What are the cultivation methods of Agrocybe aegerita?

(1) bagged Agrocybe aegerita was produced in lichuan county, Jiangxi Province. Bagged cultivation was adopted to make full use of the space in the shed (room) to produce mushrooms, which was convenient for production management and had remarkable economic benefits. The key points of its production technology are as follows:

1. The common culture medium formula in Lichuan is sawdust 38%, cottonseed hull 35%, wheat bran 15%, corn flour 6%, tea seed cake powder 4%, gypsum 1%, brown sugar 0.5%, potassium dioxygen phosphate 0.4% and magnesium sulfate 0./kloc-.

Large atmospheric sterilization pots are used, each pot can hold about 3000 bags. Raw and auxiliary materials, production materials and disinfectants required for the production of 3000 bags are as follows:

(1) Raw and auxiliary materials are sawdust 600kg, cottonseed hull 500kg, wheat bran or rice bran 230kg, corn flour 90kg, tea seed cake powder 60kg, gypsum 15kg, brown sugar 8kg, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6kg and magnesium sulfate1.5kg.. 3000 plastic bags, 17cm× 33cm, 1 loop of rope.

(2) Disinfectant alcohol 2kg, formaldehyde 2kg, potassium permanganate 1 kg, carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl 5kg, smoke disinfectant 5 ~ 10 box, quicklime 50kg and sulfur 4kg.

2. Bagging of ingredients In order to prevent compost from deteriorating due to long stacking time, it is required that the time from batching to bagging should not exceed 2 hours. Mix 2500 ~ 3000 kg each time and pack it in 2500 ~ 3000 bags. In high temperature season, carbendazim containing 50% pure product can be mixed into feed at the ratio of 0. 1%, which can inhibit Alternaria rubra, but excessive use of carbendazim will cause phytotoxicity.

Bagging can be done by bagging machine or manual loading. Each bagging machine can pack 800 bags per hour, and each group needs 7 people, including feeding 1 person, bagging 1 person, bag transfer 1 person and bagging 4 people. Whether mechanical or manual loading is used, the loading should be compact, stable and uniform, especially there should be no gap between the material and the film, otherwise the original base will be easily formed between the bag walls and nutrients will be consumed.

3. After inoculation and loading, disinfect the bag. Usually it is sterilized at normal pressure, with about 3000 bags per can. It is required to reach 100℃ 2 hours after ignition, and then keep it for about 20 hours (because of its large volume, the time is longer). When the temperature of the bale drops below 60℃, it is transported to the inoculation room while it is hot, and inoculation is carried out when the temperature of the bale drops below 28℃. Inoculation is carried out according to aseptic requirements. Generally, each bottle is inoculated with 25 bags of original seeds.

4. After inoculation, the bacterial bags are moved into the culture room (shed) to pile up bacteria, with both ends of the bacterial bags facing outwards and operation lanes left between rows. The pile height depends on the cultivation season. 10 ~ 12 layer is planted in spring, and only 5 ~ 8 layers are planted in autumn to maintain or adjust the temperature in the pile. In order to facilitate the healthy growth of mycelium, it should be managed according to different stages of fungal growth.

(1) In the prophase of fungal growth (after inoculation 15 days), the seeds can germinate and start feeding 2-3 days after inoculation, and then the hyphae radiate around and cover the material surface, which takes about 15 days. At this stage, the mycelium is in the recovery and germination stage, so the feed temperature is generally lower than room temperature 1 ~ 2℃, and the air temperature should be controlled at about 27℃, so that the feed temperature in the bag is at the optimum temperature for mycelium growth. If the temperature is low in winter or early spring, plastic film can be used to cover the fungus bag to increase the heap temperature and meet the growth needs of mycelium.

(2) After the hyphae in the fungus bag were sealed in the middle growth period (15 ~ 40 days), they continued to penetrate into the culture medium. When the mycelium grows to more than 50% of the length of the fungus bag, the mycelium grows vigorously, the respiration is enhanced, the metabolism is active, and heat is generated by itself. Therefore, it is necessary to open the bag mouth to replenish oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide gas. At this time, if the management can't keep up, the material temperature is 4 ~ 5℃ higher than the room temperature, which is easy to cause bacterial combustion or anoxic suffocation.

