How did the Russian invade the territory of China?

1689 (twenty-eighth year of Kangxi), Article 8 of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu signed by China and Russia clearly stipulates: "When ministers of the two countries meet, they agree that things should be reconciled forever and must not be violated." The "eternal harmony" mentioned here refers to the demarcation of the border as "eternal harmony". "The pursuit of not making mistakes" naturally means that this boundary must not be destroyed. This is clearly stipulated in the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu.

However, Russia did not abide by this provision of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu. Shortly after the signing of the Treaty, Russia destroyed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu in a planned and step-by-step manner, gradually infiltrating the invading talons into Heilongjiang in China and encroaching on the left bank of Heilongjiang in China (Heilongjiang flows in the right direction, while the left bank flows in the left bank). By the time of the Taiping Rebellion and the invasion of China by Britain and France, the Qing Dynasty in China was in a state of internal troubles and foreign invasion. At this time, Russia, which has been spying on the opportunity to invade China, saw the opportunity coming, so it quickly went from "occupying China's territory" to "annexation".

1857, Britain and France launched the second war of aggression against China, and Russia immediately attacked China from two aspects. First, deploy troops, invade China's blue sea bubble, and coerce China to cede territory north of Heilongjiang; The second is to send diplomats to China for blackmail.

Count EVPoutiatin, the Russian government's special naval representative in London, is the ambassador to China and soon came to China. In its instructions to this delegation, the Russian government pointed out: "When dealing with the China government, we should give up the old style of not being decisive enough", that is, we should be desperate and unscrupulous.

Russia also threatened and blackmailed China's dollar through its spy and bishop ElBaradei, who has been stationed in Beijing for more than 30 years, saying that Britain and France wanted to occupy China because "its (Russian) border is connected with the (Qing) border, and if something happens, it will suffer from itself. We pray that the border between the two countries will end at an early date, and we are willing to live in peace with your country in the future and prevent future accidents." In a letter to the Russian government, he said: "I no longer doubt the merger of the left bank of Amur." Free navigation is just an incomplete measure ... in my opinion, things can be arranged quietly, but we must act resolutely. "

On his way to China, Putin first went to Irkutsk to meet with Russian Siberian Governor Muraviev. Together, they plotted a plot to invade China. Since then, on the one hand, Muraviev has stepped up its military aggression against the Northeast; On the one hand, Putin colluded with Britain and France to invade China in Chinese mainland. North and South attack, forcing China to cede territory.

First, under the threat of artillery fire, the Qing government in China was forced to sign the Aihui Treaty.

1858 In May, Muraviev mobilized 12000 of the most savage Cossack soldiers, invaded the mouth of the Heilongjiang River and occupied the left bank of Heilongjiang militarily. Muraviev declared that, starting from the voyage 1858, "all residents left on the left bank are under the jurisdiction of China (Russian)". And declared: "I think that if we are forced to use force against the people of China, then Amur will be our main operational base. Landing in Aihui, there are several smooth avenues from there, passing through densely populated areas and leading to Nanman and Peiping. " .

When Putin led Russian warships and advanced on Tianjin with the British and French invaders, Muraviev threatened the Qing army negotiators with artillery, and Yishan, the general of Heilongjiang, signed the "Love Faint Treaty".

The three clauses of this treaty mainly codify the Russian invasion of more than 600,000 square kilometers of China territory north of Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang, the inland river of China, has become the boundary river between China and Russia. Sixty-four villages in Jiangdong, which are always inhabited by China people, are still managed by ministers and officials of the Qing Dynasty; We must never violate the reconciliation with the Russians and others. "

At that time, even in the Russian government, many people openly admitted that the treaty signed under the threat of force was obviously invalid.

This treaty was not ratified by the Qing government. Moreover, Yishan, a representative with poor negotiation, was "dismissed and retained". Another negotiator, Gilamina, was investigated and paraded through the streets wearing a flail. Yishan, Daoguang's nephew, was punished in the country for his mistakes.

