I want to know some famous events in Europe.

You are exaggerating. You can't know the history of China all your life. Besides, many countries in Europe have different cultures. To put it simply, you don't want to see more. {Plagiarism, haha}

Memorabilia in German history

Intertemporal event

In 9 AD, Arminius, the leader of the Germanic tribe, led the crowd to destroy three Roman legions. This battle is usually regarded as the beginning of German history.

1-In the 3rd century, the Germans gradually invaded the territory of the ancient Romans.

375 Germanic peoples entered the territory of ancient Rome on a large scale.

486. The Kingdom of Klauber Frank was founded.

Charles Martel served as Prime Minister.

Charles Martel repelled the Islamic army.

Xiao, the son of 75 1, was appointed king of the Frankish kingdom.

The Frankish kingdom crusaded against Lombardy and provided land to the Pope.

Charlemagne conquered Lombardy in 774.

In 800, Charlemagne accepted the Pope's coronation and became the Emperor of Western Rome.

According to treaty of verdun, the Frankish Kingdom is divided into three countries: East Frankish (later German), West Frankish (later French) and Middle Kingdom (later Italian and other parts).

9 19- 1024 Saxony Yuan Dynasty.

Otto I was crowned in 962 (the Holy Roman Empire was founded, also known as the First Empire).

1024- 1 125 during the reign of the Salem dynasty.

1077 Canosa's shame (Henry IV failed to confess his mistakes to Pope Gregory in the dispute over the appointment of bishops and regained his religious membership).

1096 the first crusade (-1099).

1 1 18 Mainz cathedral started construction. The heyday of Roman style, Gothic has just begun, the heyday of court knight culture.

During the reign of Hohenstaufen dynasty 1 138- 1268.

1 143 Lubeck was founded.

The German religious order was founded.

124 1 Hanseatic league was founded (-17th century).

1248 groundbreaking ceremony for cologne cathedral.

1256 the era of big vacancies (-1273).

129 1 Switzerland formed an alliance against the Habsburg family.

1346- 135 1 Plague epidemic in Europe. Late Gothic period (until 1500).

1356 Charles iv issued the golden decree.

1386 Heidelberg University was founded.

14 15 Czech religious reformer Hus was burned to death.

14 19 Hus War (-1436).

1450 Gutenberg invented letterpress printing.

1495 german parliament for permanent peace declaration.

15 17 Martin Luther carried out the religious reform, and the Christian Evangelical Society was established, called Protestantism.

152 1 parliament of Vorms (calling for Martin Luther).

1524 German peasant war

Augsburg Religious Peace Conference.

16 18- 1648 Protestantism and Catholicism have been opposed for a long time, leading to a 30-year war.

1648 Treaty of Westphalia (Peace Treaty of 30 Years' War).

Friedrich I was the first king of Prussia.

1720- 1730 Rococo style began, the era of ideological enlightenment.

1740 Prussian Frederick II competes for the Austrian throne.

1806 The Rhine Alliance led by Napoleon was established. The disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire (the First Empire). Napoleon invaded Berlin and Prussia surrendered.

18 14 Vienna conference.

18 15 the four-nation alliance was established and the German Federation was established.

1835 The first Nuremberg-Fult railway in Germany was opened.

1848 Berlin March Revolution.

King William I of Prussia appointed Bismarck as Prime Minister.

1864 Prussia Austria vs Denmark.

1866 Puao War.

1870 Franco-Prussian War (-187 1).

187 1 the establishment of the german empire, which is the second empire in german history. William I was the German emperor and Bismarck was the prime minister of the empire.

19 14 World War I.

19 18 Germany was defeated, the German revolution, the emperor abdicated, and the Second Empire perished.

19 19 Weimar Constitution.

1933 Hitler became prime minister, broke away from the League of Nations, and the Third Reich was established.

1939 World War II.

1945 Germany surrendered unconditionally, the Third Reich perished, and the East and West were ruled.

The Berlin Wall was built between East Berlin and West Berlin.

The Berlin wall collapsed.

Italy, an ancient civilization, was ruled by the Holy Roman Empire in 962 after the Roman Empire (509-28 BC) and the Roman Empire (27-476 BC). 1 1 century, the normans invaded the south and established a kingdom. From 12 to 13, it was divided into many kingdoms, principalities, autonomous cities and small feudal territories. Since16th century, it has been occupied by France, Spain and Austria. 186 1 The Kingdom of Italy was established in March. 1870, the royal army conquered Rome and completed reunification. 1992101October 3 1 day, Mussolini came to power and practiced fascist rule for more than 20 years. The Republic of China was founded on June 2, 1946. After the war, the Italian government changed frequently, but its internal and external policies were relatively stable and continuous.

