Cloud heading south, Shui Piao ship (ready)

The working people in ancient China not only created the twenty-four solar terms and continued to this day, but also accumulated rich experience in long-term production activities, observing and looking for the relationship between various weather phenomena and the laws of local weather changes. Many experiences are recorded in historical books in the form of meteorological proverbs and passed down from generation to generation. These proverbs are tools for ancient working people to predict the weather, which have simple philosophical and scientific connotations.

Farmers' proverbs in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Xiang Colleen Chan in the Tang Dynasty were the first to compile weather proverbs into books. Xiangyou 169 proverbs about observing clouds and measuring wind and weather changes. The content of Tian Wu Jia Xing in Yuan Dynasty is more abundant.

Weather proverbs and people's observation of the sky are intuitive ways to discover the relationship between weather and climate change and astronomical phenomena and celestial bodies. Many proverbs and experiences in celestial observation are still of great reference value to modern weather forecast. However, there are also many proverbs that are often speculative due to the lack of understanding of their physical connotation and need to be critically summarized and developed.

First, look at the wind and measure the sky.

Weather needs water vapor first, and water vapor is transported by wind. "The east wind sends moisture, the west wind is dry, the south wind is send warm, and the north wind is cold." The wind has obvious signs of weather change.

"The south wind blows to the end, and the north wind returns" is the change of wind direction before and after the cold air passes. Before the cold air went south to reach the local area, it was affected by the warm air mass and blew southwards. When the cold air comes, it turns to the north. Before and after the wind changed, the weather turned cloudy and rainy.

"Northwest wind, the sky is locked, the rain clears up", blowing northwest wind means that the local area has been controlled by dry and cold air mass, indicating that the weather will clear up.

"Clouds pass through clouds, and it's raining" and "the sky will change against the wind", which shows that the wind directions in the upper and lower layers of the atmosphere are inconsistent, which is easy to cause convection in the air and produce convective weather such as thunderstorms.

The weather reflected by the wind direction is different in different seasons. "There is easterly rain all three seasons of the year, only in summer" and "the ancestor of easterly rain" indicate that easterly wind will turn to rain in 1 ~ 2 days, while easterly wind in summer will blow the airflow with low sea temperature to the land, which plays a role in regulating the temperature and is not easy to rain, especially thunderstorms.

Second, observing the clouds and measuring the sky.

As the saying goes, "clouds are a sign of the weather". The shape, height and direction of clouds directly reflect the state of weather movement at that time and indicate the future weather changes. People attach great importance to watching clouds and measuring the sky.

There is a weather proverb: "Clouds go east, empty, clouds go west, and water is sad;" Clouds go south, rain pools, and clouds go north, which is good for sunning the valley. "The cloud moves to the east and southeast, which means that the wind blows from west to northwest at high altitude, so there is a saying that" the cloud moves to the east and is empty. " "Clouds are heading west" means that at the turn of summer and autumn, clouds extend from the east or southeast, which is often a sign of typhoon attack, so they will be "sad". Yunnan moves, which means that cold air moves south, and cold and warm air masses meet and cause rain, so "Yunnan moves, and rain becomes a pool." "The cloud moves to the north, indicating that the area is controlled by a single heating mass, and there is no rainfall, which is' good drying'.

The clouds in the sky are consistent and the weather is fine. The upper and lower clouds move in different directions, and the weather changes will be more intense and complicated. As the saying goes, "clouds meet in the sky, and it rains cats and dogs underground", "sailing with the wind, against the prevailing rain" and "clouds will change against the trend"

There are many proverbs that tell the sky by looking at the color of clouds, such as "Dark clouds are piling up in front of a thunderstorm", "Fire clouds are covered, and rain will come soon", "Red clouds rise at sunrise, so advise you not to go out", "Fat clouds will rain in the late morning" and so on.

Third, look at the rain and see the sky.

The morning and evening, intensity and orientation of rain and snow weather phenomena all correspond to a certain weather situation, so we can judge and predict the weather changes.

There was no heavy rain in Mao Mao before it rained, and there was no sunny day in Mao Mao after it rained. This means that it rained in Mao Mao from the beginning, which indicates that it won't rain very much. If it rains heavily, it will turn to rain in Mao Mao, which shows that it will continue to rain and will not clear up easily.

