The first volume of the first day of junior high school biology review materials. If you want the Hebei Education Edition, you must have the Hebei Education Edition! ! Baidu is biologically incomplete

The first volume of the first day of junior high school biology review materials. If you want the Hebei Education Edition, you must have the Hebei Education Edition! ! Baidu is biologically incomplete. Unit 1 Biology and Biosphere

Chapter 1 Understanding Biology

I. Biological characteristics:

1. Biology needs nutrition.

2. living things can breathe.

3. Organisms can excrete wastes produced in the body.

4. Organisms can respond to external stimuli.

5. Bioenergy can grow and reproduce.

All living things are made up of cells except viruses.

Second, investigate the creatures around us.

Investigation is one of the common methods of scientific inquiry.

Chapter II The biosphere is the home of all living things.

1. The biosphere is the largest ecosystem.

1. Biosphere range: the bottom of the atmosphere, most of the hydrosphere and the surface of the lithosphere.

Based on the sea level, it reaches 10 km and is released to 10 km.

2. Life in the biosphere:

A. There are mainly flying insects and birds in the atmosphere, as well as tiny organisms such as bacteria.

B. Most creatures in the hydrosphere live within150m of the water surface.

The lithosphere is the foothold of all terrestrial life.

3. The biosphere provides basic conditions for living things: nutrients, water, air, sunlight, suitable temperature and a certain living space.

4. Ecosystem types: Forest ecosystems are green reservoirs, grassland ecosystems, marine ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems, wetland ecosystems, farmland ecosystems and urban ecosystems.

5. The biosphere is the largest ecosystem and a unified whole.

Protecting the biosphere is everyone's responsibility.

Two. The influence of environment on living things

1. Effects of abiotic factors on organisms

Light, temperature, humidity, air, etc.

(1) All kinds of substances in plants and human bodies need water to transport.

(2) Photosynthesis of plants needs light, water and carbon dioxide as raw materials.

(3) Animals and plants need oxygen in the air to breathe, and they also need to breathe at a suitable temperature.

When several or one factor in the environment changes sharply, it will affect the life of living things and even lead to their death.

(4) The general process of scientific inquiry: asking questions, making assumptions, making plans, implementing plans, drawing conclusions, expressing and communicating.

2. The influence of biological factors on living things: Every living thing in nature is influenced by other living things.

The relationship between living things: predation, competition and cooperation.

Three. Biological adaptation and its impact on the environment

1. Biological adaptation to the environment: Every organism has its morphological structure and lifestyle adapted to its living environment, and its adaptability is universal.

2. Biological impact on the environment: Biological impact on the environment, earthworms make the soil more loose and fertile.

Biology and environment are a unified whole and should develop harmoniously.

Four. ecosystem

1. Concept of ecosystem: In a certain area, the unified whole formed by organisms and environment is called ecosystem.

2. Composition of ecosystem:

Producer: Organic matter (such as plants) can be directly manufactured.

Biological consumers: can't directly make organic matter, and eat plants (such as animals) directly or indirectly.

Decomposer: can decompose organic matter into simple inorganic matter for reuse by producers (such as bacteria and fungi).

Abiotic parts: sunlight, air, water, etc. , provide material and energy for biological life activities.

3. Food chain and food web

Food chain: the relationship between producers and consumers due to eating and being eaten.

For example: grass rabbit wolf

(1) The food chain must start from the producer.

(2) Arrows in the food chain indicate the flow direction of matter and energy.

(3) The food chain is the relationship between producers and consumers, and decomposers do not participate in the formation of the food chain.

Food web: a network structure formed by the intricate relationship between food chains.

When calculating the food chain in a food web, a complete food chain is formed from the producer to the final consumer.

Matter and energy in the ecosystem will flow along the food chain and food web, and some harmful substances will accumulate through the food chain. In the food chain, the higher the nutritional level, the more toxic substances accumulated in the body.

4. Ecological balance: The quantity and proportion of various organisms in the ecosystem have always remained relatively stable.