Luxembourg

In BC, it was once the residence of Gauls. After the German invasion in 400 AD, Lu became a part of the Frankish Kingdom and Charlemagne Empire. From 963 to 1354 AD, it was the autonomous territory of the Earl of Ardennes and the Duke of Luxembourg in the Holy Roman Empire. 15~ 18 was ruled by Spain, France and Austria. 18 15 The Vienna Conference decided that Lu was the Grand Duchy, the King of the Netherlands was the Grand Duke, and he was a member of the German Alliance. 1839 The London Agreement recognized Lu as an independent country. 1867 became a neutral country. 1868 implements constitutional monarchy. 1890 ago, Adolf, Duke of Nassau, became Duke of Lu, completely getting rid of the rule of the Dutch king. Both wars were invaded by Germany. 1945 became a founding member of the United Nations, 1948 abandoned the policy of neutrality, and 1949 joined NATO. Together with France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Belgium, it founded the European Coal Steel in 1952 and created the European economy in 1958. According to the Schengen Agreement, 1995 became one of the first seven countries in the European Union to open their borders. 1The EU Summit in May 1998 confirmed that Lu was one of the first countries in the euro zone.

Medieval history

With the medieval castles of the Western Roman Empire destroyed by the Germans, a number of barbarian countries appeared one after another. Lumbard, Odyak, Burgundy, Vandal-Alan, Eastern Gothic, Visigoth, Anglo-Saxon and other kingdoms were established successively. There are wars between kingdoms, among which Anglo-Saxon and Frankish kingdoms have existed for a long time.

As a branch of the Germans, the Franks defeated the Gaul army in 486, and Clovis established the rule of the Mei Tam dynasty. Clovis, by uniting with the Vatican, occupied all the territory of the Roman Empire in Gaul. With the continuous expansion of the Frankish kingdom, in the middle of the 6th century, it conquered some tribes in Burgundy, Thuringia, Bavaria and Saxony, became the most powerful country in Western Europe at that time, and established a feudal manor system. In 75 1 year, the palace gnome Paiping became the king of Franks and established the Carolingian dynasty. During Charlemagne's reign, the national strength reached its peak, including the annexation of Lombardy, the occupation of the Spanish border area, the occupation of eastern Bavaria and the conquest of awar Khan. Most of the land in western Europe became the territory of the Frankish kingdom. After Charlemagne's death, the Frankish kingdom was divided by the war between brothers. In August, 843, treaty of verdun signed the agreement, which was divided into West Frankish Kingdom, East Frankish Kingdom and Italian Kingdom. The territory of modern France, Germany and Italy is based on this treaty.

Another Germanic branch, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, entered the British Isles in the middle of the 5th century. Seven kingdoms were formed at the end of the 6th century and the beginning of the 7th century, which was called the Seven Kingdoms Period in British history. In 829, the kingdom of Wessex annexed six other kingdoms, and England was born. 1066, William, Duke of Normandy, France, claimed to inherit the throne by blood. After being rejected, he seized the British throne by force, and was called "William the Conqueror" (that is, William I), and established the Normandy Dynasty, but it also caused the root of the Hundred Years' War in the future. During the reign of Henry I (1100-1135), with the strengthening of kingship, social contradictions intensified. 12 15 John (Landless) was forced to sign the Magna Carta of Freedom. 1264 during the civil war, Henry III was captured by Simon de montfort. 1265, montfort called the parliament, which became the beginning of the British parliament. From 1343, your guild was divided into an upper house composed of nobles and a lower house representing knights and citizens, and a parliamentary monarchy was established. At the same time, the western Frankish kingdom evolved into the French kingdom, and the kingship was strengthened. The Vatican was forced to move to avignon in the south of France, and held three-level meetings from top to bottom (the first level was a senior priest, the second level was a noble, and the third level was a wealthy citizen), which also formed a parliamentary monarchy.

The local government of the East Frankish Kingdom, the predecessor of Germany, was very strong. 9 1 1 After the Carolingian dynasty, the king was elected by local dignitaries, but he was more honorary, and his rights were equal to those of local governors. This feature is considered by historians to be the reason why it is keen on external expansion. In 95 1 year, Otto I led troops to occupy Lumbard, and then Otto II marched into Rome. 1 155, Frederick I captured Milan, and the Pope crowned it as the Holy Roman Empire. In its heyday, the territory included all of Germany, central and northern Italy, Sicily, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Estonia and Prussia. In Frederick I, he was defeated by the resistance of 15 city (Lombardy League). Frederick I drowned in the Third Crusade and the occupied area became independent.

