History of China's space development

Propose to the Central Committee the idea of establishing China's national defense aviation industry.

1956 in March, the State Council formulated 1956 to 1967 scientific and technological development prospects.

(

), put forward to make China's jet and rocket technology on the road of independent development within 12 years.

1956 In April, People's Republic of China (PRC) Aviation Industry Committee was established to lead the aviation and rocket industries in China.

Director,

、

Deputy director.

On May 10th, 1956, Nie

The Vice Premier put forward "Preliminary Opinions on Establishing China's Missile Research Work" to the Central Committee. On May 26th, Premier Zhou Enlai presided over a meeting of the Central Military Commission to discuss and agree, and instructed the Aviation Commission to be responsible for organizing missile management institutions and research institutions.

1956 10/5, Vice Premier Nie reported the development of China's missile industry to the Central Committee, and proposed that missile research should adopt "to"

Give priority to, strive for

And make use of existing foreign scientific achievements. " 17, the central Committee approved the report.

1958 1 month,

Formulate the development plan for the ten-year (1958- 1967) of jet and rocket technology.

.

The first in the Soviet Union

After the launch, some famous scientists in China proposed it.

Engineering research work. some

Also began to carry out related academic activities.

Author Qian Xuesen,

Such scientists are responsible for formulating development.

Code-named "58 1" mission draft, the "58 1 team" was established, and it was agreed to establish three design compounds. In August, the first design institute was established. 1 1 month moved to Shanghai and changed its name to Shanghai electromechanical design institute of China academy of sciences.

1in April, 958, the first one in China started construction.

launching site

1May 1958 17, President Mao Zedong pointed out at the Second Session of the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China: "We also want to build satellites."

1February, 960 19, the liquid fuel sounding rocket designed and manufactured by China was successfully launched for the first time. In September, the sounding rocket was successfully launched.

1960 1 1 On May 5th, the first launch test of the Soviet "P-2" missile copied by China was successful.

1March 2, 9621day, the launch test of the first short-range rocket independently developed by China failed. 1963 1 month, the China Academy of Sciences established the Interstellar Navigation Committee.

, Pei, Qian Xuesen and Zhao

And other leaders, study and formulate long-term planning of inter-satellite navigation.

1964 On April 29th, the Science and Technology Commission for National Defense reported to the Central Committee that it envisaged to launch China's first artificial satellite in 1970 or 197 1 year.

1On June 29th, 964, the short-range rocket developed by China was successfully launched again.

1July, 964 19, the first biological rocket was successfully launched.

1965, the central special Committee approved the seventh

The launch vehicle development plan from 1965 to 1972 was formulated.

The Central Special Committee instructed the Chinese Academy of Sciences to draft the health plan.

List the development plan.

1965 10, China academy of sciences held the first demonstration meeting of artificial satellite scheme, entrusted by the national defense science and technology commission.

1On June 30th, 966, Premier Zhou Enlai inspected Jiuquan launch base, watched the short and medium-range rocket launch test, and congratulated on the successful launch.

19661October 27, missile

The launch test was successful.

Hit the target accurately, realize

.

1966 1 1 month, "Long March 1" carrier rocket and "

The development of "No.1" artificial satellite began.

1966 10

16, the first flight test of the medium-range rocket developed by China was basically successful.

1967 "Heping II"

The weather rocket test was successful.

1February 20, 968,

The institute was established.

1970 1 30th,

The rocket flight test was successful for the first time.

1April 24, 970, "East

Satellite No.1 was successfully launched. This is the first artificial satellite launched by China. President Mao Zedong and other leaders attended May Day.

Meeting with representatives of satellite and launch vehicle developers.

In 197 1 year

On, China released.

Satellite "Practice One". The satellite has been in orbit for eight years.

197 1 September 10, the first flight test of the intercontinental rocket was basically successful.

1975 1 1 On 26th, China launched a recoverable satellite. The satellite returned to the ground as scheduled on the 29th.

1979 1 7, a new launch mode was successfully tested by a long-range rocket.