5. Ecosystem has certain self-regulation ability, but this kind of regulation ability is limited. (Pay attention to the analysis questions)

Unit 2 Organisms and Cells

The first chapter is to observe the cell structure.

1. Practice using a microscope

1. Structure of microscope (P36)

2. How to use the microscope:

(1) take and put the mirror; Hold the mirror base with your right hand (hold the mirror arm with your right hand and hold the mirror base with your left hand)

(2) aiming at light: rising, turning, watching and adjusting.

(3) Observation: release, press, drop, watch, rise, watch and adjust.

(4) Finishing

Take and place the mirror: hold the mirror arm with the right hand and the mirror base with the left hand. Place the microscope about 7 cm away from the edge of the experimental platform, slightly to the left. Install eyepiece and objective lens.

Alignment: Turn the converter to align the low-power objective lens with the light hole (the front end of the objective lens should keep a distance of 2 cm from the stage). Align the larger aperture.

Look at the eyepiece with your left eye and open your right eye. Rotate the reflector to make the light reflect into the lens barrel through the light hole. You can see a bright circular view through the eyepiece.

Observation: Place the specimen of the glass slide to be observed on the objective table, press it with a tabletting clamp, and the specimen faces the center of the light hole. Turn the coarse focusing screw to slowly lower the lens barrel until the objective lens approaches the slide specimen (eyes must be on the objective lens at this time). Open your eyes, look at the eyepiece with your left eye, and turn the coarse focusing screw counterclockwise to make the lens barrel rise slowly until you can see the object clearly. Then turn the fine focusing screw slightly to make the image of the object clearer.

Finishing: After the experiment, wipe the outside of the microscope, deflect the objective lens to both sides, put the eyepiece back into the mirror box, slowly lower the lens barrel to the lowest position, and then put the microscope into the mirror box.

3. Some important conclusions:

(1) The magnification of the microscope is equal to the product of the magnification of the eyepiece and the objective lens.

(2) The microscope image is opposite to the real thing (the image seen from the eyepiece is inverted).

(3) Move the object image in a certain direction in the visual field to the center of the visual field, and the slide will move in that direction (for example, move the object image in the upper left corner of the visual field to the center of the visual field, and the slide will move to the upper left corner); If the object image in the center of the field of view moves in one direction, the slide will move in the opposite direction.

(4) The smaller the magnification, the wider the field of vision, the more cells you see, the smaller the object image and the brighter the light;

The larger the magnification, the smaller the field of view, the fewer the number of cells, the larger the image and the darker the light.

(5) The length of the eyepiece is inversely proportional to the magnification, and the longer the eyepiece, the smaller the magnification.

The length of the objective lens is proportional to the magnification, and the longer the objective lens, the greater the magnification.

(6) There are three kinds of stains in the field of vision: on the objective lens, on the eyepiece and on the object. Move the eyepiece, if the stain moves with it, the stain is on the eyepiece; Move the slide specimen, the stain will move with it, and then the stain will be on the slide specimen; If the stain cannot be removed in the first two times, the stain is on the objective lens.

(7) Light will pass through the reflector, aperture, light hole, slide specimen, objective lens, lens barrel and eyepiece before entering people's eyes.

(8) The object image observed under the low-power lens is clear, and the object image is blurred after being replaced by the high-power objective lens, so it should be adjusted by fine-tuning the focus screw.

(9) When replacing the objective lens, turn the edge of the converter instead of pulling the objective lens directly by hand.

(10) The lens is dirty and can only be wiped with mirror paper.

2. Imitate and make temporary movies

1. Important: the material should be thin and transparent; When covering the cover glass, you should touch the water droplets first, and then put them down slowly to avoid bubbles.

2. Temporary packaging of plant cells.

Observe onion epidermal cells:

(1) Preparation: Wipe and drip (clean water).

(2) making: tearing, spreading and covering.

(3) Dyeing: drop (dilute iodine solution, if you want to observe chloroplasts in plant cells, you don't need to dye).

