How to prevent serious smog in Beijing?

Although the red warning issued by the government has long been lifted, the pace of smog has not stopped. The outdoor pm2.5 in Beijing has exceeded 500 for a week, and there is no sign of fading. This crazy windless life is really hard. After sleeping, my mouth is dry, my throat is itchy, my lungs are obviously uncomfortable, and my child coughs from time to time. Only this one, not to mention the quality of life in this city. According to London's experience, it is unrealistic to control smog by wind. For everyone's health, give some simple and practical suggestions.

First, the implementation of urban cleaning projects.

Because of the small annual rainfall, Beijing is a particularly dirty city, with dust everywhere. The newly washed car is covered with dust in less than half a day. After less than two hours of outdoor activities, my whole face and nostrils are dirty. 99% of sandstorms in Beijing come from local areas and are recycled. Therefore, it is suggested that Beijing implement the urban cleaning project:

One is to cover all bare land. We should plant more trees and shrubs and less grass. A short fence should be set between shrubs and hardened ground. Where shrubs are not planted, including the roots of big trees, floor tiles, asphalt or cement should be laid.

The second is to clean up the dirt and dust on the ground in time. Even on windy days or when cars pass by, you can hardly feel the dust in the air.

The third is to realize all closed shipments of garbage. It is necessary to call on or force citizens to form the habit of putting garbage into bags and not to throw garbage everywhere. Garbage collection should use trash cans or bins, and the whole process of garbage removal should be closed.

The second is to implement rapid urban traffic engineering.

A large number of jobs in Beijing are within the Second Ring Road or the Third Ring Road, while a large number of houses are located outside the Fifth Ring Road. Between the Second Ring Road and the Fifth Ring Road, there are only 3.625 traffic lights in expressway. One is Jingkai Expressway, the other is Lianhuachi East Road-Lianhuachi West Road-Shi Lian East Road, the other is Badaling Expressway (there are no traffic lights when leaving the city, but there are traffic lights when entering the city), the other is Airport Expressway (there are no traffic lights when leaving the city, so you can't get on the expressway when entering the city), and there is also 0.625 Tonghuihe North Road-Jingtong Expressway (there are no traffic lights when leaving the city, so you can't get on a big city like Jingtong in Beijing). This is also the main reason why there are not many cars in Beijing, but there are often traffic jams. Therefore, it is suggested to implement the urban traffic acceleration project:

One is to connect expressway and the Second Ring Road. Extend Jingcheng Expressway to Dongzhimen North Bridge of North Second Ring Road, Airport Expressway to Dongsishitiao Bridge of East Second Ring Road, Jingtong Expressway to Jianguomen of East Second Ring Road, Jingha Expressway to Zuo 'anmen of Southeast Second Ring Road, Jingjintang Expressway to Zuo 'anmen of Southeast Second Ring Road, Dexin Road to Yuting Bridge of South Second Ring Road, Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Expressway to Guang 'anmen Bridge of West Second Ring Road and Fushi Road to Fuchengmen of West Second Ring Road.

The second is to implement the rapid transformation of urban road network. The sections from Andingmen of Anli Road to lishuiqiao, Chaoyangmen of Chaoyang North Road to Dengjiayao Bridge, Guangqumen of Refractive Road to Dajiaoting Bridge, Zuoanmen of Santaishan Road to Boxing Road, Caihuying Bridge of Lize Road to Lize Bridge, Zizhuyuan to Zizhu Bridge of Xingshikou Road to Xingshikou Bridge will be rapidly reconstructed in both directions.

The third is to quickly transform the main roads in the Second Ring Road. East-west Guang 'anmen Bridge-Guangqumen Bridge, Xibianmen Bridge-Dongbianmen Bridge, Guanyuan Bridge-Dongsishitiao Bridge, North-South Street Bridge-Beijing Railway Station, Yonghegong Bridge-Yuting Bridge, Jishuitan Bridge-Kaiyang Bridge, Jishuitan Bridge-You 'anmen Bridge are rapidly transformed in both directions.

