What are the reasons for the appeasement policy? The time, characters, policies and influence of German, Italian and Japanese fascists? List the important battles and time effects of World War II?

The Battle of Stalingrad was the decisive battle of Soviet against German in the Great Patriotic War. The victory of the Soviet army in this defense war is of great strategic significance, which not only reversed the whole situation of the Soviet-German battlefield, but also became the fundamental turning point of the Second World War.

Not satisfied with the defeat of the Moscow campaign at the beginning of 1942, the German fascists abandoned the plan of all-round attack on the Soviet Union in July of the same year, focusing on the southern line and taking Stalingrad as the main operational goal. On July 17, the Germans began to storm Stalingrad in an attempt to occupy the city, cut off the Volga River, control the Caucasus, and then attack Moscow northward. After three days of fierce fighting, the Germans quickly controlled the Volga River basin south and north of Stalingrad. Under the command of paulus, commander of the 6th Army, and Kleist, commander of the 4th Tank Army, the Germans attacked Stalingrad for many times, but they were stubbornly blocked by the Soviets and failed to capture the city. In this campaign, the Germans have invested more than 6.5438+0.5 million troops.

The Germans arrived in the suburbs and factory areas of Stalingrad in September, but they were bravely resisted by the workers' fighting team. In mid-June, 5438+10, under the strong offensive of the German army, the Soviet defense forces were almost pushed to the Volga River. With the coming of winter, the supplies of the Germans began to be insufficient, and their tanks were useless in street fighting. 165438+ 10 19, the Soviet Southwest Army, Stalingrad Army and Don River Army turned to counterattack at the same time, and surrounded 330,000 German divisions in Stalingrad, crushing the German attempt to break through in June and February of 5438.

On February 2nd, 1943, the Soviet army wiped out the besieged German army. About 230,000 soldiers and civilians were killed in Stalingrad, and German Marshal paulus, 24 generals and officers and men were captured * * * 9 1 1,000.

The Battle of Stalingrad was an extremely fierce and cruel battle. In this battle, all the buildings in Stalingrad were destroyed by the war.

Battle of Moscow and Leningrad

Battle of Moscow

194 1 year from September 30th to October 2nd1year, Germany concentrated 77 divisions with about 2 million troops,14,000 cannons, 1700 tanks,/kloc-

The defensive campaign in Moscow was launched on an area of about 65,438+0,000 kilometers. At that time, the Soviet troops deployed in this area were only half of those attacking the enemy, so the Germans once advanced to a place only 25 kilometers away from downtown Moscow. Soviet soldiers and civilians fought bloody battles with the Germans in the suburbs of Moscow. Workers and residents in Moscow organized dozens of workers' camps and militia divisions, and hundreds of people played tank classes. The city dispatched 500 thousand people to build fortifications, three quarters of whom were women. 165438+1On October 7th, at the most difficult moment when the enemy was only 70km away from Moscow, a grand parade was held on Red Square, and Stalin made an inspiring speech. On February 6, 65438+, the Soviet army began to counterattack from the suburbs of Moscow. By the beginning of 10, 1942+65438+, the Germans were forced to retreat from 100 km to 250 km, and more than 1000 settlements were liberated. In order to expand the results, nine Soviet armies launched a full-scale counterattack against the enemy from October 8 to late April in 65438/KLOC-0, defeating more than 50 German divisions, killing more than 800,000 Germans, repelling the enemy from 150 km to 400 km, relieving the threat to Moscow and recovering more than 60 cities.

The Soviet victory in defending Moscow declared Hitler's "blitzkrieg" completely bankrupt, which greatly encouraged the confidence of the Soviet Union and people all over the world in defeating fascism.

Battle of Leningrad

1941from July to September, Hitler's northern army broke through the Soviet resistance with superior forces and reached the suburb of Leningrad, the second largest city in the Soviet Union, and the area around Lake Ladoga, the Sufen River only 5 kilometers away from the urban area, cutting off the connection between Leningrad and the Soviet mainland in an attempt to force Leningrad to surrender without a fight. However, the people of Leningrad are brave and unyielding. Despite the indiscriminate bombing by enemy planes, they starved and persisted in production. Many workers and residents automatically took up arms and went to the front to fight. During the 872 days when Leningrad was besieged from 194 1 September 8 to 19441October 27, the Soviet government and people successfully organized the supply of cities and troops through the "Road of Life" in Lake Ladoga. The frontline troops of Leningrad and the Baltic Fleet repelled the enemy's constant attacks, and finally completely smashed the German blockade of Leningrad in 1944+ 10. In March, the Soviet army repelled the Germans from Leningrad for more than 200 kilometers.