Assassination

The dirtiest assassination: the elegy of the Dutch founding father

1568' s movement to destroy icons opened the curtain for the Netherlands to fight against Spanish rule and strive for independence. In this movement, Willem Oranje (Prince Orange), the biggest aristocrat in the Netherlands at that time, played an important role. As far as class feelings are concerned, he received great kindness from Carlos, the former king of Spain. As far as national feelings are concerned, the cries and blood of the Dutch people around him made him sleepless. Once wavering, he finally stood with the Dutch people and embarked on the road of no return against the most powerful empire at that time-the Spanish Empire.

Since then, he has become a thorn in the side of King Philip II of Spain and a thorn in the flesh, and has become the most wanted criminal in the country. Philip II offered a large reward for his head.

After years of bloody fighting, the Dutch Independent Army led by Prince Orange has gained a firm foothold in northern Holland. Dutch provinces are preparing to make him king on July 1584. But two days before this big day, tragedy happened.

On July 10, Prince Orange was having lunch with the mayor of Louvain, and the bodyguard came forward to report: "balthasar has completed all the formalities such as passport, and I have come to pick up some letters written by the prince to the French minister."

Balthasar is a Frenchman. His job is to deliver news to France for the prince. He has been working for the prince.

When Prince Orange came down the stairs, balthasar, who had been hiding behind a pillar beside the stairs, suddenly swooped down on the prince, raised his pistol and fired three shots. The gun hit the prince's main injury, and a generation of great men fell down and never got up again.

The assassin left in a hurry, but just stepped on a pile of shit at the door and slipped to the ground, and was captured alive on the spot. He confessed that he was a spy sent by Philip II, and the purpose of killing the prince was only to get Philip II's huge reward and title. Finally, he was beheaded under the torture of a soldering iron and a knife.

The descendants of Prince Orange inherited his dominant position in the Netherlands, and finally won Dutch independence and became the royal family in the Dutch era.

A fire that changed Europe.

The Russian army fought hard and Napoleon's army occupied Moscow.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, the contradiction between France and Russia became increasingly acute for the hegemony of the European continent. 1804 After Napoleon established the First Empire of France, he began to fight against "anti-French alliance" countries such as Britain and Russia. Napoleon's main goal was Britain, but because a powerful Britain could not be destroyed at once, he decided to attack Russia first. In his view, as long as Russia is defeated, it will destroy a wing of Britain and achieve the final victory over Britain.

On June 24th, 2002, Napoleon led nearly 600,000 troops to invade Russia. He didn't start from St. Petersburg, the capital of Russia, but went directly to Moscow, the heart of Russia. He wants to isolate St. Petersburg hundreds of kilometers away by occupying Moscow, and then wait for Russian Tsar Alexander I to surrender. At the beginning of the war, the Russian army lost many battles and lost a lot of land. On September 7th, in Borodino, west of Moscow124km, Russian commander-in-chief Kutuzov commanded 120000 Russian troops and French troops to launch the famous "Battle of Borodino". In the battle, the Russian army suffered heavy casualties and lost about 40 thousand people. In order to preserve the effective strength of the Russian army, Kutuzov was forced to give up Moscow and move to the rear, waiting for the opportunity to fight the French again. On September 14, some residents of Moscow city left Moscow with the army.

/kloc-In the early morning of September, 0/5, a historic moment came. Napoleon rode a horse and led a team into Moscow, but now Moscow looks like an empty city. Apart from the Russian peasants who took advantage of the fish in troubled waters, the French army could hardly see any residents in the empty streets. After the French army entered the city, it launched another round of "offensive", searching for food, treasure and women from house to house. After the occupation of Moscow, every unit of the French army had regular barracks and got enough food. The French soldiers were very excited and thought they could finally have a rest. At this time, Napoleon thought that he could wait quietly for Alexander to surrender, but the French dream was shattered after only one day.

The Kremlin is burning.

16 night, Napoleon was resting in the Kremlin. Suddenly, an adjutant came to wake him up and said in a panic, "Your Majesty, the whole city of Moscow is on fire!" " Napoleon dressed in a hurry and looked out of the Kremlin window, only to see the whole Moscow city in flames. The French emperor suddenly turned pale with surprise and repeatedly cried, "What a terrible sight!" At this time, it was catching up with the strong wind and the fire was even fiercer. Near the Kremlin, along the south bank of moscow river, in Soriyanka, fires are flying with the wind and smoke is everywhere. Finally, even the Kremlin ignited a raging flame.