3. Step of temporarily loading animal cells.

Observation of human oral epithelial cells:

(1) Preparation: Wipe and drip (saline).

(2) Production: scraping, coating and covering.

(3) Dyeing: drop (dilute iodine solution) absorption.

4. Common slide specimens

Slice: made of thin slices cut from organisms. For example, the cross section of a leaf

Smear: It is made of liquid biological materials. Such as: blood smear

Loading: made of a small amount of materials torn or removed from organisms or directly made of a single tiny organism. Such as paramecium load

3. Cell is the basic structure and functional unit of life activities.

Plants, animals and human bodies are all made up of many cells.

All functions of the human body are performed by cells or multiple cells.

All cells can show various characteristics of life and carry out metabolic activities in them. Photosynthesis in plants is carried out in cells, and respiration is always carried out in cells. All complex and changeable life activities are carried out in cells.

An important manifestation of life is self-reproduction. Cells can constantly produce new cells through division. Like life, cells show the process of growth, aging and death. All these show that cells are the smallest structural and functional units of organisms.

1. The structure of plant cells and the function of each part:

Cell wall: transparent, protective and supportive cell.

Cell membrane: protects cells and controls substances inside and outside cells.

Cytoplasm: contains a large number of substances, including chloroplasts and vacuoles, which are filled with cell fluids.

Can flow, thus accelerating the exchange of substances inside and outside the cell.

Nucleus: contains genetic material.

Adjacent cells of plants are connected by plasmodesmata and exchange nutrients with each other.

2. The structure of animal cells

Cell membrane: protects cells and controls substances inside and outside cells.

Cytoplasm: It can flow and accelerate the material exchange with the outside world.

Nucleus: contains genetic material.

3. Cells produce cells through division.

(1) The process of splitting:

One cell is divided into two cells, which increases the number of cells.

When dividing, the nucleus divides first and then the cytoplasm divides (plants: in the middle of the original cells, new cell membranes and cell walls are gradually formed; Animals: the cell membrane in the middle of the cell is sunken inward and divided into two);

The growth of cells is characterized by absorbing nutrients from the surrounding environment, growing up gradually and increasing the cell volume. When growing, many small vacuoles appear at first, and finally merge into one big vacuole.

(2) In the process of cell division, the chromosome changes are as follows: firstly doubling and then halving, and the chromosome morphology and number of the two new cells are the same as those of the original cells.

(3) The growth of organisms is characterized by cell growth (volume increase) and cell division (quantity increase).

4. The main differences between animal and plant cell structures

Plant cell animal cell

The similarities are nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm.

The difference is that there are cell walls and vacuoles, and there are chloroplasts in the cells in the green part, but there are no cell walls and vacuoles and no chloroplasts.

(1) Plant cells have more cell walls, chloroplasts and vacuoles than animal cells;

(2) Vacuoles of plant cells contain cell sap, which is composed of water, inorganic salts, sugar and pigments.

Cell is a unified whole, and it is the basic unit of structure and function of animals and plants.

Chapter II Cell Life

1. energy converter in cytoplasmic chloroplast: light energy is converted into chemical energy.

Mitochondria: release chemical energy

2. The nucleus is the genetic information base.

1. Some substances in the nucleus that can be dyed dark by alkaline dyes are chromosomes.

2. Chromosome consists of DNA and protein.

3.DNA is a double helix structure, which is the substance that stores genetic information in the nucleus, and genes are DNA fragments that determine biological characteristics.

4. Genetic information is all the information contained in every cell of life that can guide the development of the body. This information is stored in DNA molecules, and DNA mainly exists in the nucleus.

5. Cells are the unity of matter, energy and genetic information.

Chapter 3 How cells make up an organism

1. Organisms are formed by cell division and differentiation.

1. Cell division produces new cells, which gradually change in shape, structure and function, that is, cell differentiation, thus forming different tissues.