In the great battle of Leningrad, more than 600,000 residents and Soviet officers and soldiers gave their lives.

Invasion of Normandy

Normandy is a famous historical and cultural area in northwest France. It is bordered by the English Channel in the north and Britain in the distance, with an area of about 30,000 square kilometers and a coastline of 600 kilometers. Hundreds of miles of coast are almost cliffs, and the allied landing sites are selected in five relatively flat beaches.

The Normandy landing was a historic battle in the late World War II. 1in the early summer of 944, it was a foregone conclusion that the Soviets defeated the Germans on the Eastern Front. In order to fulfill the agreement reached by the heads of the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union at the Tehran Conference in 1943+0 1, the Allies decided to land in Normandy, France, and launch a counterattack against Nazi Germany's troops.

In the early morning of June 6th, under the command of General Eisenhower, the American-dominated allied forces, led by more than 20,000 paratroopers, set sail from Portsmouth with nearly/kloc-0,000/60,000 troops under the cover of the Air Force, crossed the English Channel, and broke through the German defense line-"Atlantic barrier" at one stroke, putting the Germans in a position of being caught between Scylla and Charybdis. In this landing operation, the allied forces dispatched 1 0,200 warships, 1 0,000 planes, 4 1 0, 26 landing craft, 804 transport ships, hundreds of tanks and/kloc-0,560 officers and men (73,000 US troops and 8.3 British troops). Landing on the beach extends from the mouth of the Orne River to the southeast of Cotan Peninsula. 12, the allied landing point has been connected. On July 5th, the number of allied landings in Normandy reached 6.5438+0 million. At the end of the campaign on July 24th, the Allies invested 2.88 million people, more than 5,300 warships and13,700 fighters. The Germans invested 5 1 10,000 troops. During the campaign, the Allies annihilated the Germans114,000 people, destroyed 2 1 17 tanks and 245 aircraft. On the allied side, 6.5438+0.22 million soldiers devoted themselves to the battlefield. Since then, the Allies have continued to advance to the hinterland of Europe, liberated France, Belgium and other countries within three months, and invaded Germany. The victory of the allied forces opened up the second front in Europe and accelerated the demise of fascist Germany. This battle is also known as the "overlord" battle. The scale of Normandy landing and the cruelty of fighting are rare in the history of human war.

Sicilian landing war

Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean, located between Apennine Peninsula and North Africa, and is an important barrier in southern Italy. During World War II, in order to ensure mediterranean shipping company's security and finally defeat Italy, the United States and Britain launched a large-scale landing campaign here from July to August in 1943, and successfully captured Sicily.

1943 in may, after the allied forces expelled the german and Italian troops from the African continent, Sicily, Italy was designated as the next target. 1in the summer of 943, the allied forces concentrated a large number of troops in the coastal ports of North Africa and prepared to land in Sicily. The operation was code-named "Husky" and was carried out by the 15 Army Group under the command of General Alexander. This army group has the British Eighth Army under Montgomery's command and the American Seventh Army under Barton's command. * * * has 13 division and three independent brigades, with a total strength of 478,000, more than 4,000 combat aircraft and about 3,200 combat ships and auxiliary ships.

In order to ensure the victory of the landing war in Sicily, the allied forces conducted a misleading action code-named "meat stuffing" before the battle, sending out the wrong message that the allied forces would land in Sardinia and Greece, which led Hitler to order the German troops in Sicily to be dispersed.

1late at night on July 9, 943, the allied forces launched the landing campaign in Sicily by airborne landing as planned. /kloc-in the early morning of 0/0, under the cover of bad weather, the allied forces landed forcibly in Sicily. In the face of the sudden attack of the allied forces, the German and Italian troops were caught off guard and the coastal defense line was quickly destroyed. On the third day of the battle, British troops occupied the southeast of Sicily. On July 22nd, American troops captured Palermo, the capital of Sicily. On August 5th, British troops occupied Catania. /kloc-in August of 0/7, the allies successively entered Messina, a throat town leading to the mainland in the northeast corner of Sicily, and then occupied the whole island. At this point, the landing campaign in Sicily ended with the victory of the allies.

In this campaign, the German and Italian troops invested about 270,000 troops, with a total loss of nearly 6.5438+0.7 million, and the Allied forces lost more than 30,000 people. The battle of Sicily is an important battle of the allied forces in Europe. The victory of the campaign opened the door for the allied forces to attack Italy directly, deepened the crisis faced by Mussolini's regime, and created conditions for finally forcing Italy to surrender.

Conquer Berlin

By the end of March 1945, German fascism was on the eve of its final demise. Germany has no allies in the world except Japan. Faced with the harsh reality that the domestic economy is completely bankrupt, the people's anti-war sentiment is rising day by day, and the military has failed one after another, the German fascist regime has been embattled and crumbling.