1May 1980 18, China successfully launched a long-range launch vehicle into the scheduled waters of the Pacific Ocean. * * * Central Committee, the State Council,

Send a telegram to congratulate you June 10, at

Hold a celebration meeting, Deng Xiaoping,

、

、

、

、

When the leaders were present, Hu Yaobang made an important speech.

198 1 On September 20th, China launched three scientific experimental satellites with a carrier rocket.

19821October 12, the submarine successfully launched the launch vehicle underwater, and the recovery cabin splashed down in the scheduled sea area accurately. The Central Military Commission sent a congratulatory message.

On April 8, 2008, China's first geostationary orbit test communication satellite was successfully launched. On 16, the satellite was successfully fixed over the equator at 125 degrees east longitude. Congratulations from the Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission. 30th, in Beijing.

Hold a celebration meeting.

1On April 8th, 984, China's first geostationary orbit test communication satellite was successfully launched. On 16, the satellite was successfully fixed over the equator at 125 degrees east longitude. Congratulations from the Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission. On the 30th, the celebration meeting was held in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.

1 February, 19861day, China launched a practical communication and broadcasting satellite. On the 20th, the satellite was successfully fixed. This indicates that China has completely mastered the launch vehicle technology,

From experimental stage to practical stage.

1on September 7th, 988, China launched an experimental meteorological satellite "Fengyun-1". This is the first polar-orbiting meteorological satellite developed and launched by China.

19881On February 25th, the Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully launched "Zhili" from Hainan sounding rocket launch site.

"Rocket, at this point, China's first low-latitude rocket sounding test has come to a successful conclusion. This two-week test * * * launched four rockets.

1On April 7, 990, the "Long March III" carrier rocket developed by China was in

, put

The Asian communication satellite 1 was put into the predetermined orbit, and the satellite launch for foreign users was a complete success for the first time.

1July, 1990 16 At 9: 40, a new type of high-thrust launch vehicle developed by China, the Long March II bundled launch vehicle, was in Xichang.

The launch was successful and the simulated satellite was put into the predetermined orbit. The rocket was launched from a large space launch facility newly built in China, and a small scientific experimental satellite was also launched for Pakistan.

199 1 year 1 on the afternoon of 22nd 18: 23, China's first sounding rocket with an altitude of120km and a low latitude was successfully launched at the Hainan sounding launch site of Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1February 22, 994, the first building in China.

The ground station passed the acceptance. Its completion fills a gap in China's high technology.

1On May 2, 1998, an improved "Chang Er C" carrier rocket developed and produced by China was launched.

The launch was successful. This indicates that China has the competitiveness to participate in the international commercial launch market in low and medium orbit.

for

Set the first of nine events.

The first of these nine items includes:

1960 In September, China successfully launched its first short-range missile.

1960 1 1 month, China successfully launched its first medium-range missile.

1966 10, China carried missiles for the first time.

The "two-bomb combination" was successfully launched.

1in April, 970, China's first artificial satellite was successfully launched.

Dongfanghong No.1.

19751month, China's first recoverable satellite was successfully launched.

1980 in may, China successfully launched its first intercontinental missile.

198 1 September, the first time in China,

"Way, successfully launched three satellites with a launch vehicle.

1In August, 987, China provided satellite carrying service for foreign satellites for the first time at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.

1999 1 1 month,

The project conducted its first flight test here, and successfully launched China's first experimental spacecraft Shenzhou-1.

China

The project started in 1992. In just four years, Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center built the first modern manned space launch site in China. The center is located in Qilian Mountains.

Riverside, with an average elevation of 1 100 meters, is flat and belongs to many species.

And desert. The natural environment is harsh: it is hot in Leng Xia in winter, with an annual minimum temperature of minus 34 degrees Celsius and a maximum temperature of 42.8 degrees Celsius.