(3) In the later period of fungal growth (40-60 days), after the bag opening was aerated, hyphae grew vigorously, thick and white, the number of hyphae increased sharply, the respiratory intensity was vigorous, the decomposition and transformation activity of the culture was enhanced, and the nutrient accumulation in hyphae increased. The temperature at this stage should be 23 ~ 24℃, and special attention should be paid to prevent high temperature. If the room temperature reaches 27℃ and the feed temperature exceeds 30℃, it will easily lead to yellow and red hyphae, serious damage, and even "burning bacteria", the fungus bag will become soft, and the culture material will be sour and smelly. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the heat dissipation of the bag to control the pile temperature and reduce the material temperature. After 50 ~ 60 days of culture at the appropriate temperature of 20 ~ 27℃, the fungus bags are close to maturity, so the bags should be cut in time to promote mushroom growth. After bag cutting, the oxygen is sufficient, and the temperature rises rapidly, and the pile temperature often rises by 5 ~ 8℃. It is necessary to ventilate and cool down in time to eliminate carbon dioxide, otherwise the mycelium will turn yellow and degenerate, and the culture material in the bag will shrink sharply due to water loss, which will have adverse effects on the growth, crust, discoloration and primordium formation of the mycelium in the later stage.

During the growth of fungi, the following management work should be done well: the relative humidity of indoor (shed) air should be controlled below 70%, and water should be discharged when the humidity is too high. Open doors and windows for ventilation 2 ~ 3 times a day during spawning period. With the increase of culture time, the aeration time should be appropriately extended. If the room temperature is too high, thin the bag to dissipate heat. Shading culture should be carried out when fungi grow, which is beneficial to the healthy growth of mycelium.

After 60 ~ 80 days, the surface of the fungus bag changed color, and the color of the culture material further faded, and a large amount of nutrients were accumulated in the mycelium, and the water content of the culture material reached more than 70%. When the fungus bag feels soft and elastic by hand, it is a sign of physiological maturity, and you can try to accelerate germination.

5. Preparation of mushroom shed: You can use idle houses as mushroom houses or build simple mushroom sheds. Using outdoor mushroom shed can make full use of leisure land, expand cultivation area, increase yield, save costs and improve economic benefits. The natural conditions of mushroom shed should conform to the "wildness" of Agrocybe chaxingu. You can take advantage of natural temperature, suitable temperature and humidity, adequate and suitable illumination, oxygen and other ecological advantages. You can also control the ecological conditions by uncovering the film and straw curtain on the greenhouse, make full use of solar energy, save energy, improve the heat preservation and moisture retention performance, increase the temperature difference between day and night, and increase the light and oxygen, which is more conducive to the growth and development of Agrocybe aegerita.

After 50 ~ 60 days of fungus growth management, the indoor cultured fungus bag is elastic, the mycelium secretes pigment and spits yellow water, and the surface of the bag mouth is slightly brown. The browning process of mycelium is commonly called discoloration. Color change is a sign of the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, indicating that the mycelium has reached physiological maturity, so it can be cut into bags and arranged to promote germination.

The layout method of outdoor mushroom shed is: make the site into a bed with a width of 1 m and a height of 15 cm, cover the manhole cover with sand, and then cover it with two layers of plastic films to prevent moisture. In addition to discharging some contaminated bags separately, arranging bags with the same maturity together is beneficial to managing discoloration and promoting germination. The arrangement direction of mushroom bags should be consistent with the direction of doors and windows of outdoor mushroom shed.

6. Bud management

(1) The timely cutting and arrangement of bacterial bags is the key to successful production and yield level. The bag cutting time shall be determined according to the following conditions:

① The accumulation of physiologically mature nutrients is related to enzymatic hydrolysis. Agrocybe aegerita mycelium synthesizes various nutritional enzymes by itself. At the initial stage of mycelium growth, the enzyme activity was low. After 30 ~ 50 days of mycelium growth, the intracellular enzyme synthesis reached the peak, which was also the period when the extracellular enzyme amount reached the maximum. Only when the enzyme activity is beneficial to the decomposition of lignin can sufficient nutrients be accumulated in the mycelium to promote the mycelium to reach physiological maturity and thus enter the reproductive growth stage. According to the production practice, when the weight of the fungus bag is reduced by 25% ~ 30% compared with the original weight, it shows that the mycelium has been fully developed, the culture material has been properly degraded, enough nutrition has been accumulated, and it is transforming into reproductive growth.