Second, the military occupation of Tianjin signed the Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty.

Putin also stepped up his activities in Chinese mainland before and after Muraviev threatened to sign the "Love Faint Treaty".

Putin sent a letter to the Russian government. (a) asked the Russian government to stop the trade in Chaktu, or even cut off diplomatic relations with China, and put pressure on China; (2) It is suggested that the Russian government take out 3 million to 5 million rubles to bribe China officials in order to benefit Russia in the negotiations; (3) It is suggested that the Baihe River estuary be blocked to prevent grain carriers from entering Beijing, resulting in a grain shortage in Beijing and forcing the China government to accept Russian demands.

Putiatin, on the other hand, advised Britain and France to "exert great pressure", saying that "the China government has no choice but to exert pressure on Beijing, and the best way to make this pressure take effect is to sail into the Baihe River with a shallow draft warship". He also mentioned that May and June are the best time to take military action in Bohai Bay, with clear weather and moderate temperature.

Putin encouraged Britain and France to say that "there is only one way to win, that is, to occupy Tianjin and directly threaten Beijing". When the British and French invaders and envoys approached Tianjin, Russian warships and Putin immediately arrived at Dagukou.

In this case, Putin claimed a large territory from the China government. Not only put forward that Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers are the borders of the two countries in the east; Moreover, it is proposed to delimit the border from Shadabaha to Ili in the west, that is, to annex more areas in the west.

Putin told Qing officials that as long as China could meet all the demands put forward by the Russian government, he could persuade Britain and France to "stop talking and fighting". And said to "try to destroy Britain and France, in order to benefit China". On the other hand, he wrote to the French representative Gro and said, "This is also my personal belief, that is, when dealing with China people, if there is no firmness and intimidation, it is impossible to achieve satisfactory results. At the same time, please allow me to say bluntly that this method may also be effective when using force. "

When the enemy occupied Dagu Fort and arrived in Tianjin. China is at a critical juncture. 1On June 3rd, 858, Russia defeated Britain and France and forced the Qing government of China to sign the Tianjin Treaty, which was extremely unequal. At this time, it was only half a month before the initial draft of the Love Faint Treaty, and the so-called "never give up" did not fall, so Russia continuously forced the China government to sign this second unequal treaty.

Article 12 of the Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty. Through this treaty, Russia obtained the coveted coastal trade rights. Seven trading ports, including Shanghai, Guangzhou and Taiwan Province, were opened one after another. Russia can set up consuls in these places, have the right to buy land, build churches, house warehouses and berth warships, and enjoy consular jurisdiction; Enjoy the most-favored-nation treatment and the right to preach freely; Moreover, there are no restrictions on the number of Russian businessmen trading inland, the goods and capital they bring. All this shows that Russia has regarded the Chinese Empire as its own country, which can be unimpeded.

As soon as the above two treaties were signed, the Russian invaders could not wait to forcibly break into the Wusuli River, forcibly land along the way, map and build forts. And build houses along the upper, lower, left and right coasts of Wusuli River to Mangniu River. Then invade Songhua River from Wusuli River, and inspect the terrain there.

1in April, 859, China and Russia exchanged the Tianjin Treaty. Because the Qing government refused to ratify the Love Faint Treaty, the Treaty remained unchanged. At the same time, the China government pointed out that Wusuli River, Xingkai Lake and Suifenhe River are not adjacent to Russia, nor are they trading places, so they should not enter these places without authorization.

However, the Russian invaders did not listen to stop. In May of the same year, Muraviev, based on Highland Gun and Boli, sent a large number of armed fleets to invade the Wusuli River, set up military positions along the right bank of the river, and built forts and houses. And sent "survey teams" to invade Xingkai Lake, Suifenhe and Hunchun to establish jiepai.