Fourth, other places are undergoing rapid transformation. Focus on the rapid transformation of some sections and intersections with high congestion.

The above-mentioned rapid conversion can be complete interchange or rapid conversion of some lanes; Can be elevated or shallow excavation; All vehicles can pass quickly, or vehicles with limited height and weight can pass quickly.

The third is to implement the rail transit optimization project.

Some people say that the subway in Beijing was neither built by man nor by man. The main reason is that the subway station in Beijing is too far away from residential areas, so it is really inconvenient for ordinary people to commute by subway.

Take subway 13 line as an example. Probably in order to save the construction cost, the subway 13 line is built along the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway and the Jingcheng Expressway, and its stations are far away not only from residential areas, but also from bustling commercial outlets. As a result, the travel time of ordinary people has been increased, and at the same time, a large number of motorcycles and low-speed cars have been bred, making the whole Beijing look like a big village (maybe Beijing is a big village), and it is smoky. Imagine if the subway 13 line comes out of Xizhimen, passes through Xie Jie, Zaojunmiao Road, Zhongguancun East Road and Zhongguancun North Road, passes through Shangdi along the north-south direction of Information Road, passes through Huilongguan Community along the east-west direction of Huilongguan West Street, passes through Tiantongyuan Community along the first middle street of Taiping Village, passes through Beiyuan Jiayuan Community along Qingyuan Road, and then goes south along Yu Hui North Road and Yu Hui South Road. How much should motorcycles be reduced? How much emissions should be reduced?

Most existing subway lines in Beijing are still built according to the idea of taking main roads and saving construction costs, such as the northern section of Metro Line 5 and Batong Line. However, this has increased too many social costs in the operation. Therefore, it is suggested that Beijing implement the rail transit optimization project:

First, the new subway should fully refer to the distribution of residents' travel heat map. The main thing is not to take the main road, but to build along the roads between communities as far as possible to solve the last problem of 1km, so that people can take the subway when they leave the community, reduce the social operation cost and eliminate the breeding environment of shelter evil people from evil practices.

The second is to optimize the existing subway lines, mainly by extending some lines. For example, Batong Line extends westward to Chongwenmen, and from Sihui East Station to the south of Jianguo Road, Dawang Road Station, Guomao Station, Beijing Station and Chongwenmen Station will be built. Although it only extends 9km, the cost is not high, but it will achieve great results: 1) Tongzhou people don't have to get on and off the train twice to Beijing Station; 2) A large number of Tongzhou people go to work near Guo Mao without reversing; 3) Batong Line will realize the interchange with Metro 14 Line (under construction), 10 Line, Line 2 and Line 5, without the feeling of broken roads, thus greatly relieving the pressure of Metro 1 Line. On the basis of extending Batong Line to the west, the subway 1 line can extend eastward, from Sihui East Station to Chaoyang Road, and along Chaoyang Road to National Judges College, with a distance of ***9km. Caiman Street Station, dingfuzhuang West Railway Station, dingfuzhuang Station, Guanzhuang Road Station and National Judges College Station can be set up, which greatly relieves the operating pressure of subway Batong Line and Line 6 and supports the national cultural industrial park and international media. In addition, Metro Line 7 can extend 3 kilometers to the southeast, which is convenient for residents of large-capacity communities such as R&F Pedestrian Street and Yangzhou Water Town. The planned subway 18 line can be completely realized by transforming the subway 1 line and extending the subway Batong line.

Four, the implementation of urban environmental comprehensive improvement project

First, completely eliminate diesel tricycles, gasoline motorcycles, gasoline scooters for the elderly and other vehicles with low emission levels.

The second is to completely eliminate roadside barbecue shops.

The third is to completely eliminate or transform construction machinery without emission control, such as excavators, bulldozers, tire gantry cranes (relative to the emissions of nearly a thousand vehicles) and ship machines.

The fourth is to completely dismantle or transform the train dispatching equipment without emission control, such as diesel locomotives (relative to the emissions of nearly 10 thousand vehicles).