2. Tissue: A cell group composed of many cells with similar morphology and the same structure and function.

3. Tissue formation is the result of cell differentiation.

2. Identify several basic tissues of human body

Examples of name synthesis functions

Epithelial tissue is composed of epithelial cells, which protect and secrete human oral epithelium and glands.

Connective tissue is widely distributed, which plays the role of connecting, supporting, protecting and nourishing bone tissue, blood and tendons.

Muscle tissue consists of muscle cells, which contract and relax skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.

Nerve cells in nerve tissue generate excitement and conduct it.

3. Several main tissues of plants

1. Protection tissue: It is composed of epidermal cells and has the function of protecting internal tender parts (such as the surface of onion scales).

2. Nutritional tissue: the cell wall is thin and the vacuole is large, which has the function of storing nutrients; Vegetative tissues containing chloroplasts can also carry out photosynthesis (such as tomato pulp)

3. Meristem: It is composed of cells with dividing ability. Its cell characteristics are small cells, thin cell wall, large nucleus and thick cytoplasm, which have strong ability to divide and produce new cells, and then these cells differentiate into other tissues.

4. Conveying mechanism: conduit and sieve tube. The conduit can transport water and inorganic salts, and the sieve tube can transport organic matter.

4. The hierarchical structure of organisms:

Differentiate into plants

Composition of cells, tissues and organs

Systematic animal body

Animals form a unified whole under the regulation of nervous system and body fluids.

5. Structural levels of green flowering plants: structural levels of cells, tissues, organs and individuals.

1. Green flowering plants, namely angiosperms, grow and develop from fertilized eggs.

2. After cell division and differentiation, fertilized eggs form tissues and organs, and then form plants.

(cells, tissues, organs, plants)

Cell: the basic unit of plant structure and function

Tissue: meristem, protective tissue, dredging tissue, nutritional tissue and mechanical tissue.

Organ: Different tissues are combined in a certain order to form a structure with certain functions.

Such as: vegetative organs: roots, stems, leaves;

Reproductive organs: flowers, fruits and seeds.

3. Green flowering plants are composed of six organs: roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds.

Six. Structural levels of human body: structural levels of cells, tissues, organs, systems and individuals.

1. The growth and development of human body also starts from fertilized eggs.

2. After cell division and differentiation, fertilized eggs form tissues, organs and systems, and then form the human body.

(Cell, tissue, organ system, human body)

Cell: the basic unit of animal structure and function

Tissue: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue.

Organ: Different tissues are combined in a certain order to form a structure with certain functions. Give priority to with some kind of organization.

Such as heart, liver, spleen, brain and biceps brachii.

System: the sum total of multiple organs that can perform one or several physiological functions at the same time and form in a certain order. For example, the eight systems of the human body (digestive system, reproductive system, urinary system, nervous system, endocrine system, exercise system, respiratory system and circulatory system) coordinate with each other under neuroregulation and humoral regulation, and * * * complete the complex life activities of the human body.

3. Animals have more "systematic" structural levels than plants.

Seven. Single-celled organisms can complete life activities independently.

1. unicellular organism: an organism whose body consists of only one cell.

2. Most single-celled organisms live in water environment.

3. A cell can complete various life activities such as obtaining nutrition, gas exchange and discharging waste.

4. Single-celled organisms in life: bacteria and single-celled fungi (such as yeast)

Unicellular animals (such as paramecium, Eupolyphaga, amoeba)

Single-celled algae plants (such as Chlamydomonas), etc.

5. Structure and life of single-celled organisms

Observe paramecium:

(1) Wipe the slide clean, and suck a drop of culture solution (rich in oxygen) on the surface and drop it on the slide.

(2) Put some silk wool in the culture solution in the slide (to limit the activity of paramecium and facilitate observation), and then cover the slide.

(3) Structure diagram of paramecium

(4) paramecium stress

Unit 3 Green Plants in the Biosphere

Chapter 1 What green plants are there in the biosphere?