② The age of bacteria is counted from the date of inoculation, and the normal spawning time is called the age of bacteria. It generally takes 60 days for Agrocybe aegerita mycelium to reach physiological maturity. Because the temperature of culture time will affect the age of the fungus, the effective accumulated temperature of Agrocybe aegerita can be used as an index of physiological maturity in production. 4℃ and 3 1℃ are the lower and upper limits of Agrocybe aegerita growth, so the temperature above 4℃ to below 30℃ can be used as the effective accumulated temperature zone of Agrocybe aegerita. According to Yang Yueming's research (200 1), the effective accumulated temperature of Agrocybe aegerita is 1600 ~ 1800℃. Due to the fine grain size and loose texture of the culture material, the effective accumulated temperature of mushroom bag cultivation is low, which is generally 1000 ~ 1200℃. Taking the accumulated temperature below 4℃ and above 30℃ as 0, the effective accumulated temperature of Agrocybe aegerita = (daily average temperature -4℃)× culture days, and its effective accumulated temperature area is shown in Table 9- 1.

Table 9- 1 Effective accumulated temperature area of Agrocybe aegerita (℃)

③ The color of the fungus bag is also a sign to reflect whether the mycelium has reached physiological maturity. If the bag is full of white hyphae, which grow vigorously and densely, the aerial hyphae are cotton wool-like, and the bag mouth turns brown or spits yellow water.

The mycelium reached the conditions and characteristics needed for physiological maturity. At that time, the local temperature was 12 ~ 27℃, which was the suitable time for bag cutting, and the bag should be cut in time. If the bag is cut too early, the mycelium does not reach physiological maturity, the surface of the bag mouth does not change color, and the fungus skin does not form, the fungus bag will be dehydrated and lose weight prematurely because of the lack of the protection of the fungus skin, wasting nutrition and seriously affecting the yield and quality of Agrocybe aegerita. If the bag is cut too late, yellow water will be secreted due to the physiological maturity of the mycelium, which will penetrate into the culture medium and cause green mold infection. At the same time, it will also affect the development of primordium, make it difficult to produce mushrooms, or lead to the formation of deformed mushrooms, which will directly affect the yield and quality.

Bag cutting and showing off should be carried out at the same time, and the bacterial bags contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria or partially contaminated should be picked out and isolated. Before opening, disinfect the bag with 3% ~ 4% carbolic acid or deltamethrin (3000 times solution and 2000 times solution of dimethoate) to kill pests in the field. When cutting the bag, use a sharp knife to cut off the mouth of the fungus bag along the tying rope. If there is a small amount of pollution at the mouth of the bag, it must be removed; Part of the pollution can be cut off or dug away, and the rest can continue to change color to produce mushrooms.

(2) After changing the color and managing the bag cutting, the hyphae on the cross section are stimulated by light, and the oxygen supply is sufficient, so that the hyphae on the bag surface will gradually turn brown. With the extension of time, the mycelium will turn brown, the color of the mycelium will deepen, and the mycelium on the surface around the bag mouth will form a layer of brown fungus skin. This layer of fungus skin can protect the hyphae in the fungus bag, prevent the moisture in the fungus bag from evaporating, improve the resistance to adverse environment, strengthen the anti-vibration ability of the fungus bag, and protect the fungus bag from miscellaneous bacteria pollution and the formation of beneficial primordia. The normally discolored skin is brown and rusty brown, with luster, normal fruiting, high fruiting body yield and excellent quality.

Color change is a complex physiological process. In order to promote the normal discoloration of mushroom bags, the room temperature should be kept at 23 ~ 24℃ for 3 ~ 5 days after cutting the bags, and ventilation should be strengthened to improve the relative humidity in the mushroom shed. Promote the rapid discoloration of the cut bag mouth.

(3) The primordium of Agrocybe chaxingu fruiting body began to form at the same time as the brown fungus skin formed. Variable temperature stimulation is an important measure to promote the formation of primordia. The greater the temperature difference, the more primordia are formed. The method is to increase the temperature difference for 3-7 days, close the doors and windows during the day, and open the window after 10 at night to increase the temperature difference between day and night to 8- 10℃ until many white particles appear on the bag surface, indicating that the primordia have been induced and will differentiate into mushroom buds. In addition to variable temperature stimulation, we should also pay attention to creating periodic wet-dry difference and intermittent lighting conditions, and stimulate them by catching bacteria and flapping. Dry-wet alternation refers to the combination of water spraying and ventilation to make the fungus bag dry, wet and dry. It is not advisable to ventilate for too long before the discoloration skin of the bag is formed, so as to avoid the bag losing water. The fungus bag is cut too early, so pay attention to water retention and moisture retention. The more sunshine and ventilation, the shorter the discoloration process and the better the subcontracting. When necessary, light stimulation can open the shade at the top of the shed or open doors and windows to let strong light shine on the mushroom bed. After 3 ~ 5 days of treatment, fine particles and water droplets appeared on the bag surface, and after 2 ~ 4 days, dense mushroom bud primordium appeared on the bag surface. The formation of primordia is the beginning of reproductive growth. With the growth of primordium, the cap and stipe differentiated, indicating the formation of mushroom buds.