Fifth, the standby power supply without emission control should be completely dismantled or reformed, such as small gasoline generator sets and large diesel generator sets (relative to the emission of nearly 6,543,800 vehicles).

Sixth, completely dismantle or transform small coal-fired heating stoves and boilers. Tao Guangyuan, executive director of the Sino-German Renewable Energy Cooperation Center, believes that about 500,000 small coal-fired heating stoves and boilers in Beijing emit sulfur dioxide equivalent to 65.438+0.8 billion cars; The particulate matter emitted is equivalent to that emitted by about 60 million cars. Even if 5.6 million cars in Beijing stopped driving during the smog, the improvement of Beijing's air quality was minimal. There is no essential difference between Beijing and Hebei in the main causes of fog and haze in the century, which are all caused by small coal-fired heating stoves and boilers.

Seventh, do a good job in the implementation of automobile emission standards, strengthen the emission monitoring of in-use vehicles, especially diesel vehicles, so that the vehicles of country III can truly achieve country III and the vehicles of country IV can truly achieve country IV.

5. Stop the construction of Beijing Second Airport.

According to the statistical bulletin of national airport production in 20 14 issued by the Civil Aviation Administration of China, the passenger throughput of Capital Airport reached 86130,000 in 20 14, ranking second in the world for five consecutive years. The cargo and mail throughput was 6,543,800 tons, and the aircraft took off and landed 582,000 times.

Close at hand, Tianjin Binhai International Airport, with a linear distance of 125km from the Capital Airport, has a passenger throughput of only12.07 million passengers in 20/4 years, ranking only 24th in China, with a cargo and mail throughput of only 233,000 tons and aircraft movements1/50000. Zhengding international airport, Shijiazhuang is 260km away from the Capital Airport, with a passenger throughput of only 5.6 million passengers in 20 14, ranking 37th in China (Nanyuan Airport ranks 38th with 4.93 million passengers), with a cargo and mail throughput of only 45,500 tons and 56,200 aircraft movements. While the Capital Airport is extremely busy, the two international airports that are close to each other are basically idle.

According to the doctoral thesis of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics "Study on the Impact Assessment of Aircraft Engine Emissions on Airport Atmospheric Environment", in 2006, there were 170800 cycles of aircraft take-off and landing in the Capital Airport. Emissions of HC 164.6 tons, CO 1558.4 tons, NOX 2509.5 tons, SO2 184.2 tons are calculated according to this. In 20 14 years, the aircraft of the Capital Airport will take off and land for 29 10000 cycles. It is equivalent to the upper limit emissions of national V vehicles of 2.8 billion km, 2.65 billion km, 765.438+0.24 billion km and 69.7 billion km respectively, that is, the annual total emissions of more than 20 million national V private cars (calculated according to the annual average driving speed15,000 km), in which NOX and SO2 emissions that have contributed the most to the formation of smog exceed the annual total emissions of 500 million private cars.

Therefore, for the sake of Beijing's air quality, it is strongly recommended to stop the construction of Beijing Second Airport. It is necessary to connect the Capital Airport, Tianjin Airport and Shijiazhuang Airport through ground transportation such as high-speed rail lines, and give full play to the role of Tianjin Airport and Shijiazhuang Airport as much as possible to form an international, domestic and freight linkage hub with division of labor and cooperation. In bad weather conditions, you can also prepare for each other to land at the airport, which basically does not affect flight operation and passenger travel.

By the way, the suspension of construction of Beijing Second Airport is not only for environmental protection. After the opening of the second airport built on the ground in Beijing, Tianjin Airport and Shijiazhuang Airport, which were not full, will be even more deserted, which will seriously damage the economic development of Tianjin and Hebei. Therefore, although the relevant state departments have approved the construction of Beijing Second Airport, it can be clearly said that the construction of Beijing Second Airport does not conform to the spirit of the central government's instructions on the integrated development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, which is not conducive to the environmental quality of Beijing and the economic development of Tianjin and Hebei.