"Open the door to rain, the next finger; When it rains behind closed doors, it falls a foot ","It rains early, but firewood is cut late; It rains late, wear rain boots ",which means that it begins to rain in the morning, with short time and small rainfall, and it rains before and after dinner, with long time and heavy rainfall.

"When it rains, both ends are empty" means that there is a thunderstorm at noon, and the time is short, and both ends are clear.

"A long rain will clear up at night, and the weather will definitely clear up." When it rains, the rain will stop clearing around the evening, which indicates that the rain will end and the weather will clear up.

Fourth, listen to thunder and measure the sky.

People often predict the weather according to thunder. "Leigong sings first, there is not much rain." This proverb refers to thunder rumbling before rain, which shows that this kind of rain is often caused by thermal reasons such as uneven heating in some areas. It is also called thermal thunderstorm. Small rainfall, short time and strong locality. There is often a phenomenon that "summer rain crosses the river, it rains here, and the sun shines there".

"After the rain clears, it rains cats and dogs, and it drizzles", "Thunder pushes the water mill, and the rain crosses the river". These proverbs mean that it rains first, and then it is calm and sultry after the rain, and the rain is getting more and more fierce, and the thunder is endless, which indicates that there will be heavy rain; For example, in the process of rainfall, the thunder is not too loud or too slow, and the beating stops, which indicates that there will be continuous rainfall.

"It thunders in the southwest, and the rainstorm washes down" means that the thunderstorm begins in the southwest, which comes slowly, falls fiercely and lasts for a long time. "There is thunder in the northwest, and water drops drop instantly." Thunderstorms in northwest China come and end quickly. When there are red clouds, there will be strong winds and hail.

"When it thunders in the northeast, the rainfall is not large" and "When it thunders in the southeast, it doesn't rain", the rainfall is also judged according to the direction of thunder.

Five, look at the fog to measure the sky

Fog is a common weather phenomenon. Especially in winter and spring, on sunny and breezy nights, there is a lot of water vapor in the atmosphere near the ground, which condenses into fog, or when the cold air mass moves to the warm and wet ground, it will also form fog. Watching fog can also predict weather changes.

"It's foggy and sunny, foggy and rainy." When there is fog, the sky is white, which indicates that the weather is fine. If the weather is gray, it means rainy. "Long sunny and foggy rain, long rainy and foggy sunny", there is less water vapor in the air after long sunny, and it is not easy to form fog. If there is fog, it means that the warm and humid airflow moves and the influence of cold air in the north will turn to rain. After a long period of rain, the cold air has been partially controlled. At night, the clouds cleared and there was a breeze. It was foggy in the morning and the rain cleared up.

Fog in different seasons indicates different weather in the future. "Spring fog and rain, summer fog and heat, autumn fog and cool wind, winter fog and snow" means that spring fog will turn to rain; After the fog dissipates in summer, the weather is sunny and hot; There is fog in autumn, indicating that there is cold air going south and there will be continuous rain; The fog in winter indicates that it will snow recently.

Six, looking at the sky and measuring the sky

Suspended substances in the atmosphere, such as water vapor, water droplets and ice crystals, make the sun, moon, stars and sky appear many colors and many optical phenomena. Observing its changes can predict the future weather.

"Don't go out at sunrise, and go to Wan Li Road at dusk." In the morning, the sun rises in the east. If there is a lot of water vapor in the atmosphere, some blue light, blue light and purple light in sunlight will be scattered by the atmosphere. Only red light, orange light and yellow light penetrate the atmosphere, dyeing the sky red and orange, forming a sunrise. The appearance of Xia Hong indicates that the clouds and rain in the west will move, so "the morning glow never dies" and you see the sunset glow at night, which means that the clouds and rain have moved to the east and the weather will clear up, so "the sunset glow goes to Wan Li Road." The same is true of the proverb "the sunrise is carmine, there is no rain and there is wind", "the sunrise is red, I advise you not to travel far" and "the sun shines yellow, and there will be ups and downs tomorrow".