First, the structure of seeds

Bean seeds: corn seeds:

Seed coat: protect the internal structure Seed coat: cling to the peel to protect the internal structure.

Cotyledons: 2 pieces, hypertrophy, endosperm storing nutrients: storing nutrients.

Embryo: 1 cotyledons develop into stems and leaves, which are not hypertrophy and transport nutrients.

Embryo axis: the part of an embryo that connects the root and the stem: the stem and the leaf.

Radicle: develop into a root hypocotyl: develop into a part connecting the root and stem.

Radicle: develop into a root

Embryo is the larva of new plants and the main part of seeds, which consists of radicle, embryo, hypocotyl and cotyledon.

Kidney bean and corn seeds have seed coat and embryo, but the difference is that corn seeds have endosperm, which stores nutrients and cotyledons 1 piece transport nutrients; Bean seeds have no endosperm, 2 leaflets and store nutrients.

Dicotyledonous plants: the embryo of a seed has two cotyledons and no endosperm, such as broad beans, peanuts, soybeans and kidney beans.

Monocotyledon: The embryo of a seed has cotyledons and endosperm, such as rice, wheat, sorghum and corn.

Chapter II Life of Angiosperms

First, seed germination

1. Conditions for seed germination: the seeds are intact and vigorous, and the seeds are not in a dormant state.

External conditions: suitable temperature, sufficient air and certain moisture.

2. The process of seed germination:

Seed swelling by water absorption

Material change: organic matter stored in seeds is converted into water-soluble substances.

Beans: In cotyledons.

Nutrients are transformed into water-soluble substances and transported to radicle, embryo and hypocotyl.

Corn: In the endosperm

Radicle; The hypocotyl part connecting the root and stem; Germ stem and leaf

3. Seed dormancy period: the period when seeds cannot germinate after maturity.

4. Seed life: affected by external conditions.

5. Experiment-Explore the external conditions of seed germination

2. Plant growth

1. Young root growth:

(1) The absorption of water and inorganic salts is mainly in the root tip.

(2) The basic structure and main functions of root tips:

Mature area: the main part that absorbs water and inorganic salts (because some epidermal cells protrude outward to form root hairs, which expands the contact area with soil)

Elongation zone: Cells stop dividing and elongate rapidly (cell volume increases).

The fastest growing part of the root; It also absorbs water and contains no salt.

Make the length of the root increase continuously.

Meridian zone: strong division ability (increased number of cells)

Root crown: play a protective role

Structure above mature area: root hair falls off, absorption function is lost, ducts increase, and dredging function is strengthened.

The cells in the extension area come from the cell division in the meristem area.

2. Bud development process:

1) A branch is a bud.

2) There is meristem in the bud. During bud development, meristem cells divide and differentiate to form new branches, which are composed of tender stems, leaves and buds, and the buds on the branches can develop into new branches.

3) Buds are divided into leaf buds, flower buds and mixed buds.

Three. Development and achievements

1, flowers are developed from flower buds, and the structure of flowers is:

Pedicel connection and support

container

Perianth sepals protect the internal structure of flowers and attract insects.

petal

Stamen anther: there is pollen in it, and the pollen contains sperm.

Staminal filaments: supporting anthers

Stigma: the main part receiving pollen.

Pistil style: connecting ovary and stigma.

There is an ovary wall outside the ovary.

An egg cell with ovules inside.

2. Formation of fruits and seeds

1) Angiosperms will bloom when they grow to a certain period, and the anthers will naturally crack and release pollen when they mature. The process of pollen falling from anther to pistil stigma is called pollination.

2) After the pollen falls on the stigma, it begins to germinate under the stimulation of mucus on the stigma and grows pollen tubes.

3) The pollen tube passes through the style, enters the ovary and reaches the ovule. There are egg cells in the ovule, which combine with the sperm in the pollen tube to form fertilized eggs.

4) After fertilization (the process in which sperm and eggs fuse into fertilized eggs), petals, stamens, stigmas and styles fall off one after another, but the ovary continues to develop and eventually becomes a fruit.

