How should watermelon be planted and managed?

Watermelon planting management techniques are as follows:

First, the birth cycle

The whole growth period can be divided into four stages: germination stage, seedling stage, rattan stage and fruiting stage.

(1) Germination stage. From seed germination to cotyledon unfolding, the real leaf exposure is the germination stage. After the seedlings are unearthed, they should be prevented from growing white to promote the development of roots and leaves.

(2) seedling stage. The seedling stage is from true leaves to 5-6 leaves. The growth during this period is small, so good cultivation conditions should be given to promote the differentiation of roots and organs of seedlings.

(3) Rattan period. The vine-pulling period begins with 5-6 leaves and ends with the opening of the female flower in Guajie. During this period, the growth rate is fast and the growth amount is large. In cultivation, it is necessary not only to promote the growth of stems and leaves and form a certain vegetative system, but also to control overgrowth and ensure the formation of flower organs.

(4) fruiting period. From the opening of female flowers with nodes to the vigorous growth of fruits. It can also be divided into three periods: fruit setting period, fruit vigorous growth period and pulp changing period.

(5) Fruit setting period. From the opening of female flowers to the vigorous growth of fruits. Photosynthetic products began to be imported into fruits. Cultivation is mainly to adjust the balance between vegetative growth and fruit development and ensure melon sitting.

(6) the vigorous growth period of fruits. The fruit grows rapidly until the size of the fruit is basically fixed. At this stage, the fruit grows a lot and absorbs the most nutrients, which is the key period to form the yield. Cultivation should be big and fat to promote the rapid growth of fruits.

(7) Change the time limit. The fruit size is basically fixed until it matures. During this period, the sugar was rapidly transformed and the appearance had the inherent color of the variety. Cultivation should prevent premature senescence of stems and leaves and ensure yield and quality.

Second, sow.

Watermelon cultivation in the open field is cultivation without protective equipment. Generally, when the local final frost has passed and the ground temperature is stable at about 65438 05℃, the suitable time for sowing in the open field is. The best sowing date should also be determined according to the variety, cultivation season, cultivation method and edible season. Generally, it is sown in the middle and late March, sown in the middle and late April, and harvested in the late June. Watermelon in autumn is sown in the first half of July and harvested in late September.

Third, prepare soil and apply sufficient base fertilizer.

Watermelon planting should choose plots with loose soil, deep soil layer, fertile soil, good drainage and plenty of sunshine, and bask in the sun in the west; Watermelon field is not suitable for continuous cropping, and it is usually rotated once every 4~5 years. Otherwise, the blight is serious; Gramineae crops such as rice and corn are the best, followed by vegetable crops such as potatoes and Chinese cabbage. However, watermelon, as a melon vegetable, has serious diseases and is not suitable for selection. Gua Tian must plough deeply, preferably in winter. In the plot with deep ploughing or deep ploughing, furrows are dug around, and the furrows are covered according to the tillage row spacing of 2.4-3.0m (the furrow width is 0.5m). One side of the border is furrowed and applied with base fertilizer, and 2500-3000kg of farmyard manure is applied per mu, with phosphate fertilizer15-20kg and 45% compound fertilizer of 20-20kg added. In order to prevent underground pests, a small amount of crystal trichlorfon can be mixed into the base fertilizer. Cover the base fertilizer ditch, make melon ridges and finally cover them with plastic film, waiting for sowing or transplanting. When opening the compartment, pay attention to that the compartment line is perpendicular to the direction of spring and Xia Feng. First, apply base fertilizer to the compartment surface blown in by the wind, so that the melon vines will be consistent with the wind direction after planting.

Fourthly, soaking seeds to accelerate germination.

1, seed soaking. Before soaking the seeds, dry the seeds for 65,438+0 days, soak the dried seeds in warm water (about 30℃) for 6-8 hours, then take out the seeds, wrap them with towels or coarse cloth, and wipe off the mucous membrane on the seed skin. In order to prevent Fusarium wilt, seeds are soaked with 1 1,000 times of thiophanate methyl for another 4 hours, and the soaking time is generally required to reach 1.