With the help of the guards, Napoleon escaped from the burning Kremlin. At this point, Moscow city has been in chaos. The sound of flames, houses collapsing, soldiers running and screaming mixed together. When the French army in the city gained a foothold and began to put out the fire in an organized way, they found that all the fire-fighting appliances in the city were destroyed. French soldiers are like ants on hot bricks. They searched the house but couldn't find the bucket. French commanders had to organize soldiers to line up and use marching barrels and everyone's caps to pass water, but in the face of raging fires, the water didn't play any role at all. So the French army simply used explosives to cut off the fire road with explosion; But the fire started from all directions, broke the east road and came to the west road, and there was nothing to do. The French watched helplessly as most of their food, cannons and firearms, as well as their dwellings slowly turned to ashes.

In the works of Russian patriotic poets, fire is personified. It's like a brave soldier driving the powerful Napoleon army out of Moscow. But Russians have to face a tragic reality: a beautiful city has been destroyed. The fire burned for several days until a heavy rain came and it gradually went out. The fire almost reduced the ancient buildings, antiquities and gardens in Moscow to ashes. Before 18 12, there were 30,000 houses in Moscow. After the fire, there were only less than 5,000, and the fire area of the whole city was 3/4. Countless people were burned to death in the fire, and bodies can be found in the ashes at any time.

From Moscow to Paris, the French army collapsed thousands of miles.

Napoleon, who was driven out of Moscow by fire, still didn't give up. He thought that there were few Russian troops left, Moscow was in ruins, St. Petersburg was within reach, and Alexander would definitely come to make peace. He sent messengers to negotiate a truce with the czar, and Alexander replied categorically: As long as there is a French soldier on Russian territory, there will be no peace!

With the coming of the severe winter, and the serious shortage of supplies of the French army caused by the fire, Napoleon had to decide to retreat, and at this time his 600,000 troops were only in their early days. 165438+1October14th, Napoleon's retreating army was blocked by the Dnieper River, and Kutuzov's pursuers were approaching. Because the bridge had been destroyed by the Russian army, Napoleon forced his soldiers to build a simple bridge in the water. Because of the cold weather, all the people who went into the water to build the pontoon bridge froze to death. In the end, only 65438+100000 soldiers fled back to China with Napoleon. Napoleon hasn't had time to recover. 18 14 in March, Alexander led the anti-French Coalition forces into Paris, forcing Napoleon to step down.

The fire changed the history of Europe.

The mystery left by the fire has been puzzling people ever since. Who lit the fire? The mainstream view is that the fire was carefully planned by Kutuzov. He wants the French army to live comfortably in Moscow, and when they have solved all the treasures in the city, he will burn them. Those "peasants" who robbed were arsonists, and some of them were pardoned by the czar for political prisoners and released prisoners. They are willing to carry out this order in order to make meritorious service.

Napoleon thought that "setting fire to the city" was a "crazy practice" carefully planned and deployed by Moscow Governor Rostovkin. Because when people tried to put out the fire, it was discovered that Rostovkin had withdrawn all the fire hoses and fire extinguishing appliances in advance. In addition, the fire broke out in the whole city at the same time, which is obviously planned and premeditated; It is said that Rostovkin himself admitted that he personally ordered the city to be set on fire. Some Russians also think that they started the fire themselves. In their view, this is a brave "scorched earth war", which shows the determination of Russians to resist foreign invasion at all costs.

However, some people believe that French soldiers are directly responsible for the Moscow fire. Napoleon's soldiers "entered private houses at night and lit candles, torches and firewood for lighting", which inadvertently led to disaster. Tolstoy, a great Russian writer, holds this view in his novel War and Peace. He thinks that the fire was caused by drunken French soldiers. His inference is based on the fact that Moscow, an ancient Russian capital founded in 1 156, is located in the densely forested eastern European plain. For hundreds of years, people have been accustomed to using wood structure as the backbone of urban architecture, so it has the nickname "log cabin city". Until the end of 17, except for a few stone buildings such as the Kremlin, wooden houses were still everywhere in the city, and even other palaces of the tsar maintained the traditional wooden style. When Napoleon led the army into the city, French soldiers didn't understand these conditions in Moscow, so they were careless for a while and caused a fire.

No matter what the cause of the fire was, it changed the whole history of Europe, and directly led to the weakness of Napoleon's empire until its demise. As the German critic Franz Merlin said, "The fire in Moscow opened an era".