In the process of accelerating germination, if the water content of the medium or the relative humidity of the environment is low and the temperature is high, the differentiated primordium will shrink and die. Therefore, when the natural temperature is high, don't rush to accelerate germination. If the primordia have begun to form, we can take cooling measures, and pay attention to moisturizing and adjusting the difference between dry and wet. If too much vibration stimulation is given in the process of bag cutting management, especially when the mycelium at 1/3 on the bag is stimulated by vibration, fruiting bodies will be formed prematurely, resulting in small and dense buds, which will reduce the quality and yield of products.

7. Production and management of Lentinus edodes After cutting bags to promote germination, Agrocybe chaxingu produces mushrooms in autumn and spring. Due to the different climate in autumn and spring, the management is also different.

(1) autumn mushroom management During the autumn fruiting period, the natural temperature gradually decreased from above 28℃ to around 10℃ (10 often has small high temperature weather), the air was dry, and the temperature difference between day and night became smaller and smaller, and it entered a low temperature period at the end of 12. The temperature was high in the early stage, so moisturizing, supplementing fresh air and controlling miscellaneous bacteria are the key points of autumn mushroom management. After the Mid-Autumn Festival, the temperature is getting colder and the temperature difference is widening. It is necessary to use temperature difference to moisturize, increase oxygen and increase light to promote mushroom production. The temperature is cold in the later period, and the main tasks of management are warming, heat preservation and moisture retention.

7 ~ 8 days after the bag changed color, the first mushroom began to form. At this time, attention should be paid to ventilation, cooling and humidification, which can be achieved by spraying and film mulching. When the temperature drops to about 23℃, ventilate once every morning, noon and evening; When the temperature drops to 18 ~ 23℃, ventilate once every morning and evening; When the temperature drops below 18 ~ 23℃, it can be ventilated once a day for about half an hour each time, and the air humidity in the mushroom room should be kept at about 90% as far as possible to reduce the water loss in the mushroom bag. If the moisture content of the fungus bag is lower than 65%, the evaporation of moisture in the fungus bag can be reduced by spraying moisture. The number of times of spraying water every day depends on the relative humidity of mushroom house (shed). When the relative humidity is about 70%, spray water 2 ~ 3 times a day; When the relative humidity is about 80%, spray water twice; If the humidity is greater than 85%, it is not suitable for spraying water.

For the fruiting body of Agrocybe aegerita planted in bags, high-quality mushrooms require that the mushroom cover cannot be opened, and the mushroom is uniform and thick, with thick stalks, nearly white and neat length. When the cap is opened, the fold turns brown and the stalk is slender and twisted, which is secondary. After the first tidal mushroom is harvested, the mushroom farm should be cleaned up immediately, and the mushroom feet, old roots and dead mushrooms remaining in the bag should be removed to prevent the mushroom feet from rotting and the invasion of miscellaneous bacteria, and the water spraying should be stopped for 7 ~ 10 days, and the ventilation times should be increased, the ventilation time should be prolonged, and the surface humidity of the mushroom bag should be reduced, so that the mycelium can quickly recover and accumulate nutrients for the growth of the second tidal mushroom.

When the hyphae in the depression left by the mushroom bag are white, spray water during the day, close the doors and windows to raise the temperature, ventilate and dry at night, widen the temperature difference and dry-wet difference, and spray water 1 ~ 3 times a day. In the specific implementation, we can flexibly grasp it, or we can use the periodic change of temperature to promote the formation of the second tidal primordia and mushroom buds through the alternation of dry and wet and the stimulation of cold and heat for 3 ~ 5 days. The second mushroom tide occurred at the end of 10 to 1 10. At this time, the temperature in the south is about 65438 08℃, which meets the requirements of the growth and development of Agrocybe aegerita fruiting body. Spraying water is the main measure to promote the occurrence of secondary tide mushroom to meet the water demand of secondary tide mushroom.