At the same time, with the cooperation of the anti-fascist forces in eastern Europe, the Soviet army wiped out a large number of German effective forces through the battles of Hungary, Visva-Oder, Silesia and East Pomeroy, liberated Poland, Hungary, eastern Austria and parts of Vienna and Czechoslovakia, and captured eastern Germany, creating conditions for conquering Berlin.

After the Battle of East Pomerania 1945 ended in March, the Soviet army assembled 2.5 million troops, more than 40,000 guns and mortars, more than 6,000 tanks and self-propelled guns, and 7,500 combat aircraft, thus completing the preparations for the Battle of Berlin. Although the Germans had become a spent force at this time, Hitler was still trying to fight back. He concentrated nearly 6.5438 million troops, organized nearly 200,000 defenders, set up three defense lines east of Berlin, and built three defense circles around Berlin to prepare for the final decisive battle with the Soviet Union.

On April 16, the Soviets attacked Berlin from the Oder and Nice rivers at the same time. After four days and nights of fierce fighting, the Soviets broke through the three German defense lines and approached the Berlin defense circle. On April 25th, Soviet troops surrounded Berlin and joined forces with British and American troops on the Elbe River. On April 27th, Soviet troops invaded Berlin. On April 30th, Soviet troops occupied the Reichstag, the symbol of Germany's supreme power. At 3 pm on May 2, the German army stopped resisting, and the battle of Berlin came to an end. Soviet troops annihilated and captured more than 400,000 Germans in this campaign. At midnight on May 8, representatives of the German High Command formally signed the unconditional surrender of Germany in Berlin. The surrender will take effect from 0: 00 on May 9. The war in Europe is over.

Battle of aleman

Ellerman, located in northern Egypt, was the main battlefield in North Africa during World War II. From the end of 1942 to the beginning of 1 1942, the British army dealt a heavy blow to the German and Italian fascist troops here, which is known as the Battle of aleman. The battle ended with the victory of the British army, which reversed the pattern of the war in North Africa and became the beginning of the collapse of the fascist army in North Africa.

1In July, 940, Italy took advantage of the failure of Britain and France in Western Europe and invaded the British army in East Africa from Ethiopia. 194 1, 1 year, the British army attacked the Italian army, recovered the lost land in East Africa, rebuilt the creative army in North Africa and captured the enemy130,000. In February, German general Rommel led the German Afrika Korps into North Africa to reinforce the Italian army. Under the offensive of the German-Italian allied forces, the British army began to retreat from Libya. 1In July, 942, the German-Italian allied forces broke into Egypt from Libya and arrived in aleman, only 350 kilometers away from Cairo. However, because the allied forces controlled the air and sea control in the Mediterranean, the German troops stationed in North Africa were unable to move forward because of insufficient supply of troops and equipment, and were forced to turn to strategic defense.

At the same time, with the support of the United States, Britain has continuously strengthened its military strength in North Africa and actively prepared for war. After careful preparation, Montgomery, commander of the British Eighth Army, decided to launch a counterattack codenamed "Jiezu" in late June of 5438+00. After breaking through the defensive areas of the German and Italian troops, they quickly marched westward, occupied the whole territory of cyrenaica and Tripoli Tania, and cooperated with the landing operations of the Anglo-American Coalition forces in North Africa to expel all the German and Italian troops from North Africa.

1942 10, German and Italian troops stationed in North Africa * * * 12 division, with more than 65,438+people. They defended southwest aleman from the Mediterranean coast to the katara basin. At this time, the British army had 1 1 divisions and four independent brigades in North Africa, with a total strength of 230,000.

On the night of October 23rd, 65438/KLOC-0, the British army attacked the north and south wings of the German and Italian positions. On the 25th, the British army broke through the enemy's defensive positions in the north of the front line. On the 28th, the British army mobilized its main force to continue its onslaught on the northern line, forcing the Germans on the southern line to reinforce. After the German army went north to reinforce, the British army immediately concentrated its forces on the southern line 165438+ in the early morning of October 2, and launched a campaign codenamed "Pressurization", attacking the junction of German and Italian troops, breaking through enemy defense areas and advancing westward. 165438+1October 4th, Rommel ordered to retreat to the west when the war was unfavorable, and the troops of four Italian divisions immediately surrendered to the British.

At this point, the battle of aleman ended in the victory of the British army. In this battle, both sides paid a huge price. More than 7,000 British soldiers were killed and nearly 60,000 German and Italian soldiers were killed or captured.

The Battle of aleman was a turning point in the North African War.