In ancient officialdom, isn't it common to buy, sell and donate officials?

One of the ways to be an official in China's ancient officialdom? Donate an official? That is, spending money to buy an official. Also called donation officer? Donation? ,? Donate classes? ,? Donate and lose? ,? Donate your future? Wait a minute. This is a way for the court in ancient society to raise funds by granting palace posts, and it is also a kind of praise for donors.

It originated very early, starting from the Qin Dynasty. Qin Shihuang sent a letter because of the locust disaster, and the whole people paid the first-class millet money. Emperor Wen of Han also accepted Chao Cuo: Is farming expensive? It is suggested that the people pay Xiaomi for atonement or be knighted. Later dynasties followed this law, sometimes because of salary increase, disaster relief, border preparation or project establishment. Use donations as a source of funds.

After receiving capital or food, donors can get official positions or praise. In the early Qing dynasty, the imperial court also used donations to raise money for reimbursement many times, but still? Temporary financing measures. Regular donations did not appear until after Qianlong. After the Opium War, the national financial expenditure surged, and wars and famines occurred from time to time. Therefore, donations are extensive, from doctors (equivalent to today's national ministers) to Beijing officials, from Daotai (equivalent to today's divisional cadres) to foreign officials. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, donations prevailed and official positions became commodities, resulting in a large number of corrupt and fatuous officials and appalling corruption.

As the saying goes:? Donate officials to do it and buy horses to ride. ? Donate and buy together, explain? Donation? Just? Buy? Just fame. In fact, the novel "Jin Ping Mei" in the Ming Dynasty talked about this drawback in officialdom:

The official heard that the traitor was in power, and four traitors, Gao, Yang, Tong and Cai, sold officials and titles in the DPRK, bribed and promoted, and pointed out that the price was paid by the party, and those who wanted to stab them suddenly rose to the position of beauty; Those who are honest and kind will not be eliminated after many years. As a result, customs degenerate and corrupt officials spread all over the world:

Exactly: wealth must rely on cunning, and fame depends entirely on Deng Tongcheng. ?

Who's Deng Tong? When Emperor Wen became an official, he was a doctor. Emperor Wen ordered him to make money, so Deng's money spread all over the world, and later generations often used his name as a synonym for money.

Because donating officials depends on money, a large number of rich and incompetent people have become officials.

In the early Qing Dynasty, HanDong described the dude who donated the official in "Three Ganglues":

The example of donating money was opened, so the son of Wan, the husband in the village and the city, went home with the money and pretended to be a gentleman. Zhang Gai took advantage of Yu, and his servants were like clouds, holding big thorns, filling the corners with complacency. ?

This kind of official prestige is bought with money. In the article "Various Donations to Classes", Lu Xun ridiculed the rich young masters who used money to buy officials. In the middle of the Qing dynasty, you can donate if you want to be an official. What is this called? Donate classes? This is the gang. The rich young master ate a greasy face and was busy for several days at once. He has a crystal top on his head, and sometimes a blue feather is added. He speaks mandarin, okay? The weather is very good today. ? What does it say? Busy for a few days? Probably on the matter of spending money to buy an official.

Why do some people sell their property in order to donate officials?

In fact, the purpose of donating officials is to make a fortune. It is no wonder that there is a popular saying in ancient officialdom, called

Being an official for thousands of miles is only for money. ?

Li Boyuan's "Hell on Earth" said: If an official is not for money, who will take 10,000 silver to donate that 80% pattern? Everyone who donates officials knows. Buying and selling all over the world, only the official has the greatest profit. ? Three years of Qing dynasty magistrate, 100 thousand snowflake silver? This is an old saying in officialdom. In the Qing Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu's "Memories" said that once an official obtained an official position, he should not only pay off the money he borrowed when he donated the official, but also save it for future use, so he was extremely greedy.

If you entrust a flock of sheep to the mouth of a hungry tiger, although there is a strong bow and poisonous arrow behind it, it will be swallowed if you are not careful. ?

Even Daoguang Emperor said:

What worries me most is donating classes. They never study, so it is hard to say that they will be profitable and honest. ?

Qing dynasty? Donate an official? There are many names in the draft of Qing history? There are detailed records in the election records, which can be roughly divided into the following categories:

One is? Donate an official? Spend the most money.

However, donations can make up the difference, and opportunities can make up the gap. When there is no shortage. But you should also go to yamen.

For example, officials who donate to Beijing, such as doctors, or foreign ministers, or a principal below, will be assigned to six yamen for roll call. If there are no vacancies in the official establishment of Langzhong and Yuanwailang. At this time, who is the official donor? Extra cheater? , or? An extra foreign minister? Wait a minute. If the donation comes from foreign officials, it will be distributed to the provinces. Finish filling the road? After the magistrate? Wait, wait for the real shortage of opportunities, okay? Handprint handle? . This opportunity includes taking the main road and spending more money on sports.