The formation of autumn mushroom in the third tide depends on climate change, bag cutting time and management of autumn mushroom in the second tide. If the bags are cut early and the weather is warm, the mushrooms with three tides can also have high quality and high yield. The third tidal mushroom is mainly to keep warm and moisturize, and rejuvenate by cultivating bacteria. Autumn mushrooms are usually harvested 2 ~ 3 times. According to the fruiting situation of autumn mushrooms and the weight of the fungus bag after fruiting, water is injected into the fungus bag to increase the water content of the fungus bag and rejuvenate the mycelium. If the heat preservation is good at the end of winter, you can also collect 1 ~ 2 tidal mushrooms; Or overwinter until the next spring to continue to produce mushrooms, and each bag of materials can produce 0. 1 ~ 0.2 kg of fresh mushrooms.

Another important content of autumn mushroom management is to prevent and control the infection of miscellaneous bacteria. Penicillium and Aspergillus are the main bacteria that harm Agrocybe aegerita. Mildly, mildew spots are formed on the surface of mushroom bags, which affects the fruiting and rot of mushroom buds. If it is serious, the mushroom bag will be scrapped. For local pollution, apply 0. 1% carbendazim, 5% bromogeramine, 3% carbolic acid solution or 5% lysol solution to smear mildew spots, and then dig out or cut them off. If a large area of mildew damage occurs, ventilation can be increased, humidity can be reduced, the growth of mold can be inhibited, mycelium can grow healthily, and its anti-mildew ability can be improved.

(2) During the spring mushroom management period, the temperature is from low to high, the climate is mild, the air is humid, the rainfall is abundant, and the natural temperature and humidity increase, which is suitable for the growth and fruiting of Agrocybe chaxingu mycelium. The key point of management is to reduce humidity and prevent mixed bacteria pollution. In spring, ventilation should be strengthened, the mushroom shed should be kept clean and hygienic, and the pollution source of miscellaneous bacteria should be removed. If the temperature rises in the later period, corresponding cooling measures should be taken in management. Outdoor mushroom production adopts outdoor shade shed, which thickens shade objects to create a cool environment of "nine yin and one yang". Irrigation furrow, keep the shed moist, and spray water on the roof every afternoon to reduce the temperature in the shed. For qualified professional producers, the mushroom shed can be equipped with a sprinkler system to cool and humidify through sprinkler irrigation. When the temperature is 35 ~ 38℃, the temperature in the shed can be reduced to 28 ~ 365,438 0℃ and the surface temperature can be reduced to 25 ~ 39℃ after spraying. After spraying, it must be properly ventilated to avoid excessive humidity.

When the mushroom bag becomes lighter after fruiting, it should be soaked in water in time, but it is not advisable to replenish too much water, otherwise mycelium will die, miscellaneous bacteria will breed, and the mushroom bag will disintegrate due to high temperature and high humidity. Water spraying, harvesting and other management work should be carried out when the temperature is low in the morning and evening, and doors and windows should be closed during the day. When the temperature is the highest at noon, you can open doors and windows to speed up the air circulation, so that the temperature drops rapidly, and then close it. In this way, mushrooms can continue to grow in the hot season. Generally, spring mushrooms can harvest 2 ~ 3 wet mushrooms, and the interval is 10 ~ 15 days. If the bag is still good and the site is allowed, it can be moved to a cool place for the summer. If the climate is suitable, 1 ~ 2 tidal mushrooms can be produced again, and each bag can produce 0. 15 ~ 0.25 kg of fresh mushrooms.

8. The fresh selling and drying of salted Agrocybe aegerita are similar to those of Agrocybe aegerita, so I won't go into details here. This paper only introduces the pickling processing method of Agrocybe aegerita:

(1) Finishing Cut off the stem base of Agrocybe aegerita with a small knife.

(2) Pre-cooking: Wash Agrocybe aegerita with clear water and pre-cook it in 5% ~ 7% salt solution for 5 ~ 10 min. When pre-cooking, use stainless steel pot or aluminum pot. After pre-cooking, take out the mushrooms and fully cool them in flowing water. If it is not cooled or cooled badly, it is easy to rot and deteriorate after pickling. After washing with water, discharge excess water.

(3) salting out to prepare concentrated brine with Baume degree of 22-25. The method is to boil clean water, add 20 kilograms of salt to every 50 kilograms of clean water, continue to cook until the salt is completely dissolved, filter out impurities with gauze, and cool to obtain a salt solution with 22-25 Baume. Put the prepared concentrated brine into a ceramic jar, pour in the precooked and cooled mushroom, soak the mushroom with brine, cover it with salt, measure the concentration of brine every day, and turn it up and down once. If the concentration of brine decreases, appropriate amount of salt should be added until its concentration is stable at 22 ~ 25 Baume degrees. After 3 ~ 6 days, when the brine concentration is stable at 18 Baume, it can be sold in barrels.