2. Accelerate germination. Put the soaked seeds flat on a wet towel, cover them with a layer of wet towel, put them in an environment of 30-35 degrees to accelerate germination, basically come out in 72 hours, and sow when the germination is 85-90% white.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) transplantation

1, germination and live broadcast. Shallow ditches or holes with a depth of 8 cm ~ 10 cm are opened on the melon ridge near the ground where the base fertilizer is applied, and the spacing between plants is 45-50 cm. Sow 1-2 seeds in each hole to accelerate germination, cover the soil by 2 cm ~ 3 cm (after watering once in drought), and seedlings can emerge and accelerate germination after 2 ~ 3 days. Generally, 150g ~ 200g seeds are used per mu.

2. Seedling raising and transplanting. When the seedlings are 30-35 days old, transplant 3-leaf 1 center seedlings with a spacing of 45-50 cm, and plant about 450-500 plants per mu. After transplanting, root water will be poured.

Intransitive verb Tian Tuan management

1. Farming and drainage.

Tillage begins after sowing seedlings together or returning seedlings after planting. Generally, it is a combination of thinning, loosening and ridging. Water less at seedling stage and pay attention to "squatting seedlings" to facilitate root growth. When the vines grow to 30 cm, apply heavy fertilizer once and then cultivate the soil. Watermelon has large fruit, high yield and large water demand, so it is particularly important to pay attention to irrigation in dry land cultivation and drainage in paddy field cultivation. It is emphasized that the ditch should be connected with the drainage ditch around the field, and there will be no water in the field after the rain, which is the basis to ensure the high and stable yield of watermelon. Stop watering 6-8 days before fruit ripens to promote sugar conversion and increase sweetness.

2. Top dressing.

The basic principles of topdressing in Gua Tian are as follows: lightly apply seedling fertilizer, first promote and then control, skillfully apply tendril fertilizer, and then apply expanded melon fertilizer after setting young fruits.

(1) Seedling-promoting fertilizer.

Seedling-promoting fertilizer is usually applied within one week after transplanting melon seedlings or at the stage of 4-5 leaves of direct seeding seedlings, and a small amount of quick-acting fertilizer is applied when the base fertilizer is insufficient or the fertilizer effect of the base fertilizer has not yet been exerted. Generally, 8 ~ 10g (or 20g ammonium sulfate) is applied to each plant, and the soil is covered after furrowing and fertilization.

(2) Promote vine fertilizer.

It can be done before and after vine stretching. Generally, when the seedlings grow to 40-60 cm, urea 10 ~ 12 kg, calcium superphosphate 8 kg, potassium sulfate 13 kg per mu, or 45% potassium sulfate ternary compound fertilizer 18-22 kg per mu, 25-30 cm away from the melon roots. Cover soil and water after fertilization to promote the absorption of fertilizer.

(3) swollen melon fertilizer.

Watermelon needs the most fertilizer in its life. Watermelon eggs are big, and the roots are all covered by seedbeds. Many melon farmers will apply swollen melon fertilizer at this time. Because the fertilizer at the hole is too concentrated, the root system around the fertilization point will be burned out, which is not conducive to the rapid decomposition and transformation of fertilizer, which is quite different from the characteristics of large fertilizer and water, quick effect and comprehensive fertilizer demand in watermelon expansion period. Therefore, it is best to use human and animal manure and dissolved chemical fertilizer for swollen melon fertilizer. When watermelon eggs are big, manure water, compound fertilizer and urea are poured in the fence about 30-45cm away from the root of the watermelon (on the side of the vine), and melon farmers do not pour manure water, but 8 kg of compound fertilizer, 4.5 kg of urea and 5 kg of potassium sulfate are dissolved in water. The concentration of swollen melon fertilizer should be light, and water should be used to adjust the fertilizer, so that the fertilizer can play its role quickly in a short time, especially in the case of dry soil, and immediate swollen melon effect can be obtained. Spraying foliar fertilizer in the later stage, spraying with 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution every 7- 10 days, 2-3 times.