Style and shame decline

The pericarp of the ovary wall.

Ovary integument seed coat fruit

Embryo species of fertilized eggs

(fertilized polar endosperm)

4. Describe the cultivation process of a common plant

Chapter III Green Plants and the Water Cycle in the Biosphere

First, the life of green plants needs water and inorganic salts.

1. Why do plants need water for their lives?

(1) Water is an important part of plants.

(2) Keep the plants in a certain posture

(3) Inorganic salts can only be absorbed and transported if they are dissolved in water.

(4) Water participates in plant metabolism.

2. Water affects the distribution of plants.

Deserts will form where water is scarce.

(2) Grassland is formed where there is relatively more moisture.

(3) Where there is enough water, there is forest.

3. Plants need all kinds of inorganic salts, among which nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the most important:

Examples of inorganic salt deficiency symptoms are as follows

Nitrogen promotes cell division and growth, making branches and leaves flourish, leaves turn yellow, plants are short, human and animal feces and urine

Phosphorus promotes the development of seedlings and the opening of flowers, so that the maturity of fruits and seeds affects the formation of flowers and fruits and the development of bone meal in advance.

Potassium-containing plants make stems thicker, promote starch formation, and plants are prone to lodging in plant ash.

2. Ways of water entering plants

1. Roots are suitable for water absorption.

(1) Water and inorganic salts are absorbed from soil by root system, and the main part of root system absorbing water is the mature area of root tip (referring to the section from root tip to hairy root).

(2) The basic structure and main functions of root tips:

Mature zone: the main part that absorbs water and inorganic salts (because some epidermal cells protrude outward to form root hairs)

Elongation zone: the part where cells stop dividing, elongate rapidly and roots grow fastest;

It can also absorb water and inorganic salts and increase the length of roots.

Meridian zone: it has a strong splitting ability.

Root crown: play a protective role

Mature area and its superstructure: the root hair falls off and loses its absorption function, and the conduit appears to transport water and inorganic salts upwards.

(3) Root characteristics suitable for water absorption: 1) There are a lot of root hairs in the mature area, which greatly increases the absorption area of the root system and is the main part of the root system to absorb water and inorganic salts;

2) The cell wall of root hair cells is very thin, with few cytoplasm and large vacuoles;

3) Both elongation zone and mature zone can absorb water and inorganic salts.

2. Waterway route

(1) Catheter: a hollow tube formed by the upward and downward movement of dead cells in plants.

(2) Mode of water transportation: water in soil roots and conduits in stems and leaves.

3. Cambium: Located between xylem (the vessel is in xylem) and phloem (the sieve tube is in phloem), the cells of cambium continuously divide to form new xylem cells and phloem cells. Woody plants have cambium, so the stems can grow very thick, while herbs don't, so the stems are not thick.

4. Comparison of conduit and sieve tube:

Function quantity of special point of name distribution structure

Fine cell transverse wall

The xylem of the vessel is composed of many dead tubular cells connected up and down, which completely disappears and transports water and inorganic salts from the root to the upper part.

The phloem of the sieve tube consists of many living tubular cells connected up and down, and there are sieve holes to transport the organic matter in the leaves to the lower part.

The conduits in the roots, stems and leaves are interlinked, and so are the sieve tubes in the roots, stems and leaves.

Third, green plants participate in the water cycle of the biosphere.

1. transpiration causes a lot of water loss. New senior high school entrance examination P30.8

(1) concept: the process of water being emitted from the body to the outside in gaseous state.

(2) Observe the structure of the blade (experiment)

Epidermal epidermal cells: There is cuticle outside, which plays a protective role.

Guard cell (paired half-moon shape with chloroplasts inside): controls the opening and closing of stomata (gateway for gas to enter and exit).

Mesophyll: Cells contain chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll.

Vein: Support function

Conveying function: conduit conveys water and inorganic salts, and sieve tube conveys organic matter.