At the same time, the Russian emperor also sent his confidant Ignachev as the ambassador to China. As soon as the ambassador to China arrived in China, he declared that allocating the east of the Wusuli River to Russia could prevent other countries from invading, which was obviously beneficial to China. The coastline of China is too long. Once the British and French troops invaded, China was really difficult to defend. If China can cut this place to Russia before the British and French invasion, the eastern coast of China will be safe.

Russian ministers treat China like a child. Since China can't defend, give it to him. What logic is this? If Russia's logic can be established, wouldn't it be that the land in southern Russia was cut to China, and it could also defend against other countries' invasion of Russia?

Third, set fire to Yuanmingyuan and force the signing of the Beijing Treaty between China and Russia.

Britain and France did not attack Beijing at first, but only asked for a change of contract in Beijing. The China government has promised them that the emissary can change the contract in Beijing; It's just that according to the regulations, they can't lead troops into Beijing. At this time, Russian messengers strongly encouraged Britain and France to lead troops into Beijing. At that time, if there was no encouragement from the Russians, the British and French allied forces would not necessarily go to Beijing, nor would they necessarily burn the Yuanmingyuan.

When Britain and France attacked Beijing, Russian emissaries took advantage of the fish in troubled waters and issued an ultimatum to the military headquarters of the China government, demanding that the Qing government admit that they occupied a large territory in China, east of the Wusuli River in China and south of the border between China and North Korea. And give a reply within three days. After the Qing government rejected the unreasonable demands of Russian emissaries, Russian emissaries further encouraged Britain and France to invade China. The Russian emissary said to Britain and France: "Only by giving this government, which has always been keen on rogues, a good lesson by force can it give up its old methods." He also said: "The Allies have given the China army the most severe lesson, which will make the China government aware of its weaknesses, so it can be expected that Beijing will consider reasonable persuasion and use a conciliatory and moderate tone." .

When the British and French invaders successively occupied Lushun and Yantai and prepared to attack Dagukou, the Russian envoy arrived with four warships. They collected military information for the British and French invaders in Beitang, and told Britain and France that China "had no defense and no obstacles in Beitang". Britain and France can attack with confidence. With the guidance and assistance of Russian troops, they occupied Beitang, which caused great losses to China's military defense.

During the Tianjin peace talks, the Russian emissary clearly declared to Britain and France that your Britain is concerned about commercial interests and Russia is concerned about border issues. "The interests of the two countries will not conflict with each other, so there is no reason why we should not take joint action." The "border issue" surrounded by Russia is actually a territorial issue. The Russians are unambiguous and very clear that the purpose of their aggression against China is to seize the territory of China.

Later, Russian emissaries also sent detailed maps of Beijing drawn by Russian spies in China to the French aggressors, urging them to attack Beijing. And asked them to attack Beijing from the south to avoid being surrounded by China people.

18601At the beginning of October, the British and French allied forces occupied Beijing. At that time, the China government knew that the Russian emissaries were up to no good, so they were not allowed to enter Beijing. Russian messenger Ignachev was impatient. He is afraid that he will be late in Beijing and lose the opportunity of extortion. 10 June 15, during the war, he sneaked into Beijing from Tongzhou.

After the Russian envoy entered Beijing, he threatened China, saying, "You have a border of 10,000 Russian miles with China, so it is easy for Russia to strike an irresistible blow anywhere in your country. Do you know how many troops there are in Russia? Do you know that our fleet is moored in Bohai Bay? " On the third day of the Russian envoy's visit to Beijing, in June 1860+ 10/8, Yuanmingyuan, the only royal park in the world, began to burn down. The fire burned for more than ten days. In the raging fire of Yuanmingyuan, Russia took advantage of the fire to rob, and forced China to sign the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty on June 1860+065438+ 10/4. This is the third treaty that Russia forced China to sign in two and a half years.

Article 15 of this treaty * * *, the main problem is that through this treaty, Russia cut off the territory of1100000 square kilometers north of Heilongjiang and east of Wusuli River in China, as well as the territory of 440000 square kilometers west of Xinjiang and many commercial privileges.