Geography review materials for the first volume of the seventh grade of junior high school,

Geography Review Outline for Seventh Graders

Chapter 1 Earth and Maps

Section 1? Earth and Globe

1. Earth Shape: sphere.

2. Use natural phenomena in life to explain that the earth is spherical: (1) When you see a sailboat approaching from a distance on the beach, you always see the mast first and then the hull. (2) Lunar eclipse phenomenon.

3. Characteristics of longitude and latitude lines.

4. The main longitude lines: prime meridian, 180°. The main latitudes: the equator, the North Pole 90°N, and the South Pole 90°S.

5. The dividing line between the eastern and western hemispheres: 20°W, 160°E.

6. The dividing line between the northern and southern hemispheres: the equator (0°)

7. Use the latitude and longitude grid for positioning.

Refer to page 7, question 5 of the "Geographic Filling Atlas". You must be able to determine the longitude and latitude of points A and B.

Section 2? Movement of the Earth

1. Rotation of the Earth

3. Five belts on the Earth

Section 3 ?Map

1. The basic elements of a map: scale, direction, legend.

2. Be able to identify the direction, use the scale to calculate the actual distance, compare the size of the scale, and judge different parts of the mountain.

Refer to page 8 of the "Geographic Filling Atlas", questions 2, 4 and 5.

Chapter 2 Land and Ocean

Section 1? Continents and Oceans

1. Distribution of Continents and Oceans

Seven Continents : Asia (largest area), Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica (largest across longitudes), Oceania (smallest area)

Four oceans: Pacific (largest area), Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean (Smallest area)

2. The dividing line between Asia and Europe: Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Greater Caucasus Mountains, Black Sea, Turkish Strait.

The dividing line between Asia and Africa: the Suez Canal.

The dividing line between North America and South America: the Panama Canal.

Section 2 Changes of Sea and Land

1. The main causes of changes in sea and land: changes in the earth's crust, rise and fall of sea levels, and human activities (such as reclamation and land reclamation).

2. Characteristics of plate movement: The crust inside the plate is relatively stable, and the crust is relatively active at the junction between plates.

3. The names and distribution of the six major plates in the world

4. Be able to use the perspective of plate movement to explain phenomena.

Refer to page 15 of the "Geographic Filling Atlas", subtitle ④. For example, explain the reasons for the rise of Mount Everest and the reasons for the many earthquakes in Japan.

Chapter 3 Weather and Climate

Section 1 Changeable Weather

1. The difference between weather and climate: Weather is changeable, short-term, and unpredictable. Stable, the climate is long-term and stable. In addition, climate includes both temperature and precipitation. (Just understand it)

2. On the satellite cloud map, green means land, blue means ocean, and white means clouds and rain. On the picture, you can see that one place on the ground is green, which means the local weather is clear (the satellite cloud picture is as shown on the right)

3. (Picture on the right) Judgment of wind direction: arrow at the end without tail feathers. The wind direction in the picture on the right is northwest. Judgment of wind strength: one tail feather = level 2. The wind force in the picture on the right is Category 4 wind

4. Commonly used weather symbols (recognition) Section 2: Temperature and distribution of air temperature? Section 3: Precipitation and distribution of precipitation

5.

Another thing to know: the west coast and inland areas of the continent near the Tropics of Cancer receive less precipitation

In addition, the temperature also needs to be mastered in Questions 1 and 2 of P17 of the Geographic Filling Atlas. Precipitation mainly requires mastering the textbook P56 activity questions

Section 4 The climate of the world

6. The distribution of climate types in the world (mainly mastering the characteristics and distribution of the following climate types)< /p>

Tropical rainforest climate - high temperature and rain all year round,

Tropical desert climate - high temperature and dryness all year round, distributed on the west coast of the continent near the Tropic of Cancer and the interior Mediterranean climate - summer High temperature and dry, low temperature and rainy in winter; distributed in the west coast of the temperate continent with subtropical monsoon climate - high temperature and rainy in summer, low and rainy in winter; distributed in the east coast of temperate continent, Yangzhou is this climate type. The temperate climate type. The interior of the continent has a temperate continental climate. This This climate type is most widely distributed in temperate regions.