(3) Place: It is mainly lost through stomata of leaves, and a small amount is also carried out on petioles and tender stems.

Stomata are the "gateway" of transpiration and water loss, and also the "window" of gas exchange.

Ductal stomata in roots, stems and leaves of root hairs

(4) Process: The moisture in the soil affects the atmosphere of mesophyll cells.

(5) Significantness: 1) Reduce the temperature of plants;

2) promoting the root system to absorb water from the soil;

3) Promote the transportation of water and inorganic salts.

2. Transpiration of plants: most of the water absorbed by plant roots from soil is lost to the atmosphere through transpiration. For example, a corn absorbs about 200 kilograms of water from the soil during its life from emergence to fruiting, but the water that is really used in various physiological processes and remains in the plant is 1%, and 99% of the water is evaporated.

3. Green plants participate in the biosphere water cycle, increase atmospheric humidity, increase precipitation and improve climate.

Maintain soil and water and replenish groundwater.

Chapter IV Green plants are producers of organic matter in the biosphere.

1. Green plants produce organic matter through photosynthesis.

1. Green leaves make organic matter under light (experiment)

The purpose of dark treatment is to discharge the organic matter from the leaves.

Shading irradiation is carried out in the dark, and the upper and lower sides should be covered at the same time, and the shaded and non-shaded places are in contrast.

(1) Method steps: Remove the blade.

Alcohol fades, chlorophyll is dissolved by heating in water, and leaves turn yellow and white.

Rinse clean, drop iodine solution, and observe the results: the light-receiving part of the leaf turns blue when it meets iodine.

(2) Conclusion: Green leaves make organic matter-starch under light.

2. Photosynthesis "New Senior High School Entrance Examination" P3 1. example

(1) Concept: The process by which green plants convert carbon dioxide and water into energy-storing organic matter (such as starch) and release oxygen through chloroplasts.

(Experiment (textbook P 127- 129)

illuminate

(2) Reaction formula: carbon dioxide+water organic matter (energy storage)+oxygen.

chloroplast

(3) Raw materials: carbon dioxide and water.

(4) Products: organic matter (stored energy) (such as starch) and oxygen.

(5) location: chloroplast

(6) Condition: Light

(7) Material transformation: simple organic matter, complex organic matter, and release oxygen.

Transformation of energy: chemical energy in light energy organic matter

(8) Significance: 1) Provide organic matter for plant growth, development and reproduction.

2) Provide basic food sources for other creatures in the biosphere.

3) Organic matter provides necessary energy sources for animals, plants and human life.

4) Green plants consume carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through photosynthesis and release oxygen (exceeding their own demand for oxygen) to maintain the relative balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen in the biosphere.

2. The application of green plant photosynthesis principle in production:

Reasonable close planting can maximize the use of solar energy.

3. The respiration of green plants:

1. Concept: The process that plants absorb oxygen in the air, convert organic matter into carbon dioxide and water, and release energy from organic matter at the same time.

2. Reaction formula: organic matter (stored energy)+oxygen and carbon dioxide+water+energy.

3. Location: All living cells in plants (mainly in mitochondria)

4. Meaning: part of the energy released by breathing meets the needs of life activities, and part of it is released in the form of heat.

5. Relationship with human production and life: grain storage, intertillage and timely drainage.

6. The influence of external conditions on breathing:

External conditions affect production measures

The temperature increases with the increase of temperature. Too high will weaken the low-temperature preservation of vegetables, fruits and grains.

The water content increases with the increase of plant water content, and the grain must be dried before it can be put into storage.

With the increase of oxygen concentration at a certain concentration, the oxygen content of fruits and vegetables will decrease during storage (such as adding nitrogen)

If the concentration of carbon dioxide is high, it will be suppressed. Adding carbon dioxide will prolong the storage time of fruits and vegetables.

7. Breathing is a common feature of living things.

Chapter 5, Green Plants and the Balance of Carbon and Oxygen in Biosphere

The relationship between respiration and photosynthesis;