Development and Prospect of Space Technology in China

Zhang Daoheng (Anhui Province

Suburban middle school)

I. Rapid development of launch vehicle technology in China

1956 10 10 On 8 October, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, the first rocket and missile research institution in China, was formally established, which marked the beginning of China's space industry. 1 On April 24th, 1970, China Long March 1 carrier rocket successfully launched the first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong1"at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, Gansu Province, which took the first step for China to develop space technology, symbolized that China officially entered the space age, and made China the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch satellites. 198 1 year

China launched three satellites into orbit by carrier rocket storm 1 at the same time, making China the third country in the world to realize multi-satellite technology with one arrow. 1On April 8th, 984, China launched the Dongfanghong-2 experimental communication satellite into the geostationary orbit over the equator for the first time with the newly developed Long March-3 rocket, thus making China the third country in the world to master the hydrogen-oxygen engine technology and the fifth country to launch the geostationary orbit satellite independently. 1On September 7th, 988, China's Long March 4A carrier rocket successfully launched China's first Fengyun 1A meteorological satellite, marking that China became the fourth country in the world to master the launch.

A country with satellite technology and a third country with polar-orbiting meteorological satellites. 1 On April 7, 990, cz-3, China successfully launched the American-made Asian communication satellite1,making China the third country in the world to enter the international satellite launch service market. 1 999 On May 10, the Long March 4 B rocket was successfully launched for the first time, putting Fengyun1meteorological satellite C and Shi Jian No.5 scientific experimental satellite into orbit. This is also the 65th flight of the Long March series rockets, with a total of 80 satellites launched, including 5/KLOC-0 in China and 29 in foreign countries.

China's launch vehicle bundling technology, hydrogen-oxygen engine technology, multi-satellite technology with one arrow, and secondary ignition technology in the vacuum state of the engine make

The carrying capacity is increased from 1.5 tons to 5 tons, which is low.

The carrying capacity increased from 2.5 tons to 9.2 tons. At the same time, EPKM solid motor for perigee orbit change and launch was successfully developed.

Satellite of

. The maximum carrying capacity and launching accuracy of the Long March rocket are equivalent to those of the United States, Russia and ESA. Currently, China

The technology has reached the international advanced level.

Second, the rapid development of satellite technology in China.

Since February 20th, 1968

Since its establishment, China's satellite technology has also made rapid development, and experimental satellites and recoverable satellites have been successfully developed.

, geostationary orbit communication satellites and meteorological satellites, sun-synchronous orbit meteorological satellites, earth resources satellites, etc. And it has reached a higher level in satellite return, multi-satellite with one arrow, satellite communication, satellite remote sensing, satellite attitude control, satellite thermal control, microgravity test and ground simulation test of space environment, and some of them have entered the advanced ranks in the world.

1On April 8th, 984, China experimental communication satellite was successfully launched, which opened a new era of satellite communication in China. At present, China has successfully launched five Dongfanghong-2 series communication satellites, and undertaken external broadcasting of 30 countries, CCTV 1, 2 programs and 8,000 channels.

Transmission, let the national population watch TV.

From 30% to 83% ~ 84%. 1997 may 12, including 24

The relay medium-capacity communication satellite "Dongfanghong-3" was successfully put into orbit, which can transmit 6 channels of color TV and nearly 8000 channels at the same time.

Telephone, equivalent to six Dongfanghong -2A satellites, can meet the requirements of satellite communication in 2000 or even longer.

1988, 1990 and 1999, China launched three polar-orbiting meteorological satellites, the first of which was launched in 1997.

Geostationary orbit meteorological satellite, which not only makes China the third country in the world with two kinds of meteorological satellites at the same time, but also greatly accelerates the modernization process of China meteorological satellite, making it play an important role in the fields of weather forecast and disaster reduction. 199 1 July to August,

Suffer extreme hardships

Whether to divert flood is a major decision-making issue. Meteorological department according to the meteorological satellite

Data, timely and accurately judge the trend of weather changes, help the government to make a decision not to divert floods, so that 400,000 people can avoid leaving their homes and 40,000 hectares of fertile land can avoid flooding, which alone will reduce the loss by more than 600 million yuan.