Master question 1 of P19 and ① of question 2 (especially for drawing), ③, ④ in the geographic filling atlas? Question 4 of P21

Chapter 4 ? Residents and settlements

Section 1? Population and race

1. Natural population growth rate = birth rate – death rate? Activity question 2 on page P65 of the textbook (calculate the Population birth rate, death rate and natural growth rate, and complete the question)

2. The world’s densely populated areas are mainly distributed in middle and low latitudes from the latitude position analysis; from the sea and land position analysis, they are mainly distributed in coastal areas (inland areas) Sparsely populated land areas); based on topographic factors, they are mainly distributed in plain areas.

3. Problems caused by excessive population growth: employment difficulties, crowded housing, traffic congestion, shortage of per capita resources, environmental pollution, etc.

Problems of too slow population growth: aging population, labor shortage, insufficient resources for national defense, etc.

4. The white race is mainly distributed in Europe, America, and Oceania.

The yellow race is mainly distributed in eastern Asia. The black race is mainly distributed in Africa. Africa is the hometown of black people, but Why are there black people in the United States (belonging to the Americas), countries that are not African? It was because European colonists discovered the New World of America and wanted to develop the Americas that they captured black people from Africa and sold them to the Americas as slaves. Therefore, the ancestors of many black people in the United States today were black slaves at that time.

Master question 2 of P23 of the geographical filling atlas, ② and ③ of question 4 of P24, ① and ② of P25

Section 2? Language and religion

5. The six working languages ??of the United Nations:

Chinese (the most widely spoken language), English (the most widely spoken language), Russian, French, Spanish, and Arabic

6. Distribution areas and characteristics of the three major religions

For example, people in the Arab region (i.e. West Asia and North Africa) believe in Islam, and in countries such as Saudi Arabia, the place for religious activities is a mosque;

Most people in Europe and America believe in Christianity, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, and the places for religious activities are churches;

Some people in East and Southeast Asia (such as Thais) believe in Buddhism, and there are many Buddhist temples.

The ② of Question 1 and Question 2 on page P26 of the geographical filling atlas

Section 3? Human settlements - settlements

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Natural conditions: climate, terrain, water sources, natural resources, soil, transportation, location

Conditions for the formation of settlements

(Textbook P80 picture)? Humanistic conditions: History, culture, religion, policy

It is enough to understand the formation conditions of settlements, and the conditions for settlement formation will mainly be used for analysis

8. Read the picture on the right and think about the following questions

1. Why can settlements be formed in the three places?

2. Suppose you were the urban construction director of this region. Which of the three places would you choose to build a city? And articulate your reasons?

Answer: 1. The three places have flat terrain, abundant water resources, fertile soil, and convenient transportation (there are rivers)

2. Choose 2. Because 2 is located at the intersection of rivers, the transportation is more convenient. Convenient; good location, very close to 1 and 3, convenient for the distribution of manpower and material resources, and convenient communication; more flat land surface, more open than 1 and 3, with larger development space.

9. Settlements are divided into rural settlements and urban settlements. There are rural settlements now and urban settlements later. ?

Chapter 5? Development and Cooperation

1. Countries and Regions

1. The top six countries in the world by area: Russia, Canada, China, the United States, Brazil, Australia.

2. The top three countries in terms of population in the world: China, India, and the United States.

3. Countries that span two continents, such as Egypt (across Asia and Africa), Turkey (across Asia and Europe), and Russia (across Asia and Europe).

2. Comparison between developing countries and developed countries

1. The major developed countries in the world are mainly located in Europe, North America and Oceania. For example, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Australia, New Zealand, Japan in Asia, etc.

2. Developing countries are mainly located in Asia, Africa and Latin America. For example, China.

3. The reason why the economies of developing countries are relatively backward.

4. Explanation of terms: "North-South dialogue", "South-South cooperation".

3. International Cooperation

1. Some important international organizations in the world and their responsibilities, purposes and advocacy spirit. (Refer to page 30 of "Geofilling Atlas".)

2. Founding date of the United Nations (1945), headquarters (New York, USA), basic purpose ("promote national development and maintain world peace"), 5 permanent members (China, United States, France, Russia, United Kingdom).