The imperial edicts in Qing dynasty began with "Feng Tian carries the imperial edict", with contents in the middle, and ended with "announcing that the world is salty and let people know" or "announcing that the world is salty and let people know". In addition to the imperial edict, there were also words (books) in the Qing Dynasty, which generally began with the sentence "Holding the emperor in heaven to make princes". By 19 12, with the release of the abdication edict by Emperor Xuan Tong, the "Imperial edict of Fengtian" finally ended and history turned a new page.