Step 3 trim.

Watermelon vines are lush. If the vines overlap, it will not only affect the close planting, but also delay the fruit. Watermelon pruning methods generally include single vine, double vine and three vine. Single vine pruning leaves only one vine per plant. Other methods of removing all lateral vines are simple, with more plants per unit area, but fewer leaves per plant, which makes the fruit difficult to grow and has low yield and quality. Generally, except the main vine, when the main vine grows to more than 30 cm, one strong side vine is selected at the base of double-vine pruning, and two strong side vines are left as auxiliary vines or spare vines for three-vine pruning, and all the other side vines are removed; Double vine pruning is often used in production. When pruning watermelons, we should pay attention to one thing: timely pruning. Generally, it starts when the main vine is 40 ~ 50 cm long and the lateral vine is about 15 cm long, and then every 3 ~ 5 days; Second, no matter which pruning method is adopted, it is required to be carried out seriously before fruit setting, and it is generally not pruned after fruit setting, so that more branches and leaves can provide nutrition for fruit growth. When the fruit begins to expand rapidly, in order to prevent the nutrition from growing too fast, you can pick the heart.

4. Press the vine.

When the vines grow to 30 cm, they should be pruned to make them evenly distributed, and the vines should be pressed with clods at the nodes to promote the generation of adventitious roots, and the leaf vines should be fixed to prevent the roots and leaves from shading each other and being damaged by wind, and then pressed every 5-6 nodes until the vines are covered with beds. There are two methods of pressing rattan: open pressing and dark pressing. In rainy areas, the soil moisture is high. In order to prevent rotten vines, it is not necessary to bury all the vines in the soil, just press the clods on the nodes, and the nodes are still exposed on the ground, which is called "open pressing". In arid areas with little rain, in order to promote the occurrence of adventitious roots, melon vines should be completely buried in the soil, which is called "hidden pressure". In order to prevent fragile melon vines from being broken, pruning and pressing vines should be carried out in the afternoon. No matter which pressing method is adopted, it should be decided according to the growth of plants. Strong growth should focus on heavy pressure, diligent pressure, weak growth, light pressure and less pressure. Generally, press 1 time every 5-6 knots, and press twice before and after the melon. Leave 2-3 leaves before and after the female flower of melon to prevent the water-rotten melon or melon from being bound when it grows up.

5. Artificial pollination.

Watermelon is a cross-pollinated crop, which relies on insects as a medium. In rainy weather or when insect activity is less, it will affect the spread of pollen and make it difficult to set fruit. In order to improve the fruit setting rate and realize the ideal fruit setting position, artificial pollination should be carried out.

(1) Select female flowers with well-developed main and lateral vines for selective pollination. Flowers with thick buds, large ovaries, normal appearance, bright green and shiny colors are easy to set fruit after pollination and grow into high-quality melons. The female flowers on the lateral vines are reserved for melons.

(2) Pollination time: Watermelon flowers begin to bloom at 5 ~ 6 in the morning, and the physiological activity is the most vigorous at 8 ~ 10, which is the best pollination time. Because of the late flowering, the pollination time on cloudy days was delayed to 9 ~ 1 1.

(3) Pollination method: Use the fresh male flowers that are blooming that day to pinch the petals in the direction of the flower stalk, then aim the stamens of the male flowers at the stigma of the female flowers and gently touch them a few times. A male flower can produce 2 ~ 3 female flowers.

6. Raise melons.

Generally, the second and third female flowers keep melons. Early-maturing varieties can keep the first to third female flowers. After the melons sit down, choose a melon in the order of "two, one and three". Two to four female flowers can be reserved for middle-late maturity varieties, and one melon can be selected in the order of "three, two and four" after the melon is seated. If the melons on the main vine are not seated properly, they should also be placed on the side vines in this order. It is advisable to leave 1 melon per plant.