"The sun appears at noon and will not be seen for the next three days" means that it was rainy two days ago and that morning, and the sun appeared at noon, and soon it turned rainy again, indicating that it will continue to be rainy.

Seven, look at the sky.

When the meteorological conditions of animals and plants change, their activities and habits will also change, and people can predict the weather according to these changes.

The tortoise is sweating, so take an umbrella when going out. The turtle's back shell is wet, and the lines on the shell are mixed and dark, which is a sign of rain; There are drops of water on the turtle shell, like sweating. It's going to rain heavily. The dry shell and clear lines indicate that it will not rain in the near future. This is because the turtle is close to the ground and its back is smooth and cool. When warm and humid air moves in, water drops will cool and condense on the turtle's back, and it will rain. On the contrary, the air is dry and it won't rain for the time being.

"Snake Gallery, it's raining heavily", "Water snakes, vegetables, firewood, underground heavy rain", "ants build nests, it's going to rain in the sky", "Dragonflies fly low, take raincoats when going out", "cicadas stop, even rain will come" and "fish jump out of the water and rain will come soon" are almost household names. It is the physiological response of animals to low air pressure and increased humidity before rain.

When the weather turns from sunny to rainy, people will feel bored, tired and uncomfortable. The old man's backache, the patient's itchy wound and joint pain all indicate that it will turn rainy.

Eight, look at the key days of the lunar calendar to predict the weather.

There are many weather proverbs to predict the weather by looking at the key days of the lunar calendar. For example, "Look up at the third grade, look down at the fifteenth and sixteenth", "The third grade is broken, and it won't work for half a month", "I want to know if I will be paralyzed in the future, and look at the twenty-third lunar month" (paralysis means rain), "It rains on the fourth day, but it will clear up for nine days in January", "The drought can't escape from May 13th" and "I will be bathed in dragon robes on June 6th for forty-five days" (referring to

Why is the weather easy to change these key days? After long-term observation, it is found that cold and warm air masses often appear on some fixed dates of the lunar calendar. The lunar calendar is closely related to the moon phase. The tidal force of the moon on the atmosphere and ocean changes periodically, which will make the cold and warm air mass more active on certain fixed dates, and the weather will also change under its influence.

Nine, three months rhythm climate measurement

There is a certain relationship between two kinds of weather and climate at a certain moment, which is called rhythm in meteorology. Many weather proverbs used for climate prediction are rhythmic in nature.

The rhythm of three months shows the connection between seasons, such as:

(1) "Spring rain is as expensive as oil, and summer rain flows everywhere", "There is no strong wind in spring, and summer rain is poor", "When peach blossoms are exhausted, they must be dried plum blossoms".

(2) "No rain in summer and drought in autumn" and "Cold in summer and long in autumn".

(3) "Autumn water is abundant, and it snows all over the sky in winter" and "There is drought in autumn and ice in winter".

(4) "Cold water dries up, spring water is abundant", "Winter thunder strikes, spring rain falls".

⑤ One Hundred Days of Rain in Chun Xue.

These weather proverbs reflect the relationship between seasons and climate characteristics. Before using these proverbs for climate prediction, meteorologists need to verify a large number of proverbs and then use them as the standard of climate prediction.

Ten or five months of rhythmic climate measurement

Many weather proverbs reflect the changes and connections of weather and climate in five months, about one season apart. For example:

(1) "No spring breeze, no autumn rain", "There are several strong winds in spring and several heavy rains in autumn".

(2) "There is no east wind in September and no rainstorm in Huangmei", "There is wind in September and rain in Lifu", "South wind in September and drought in Lifu" and "South wind in April and drought in June".

The above two groups of weather proverbs mainly predict the precipitation weather for about five months (150 days) according to the cold air activities in winter and spring. We verified the weather proverb, and investigated the relationship between cold air activity in June 1 and precipitation in June. It was found that there were 26 cold air activities, of which 23 times had precipitation in the next 150 days, accounting for 88%, and the average precipitation process was 3 days. It can be seen that the reliability of predicting climate change in five months is still relatively high.

(Selected from TV Meteorological Guide edited by Zhu and others. )