1975165438+1October 26th to1996 65438+1October 20th, China * * * launched 17 recoverable satellites, of which/. The recovery success rate was 94%. These recoverable satellites are

Satellite, the satellite films it obtained are as follows

Larger, clearer images,

High grade, wide field of vision, high speed and high ground resolution. Therefore, in

Census,

, water conservancy construction, surveying and mapping,

, railway line selection, cultural relics archaeology,

And other fields have been widely used. For example, projects under construction.

At first, it was thought that Sanggan River was an impassable area, and the railway needed to bypass 40 kilometers, occupying thousands of acres of fertile land. Later, the satellite photos of the returned remote sensing satellites were studied, and it was found that the geological conditions of the Sanggan River allowed the railway to pass, saving the country more than 400 million yuan in investment.

1988

China Academy of Space Technology and Brazil Institute of Space Research (INPE) signed a joint research and development agreement in Beijing.

With the signing of the agreement, the first Earth resources satellite jointly developed by China and Pakistan was successfully put into the scheduled orbit from cz-4 on June1999+1October 14. Earth resources satellite is a kind of space-borne remote sensor to obtain image data of the earth's surface, which is used to carry out earth survey.

Remote sensing satellites used for investigation and ecological environment monitoring have the characteristics of high viewpoint, wide field of vision, fast data acquisition, repeated coverage and continuous observation, and can be used in land improvement, agriculture and forestry, water conservancy, geology and mineral resources, surveying and mapping, ocean and environment.

. Its successful development marks a breakthrough in the development of transmission remote sensing satellites in China, filling the gap that China has no independent remote sensing satellites for land and resources.

3. China has the basic conditions for manned space flight.

196 1 April 12, Soviet astronaut

Take "Dongfang 1"

Entering space pioneered manned space flight. Manned space flight is manned by people driving and riding.

Engaged in various round-trip flight activities of exploration, research, experiment, production and military application in space. Its purpose is to break through the earth's atmospheric barrier and overcome

The range of human activities ranges from land, sea and

Expand into space and learn more about the whole universe. And make full use of the special environment of space and manned spacecraft, carry out various research and experimental activities, and develop extremely rich space resources.

By the end of 1998, there were 2 16 manned space flights in the world, including 24 in the United States and 92 in the Soviet Union (Russia), which sent 795 people into the sky and carried out unprecedented space experiments.

For more than 40 years, generations of astronauts in China

It has created a miracle, and now it has entered the world's advanced ranks in terms of carrier, measurement and control, launch site and recoverable spacecraft. All these have laid a solid foundation for the development of manned space flight in China.

First of all, China now has the means to launch manned spacecraft. The first generation of the former Soviet Union and the United States

The weights of Dongfang and Mercury are 4.73 tons and 1.8 tons respectively; The second generation spacecraft Soyuz and

The weight of Chang 'e II is 6.9 tons and 3.8 tons respectively, and the launching capacity of the existing Long March II E carrier rocket in China has been able to send 9.2 tons of payload.

The above-mentioned manned spacecraft of the Soviet Union (Russia) and the United States can be launched into orbit with it.

Secondly, China has been studying the life support system of spacecraft for more than 20 years. As early as 1964, the Institute of Biophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences conducted experimental research on space biology and medicine. 1990 10, China first contained it.

This scientific experimental satellite returned to the ground safely after eight days of space flight, carrying

、

, silkworm eggs and plant seeds, etc.

. The test shows that the design of China spacecraft life support system is successful and reliable.

Thirdly, China successfully carried out the launch test of unmanned spacecraft. 1999165438+1At 6: 30 on October 20th, China's first unmanned experimental spacecraft "Shenzhou" was launched by a new Long March carrier rocket from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center,1October 2nd13: 04 on the day/kloc-0.

Landing successfully. The successful launch and recovery of Shenzhou experimental spacecraft marks another major breakthrough in China's manned space technology.

In addition, two astronauts from China have been sent to Russia for training, and many astronauts have been trained in domestic astronaut training bases. In a word, China already has the basic conditions for manned space flight, and China has made all preparations for manned space flight.