Six, the implementation of automobile idle stop project

Beijing is a blocked city, with few expressway and many traffic lights. Cars often wait for the lights. Especially when there is serious traffic jam or traffic control, the car is idling most of the time. However, due to the working characteristics of the engine, the emission of the automobile in idle state is much higher than that in normal driving state. It can be said that most of the emissions of cars driving in cities are generated at idle speed. Without improving the existing emission standards, oil quality and engine technical level (because it has reached the national V level, it is difficult to improve it any more), the idle stop function can reduce the exhaust emissions of a large part of urban cars, which is a cost-saving, easy to implement and effective scheme. Therefore, in order to reduce automobile exhaust emissions, it is suggested that Beijing implement idle parking projects:

The first is to transform the traffic light system. Install second counters at traffic lights at all intersections, and advocate traditional car drivers to manually idle for more than 60 seconds at red lights. In order to avoid causing traffic accidents and prevent drivers from grabbing the lights in the last few seconds, you can set the last 10 second not to display the green light.

The second is to implement the idle stop policy for new cars. All newly purchased cars, especially those with high frequency of use such as official cars, buses and taxis, must have idle parking function. Implement necessary fiscal and taxation policies to encourage and guide ordinary people to buy and replace deep hybrid vehicles with low-speed electric drive function.

Seven, the implementation of car license tax policy.

This policy suggestion is probably the most popular in Beijing.

First of all, cancel the existing purchase restriction policies and measures to encourage private car consumption.

The second is to levy a car license tax. According to the model, displacement, value, use area, etc. All vehicles, including pure electric vehicles, are charged a license tax of 500~5000 yuan/vehicle/year. According to the traffic congestion, the number of motor vehicles can be dynamically adjusted through the floating of license tax. According to the current road conditions, the number of civilian cars can be controlled at about 5.5 million to 6 million, and the number of private cars can be controlled at about 4.5 million to 5 million.

The third is to charge foreign vehicles to Beijing. According to the vehicle type, displacement and value, all vehicles entering Beijing, including pure electric vehicles, are charged the vehicle entrance fee of 10~ 100 yuan/vehicle/day.

The fourth is to set up a special fund for rail transit construction. The above-mentioned license tax and the fee for foreign vehicles to enter Beijing are about 6 billion yuan a year, so as to set up special funds for rail transit construction, and the leveraged funds are about 60-65.438+000 billion yuan, which are specially used for the construction of Beijing rail transit network (including ordinary railways, subways, light rails, maglev and trams, etc.). ). Strive to increase the total length of rail transit network in Beijing (164 10 km2, 21690,000 people) to 2200km in about 20 years, which is close to Tokyo metropolitan area (13400 km2, 34 million people, 2,246 people).

Eight, promote the reform of the national fiscal and taxation system.

In order to improve the environmental quality of Beijing and its surrounding areas for a long time, Beijing should actively promote the reform of the national fiscal and taxation system. On the premise of keeping the income of the central and local governments unchanged, we should drastically change the current central and local fiscal and taxation sharing mechanism that encourages production into a sharing mechanism that encourages consumption, so as to mobilize the enthusiasm of local governments to protect the environment.

The brief plan is to fine-tune the income distribution structure under the principle of keeping the total revenue of the central and local finances unchanged:

1. At present, the domestic consumption tax and vehicle purchase tax collected by the central government will be collected by the place of consumption, and all personal income taxes will be collected by the local government. 90% of the three taxes will be collected by the local government, and 10% will be collected by the central government.

2. Increase the central share ratio of domestic value-added tax and enterprise income tax, and uniformly adjust the share ratio of domestic value-added tax and enterprise income tax to 83% of central fiscal revenue and 17% of local fiscal revenue.

Even if it is such a very simple adjustment plan, we should not underestimate its many positive effects. One of them is: if the bottom is cut, the enthusiasm of local governments to develop manufacturing will drop sharply, and they will maintain a welcome but not demanding and tepid attitude; We will pay more attention to environmental protection, strictly monitor and restrict the development of polluting industries, pay more attention to people's livelihood, actively optimize the consumption environment and strive for more consumption tax.

To sum up, for reference.