7, watermelon fruit care.

In the flowering, fruit setting and fruit development stages of watermelon, careful care of the fruit is also the key link to improve the yield and quality of watermelon. Nursing measures include protecting melons, padding melons, turning melons, setting melons, drying melons and covering melons.

From the opening of female flowers to before and after fruit setting, the epidermis of ovary and young melon is very delicate and vulnerable to wind, insect bites and mechanical damage. At this time, the young melon should be covered with paper bags and plastic bags, which is called melon protection. When the fruit grows to 1 ~ 1.5 kg, the clods under the melons are broken and leveled, and the melons are covered with grass or fine sand. Turning the melon is to constantly change the landing position of the fruit, so that the surface illumination of the melon is uniform, the skin color is consistent, and the pulp maturity is uniform. Generally, turning the melon is carried out in the middle and late stage of expanding the melon, once every 5-6 days, and can be turned 2-3 times. Turning the melon should be carried out in the sunny afternoon when the water content of the melon handle is reduced and it is not easy to break, and it should be operated by both hands. The turning angle is not easy to be too large, and it can be exposed when touching the ground, so as to avoid spraining the handle of the melon. Every turn should be made in the same direction. A few days before the watermelon is ripe and harvested, it can be erected to make the fruit round and have a good color, otherwise it will be yellow and white when it falls to the ground, which will not only affect the appearance of the fruit, but also cause uneven thickness of the peel, light fruit taste and poor quality.

The drying and covering of melons should be based on the principle of "drying every hour and covering when ripe". In the immature green husk, there is a lot of chlorophyll, and the photosynthetic products produced are directly lost to the fruit, which promotes the accumulation of sugar, so it should be dried when it is young. When the fruit is about to mature, chlorophyll in the peel gradually decomposes and photosynthesis decreases. The interior of fruit is mainly the transformation of organic matter, not the manufacture and accumulation. If you are exposed to strong light, it is easy to get sunburned, so cover the fruit with leaves when it is about to mature.

8. Watermelon is ripe.

When it is necessary to go on the market in advance, ethephon (dichloroethyl phosphoric acid) can be used for ripening. The treatment method is as follows: when the fruit is large and immature (that is, 25-29 days after flowering), each kilogram of watermelon is smeared with 200 mg of ethephon solution 1 time around the evening, and a small amount of neutral soap powder can be added to the solution to increase the adhesion, and it can be harvested and marketed two days later. The treated fruit can be supplied to the market 3-5 days earlier than the naturally matured fruit, and the quality has not decreased, but has improved.

9, pest control.

The main diseases of watermelon are Fusarium wilt, anthracnose, virus disease, powdery mildew and epidemic disease, and the main pests are black cutworm, aphid, red spider, yellow cucumber, melon maggot and liriomyza sativae.

(1) disease control. Carry out rotation for more than 4 ~ 5 years, select disease-free seeds and soak them in 100 times formalin solution for 30 minutes for disinfection. The main prevention and treatment methods of fungal diseases: when the diseased plants are found, they are pulled out and burned in time, and the diseased spots are disinfected with lime or 50% amobam for 400 times. At the early stage of the disease, 50% mancozeb 500 ~ 1000 times solution can be applied to the rhizosphere for control. Popularize the grafting and root changing technology of watermelon. Apply decomposed organic fertilizer and increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. During the growing period of watermelon from May to July, 70% thiophanate 1000 times solution, 25% carbendazim 500-700 times solution, 50% zineb 1000 times solution and1:/were used alternately every 7-/kloc-0 days.

(2) pest control. For cutworms, melon maggots and yellow cucumbers, we can plough and rake more eggs in early spring, lure moths with sweet and sour to kill adults, and water the roots with 800 ~ 1000 times of 90% trichlorfon or add a little water to mix fresh grass and stir-fried cakes to kill them. Red spider and leaf miner can spray 50% dimethoate 1000 times or 80% dichlorvos 1000 ~ 1500 times.