And second? Donation? , that is to say? Donate your future? .

This can be roughly divided into two types, one is? Registered? , or call? Record? . After the donation, the official department responsible for the allocation and assessment of officials can record your name (including three generations of resumes), and you will have a certain level of official qualification. If your family is rich and powerful and you don't want to go to the top, then you don't have to spend money to go through the door. You can wear official clothes at home and go out.

The second is donation? Virtual title? ,? Top wear? , you don't have to go to the official department? Registered? , to the ministries government should be based. It's just an honorary title, but you can wear this gorgeous official uniform, use official cars and horses, be a deacon and so on.

The third is that officials donate officials.

That is, a small official can donate a big official if he spends a sum of money; After replacing an official, you can spend a sum of money to fill the vacancy quickly, and the dismissed official can also donate an official to be reinstated.

The fourth is to donate examination qualifications, that is? Yin Na went to prison? .

In other words, you can get what the examiner needs by spending money? Sheng? Qualification.

So-called? Sheng? , that is? Students studying in imperial academy. The donated Guo-zi-jian diploma didn't have to go to imperial academy to study, but he did? Sheng? In the name of, a bit like today? Equivalent education? . Because it was donated with money, Guo Jian-Shengzai Chen was looked down upon by people in the society, and was often the object of satire in novels and plays, just like the surprisingly stingy short word-sheng in The Scholars.

In Qing Dynasty, there were many drawbacks and shady stories about donating officials. Cao Xueqin's novel A Dream of Red Mansions alluded to the prosperous times of Kang and Gan, and also revealed a lot about donating officials. In the thirteenth chapter of the book, it is said that Jia Zhen donated officials to his son Jia Rong. Donating officials is the responsibility of the Ministry of Finance (the Ministry of Finance is in charge of fiscal and taxation, and donating officials is a means of fund-raising, so it belongs to the Ministry of Finance). Jia Zhen didn't go to the Ministry officials, but to the eunuchs. What's the name of this eunuch? Dai quan? ,? Where is Geng? Fat batch:

Wonderful and powerful. ?

In fact, it is in power. He openly peddles titles and titles, and his tone is unparalleled. Lao Zhao, a departmental official of the Ministry of Finance, is either a minister or an assistant minister. They are all senior officials of the imperial court, but they all obey the arbitrary command of this big eunuch.

Yi Kuang, the prince of the Qing Dynasty, is also a typical example of selling officials and titles.

He sold countless officials, and people laughed at him at that time. Old qingji company? . "Biography of the King of Qing Dynasty" records that he took bribes to sell officials, and all the officials ran away;

Peter's mansion is located in the north outside the imperial city, and Beijing officials, large and small, are flocking to his door, which is what China said. ?

A person who wants to be an envoy bribed a relative and said to him. The king of Qing asked me to be a special envoy to England. ? Relatives and friends asked him: How much did it cost? He answered with a number. Friends and relatives say whatever they want? The British ambassador is very expensive, and you can only spend enough money as a special envoy of Belgium or Italy. ? Sure enough, this man was later appointed as the Italian envoy.

Once, when the post office was empty, Yi Kuang motioned to everyone. This shortage should be sold for three hundred and two thousand pieces of silver. Sheng Xuanhuai wants to buy it, and Yi Kuang says? 300,000 yuan can be used by others, but you must have 600,000 yuan. ? Later, after Sheng Xuanhuai's activities, Yi Kuang finally agreed: 300,000 yuan, but you have to pay cash and nothing else. ? Another example is written in A Dream of Red Mansions: Xiangyang Hou Shi Brothers and Lao San Donated? Long Jinwei? The eunuch Dai Quan accepted silver from others 1520 Liang, and Jia Zhen donated it to Jia Rong. As a friendship, he only received 1200. Jia Zhen asked him whether to send the money to the Ministry for exchange or to the home. He said to Jia Zhen: if you change in the Ministry, you will suffer again. ?

The business world is the most famous, and its style is nothing more than a gold shop. Which one can donate money in two lines? So if you can make money, you can use the back cabinet to make donations. A few years ago, in this business, I had contact with the bookkeepers of the official and household departments. There are only people running the yamen on the counter. Before choosing the headquarters, I donated my house, either checking my notes or catching up on the film (earning more than 28 yuan). What about registering, approving, exchanging photos, sending them to the library, checking and letting them go to work? In other words, if 100% of the money is not exchanged in the state treasury, then it is not donated by a sex child. Saving money, all fake titles, and bimonthly officials, all promotions, are very profitable. ?

Inside story of gold shop agent donating official. It shows us the disadvantages of official administration in Qing dynasty, which are unprecedented in official history: the universality of official donation, the complexity of official donation procedures, the darkness of official donation, and how much money the handlers earn. How can the general official benefactor directly know the great eunuch Dai Quan like Jia Zhen? I don't know how much it will cost to get through the layers.