Information about ancient tools

/technocracy/Discussion.aspx？ articleid= 15 15048

/technocracy/Discussion.aspx？ articleid= 15 15048

The most primitive tools of labor

Making and using tools is the essential difference between humans and animals. With tools, it means the transformation of nature and the beginning of production. Therefore, the history of human civilization, first of all, is the history of making and using tools.

So, what was the earliest tool created by human beings? It's stone tools.

It is speculated that in the process of human formation, when natural sticks and stones were used for food and defense for a long time, it was found that it was more labor-saving to cut things with the sharp edges produced by gravel crushing, so I was inspired to hit the stones and break them to make suitable tools.

Around the world, people began to make tools about 3 million years ago. The earliest tools probably didn't have a standard form, and one thing was multi-purpose. The earliest stone tools found in Oduwe gorge valley in Tanzania are about 2 million years ago, and their typical stone tools are chopping tools made of gravel.

The most primitive way to make stone tools in Paleolithic Age was to knock or hit a stone to form a cutting edge, which was called a stone tool. There are certain methods and steps to make thin-edged stone tools for cutting: first, cut the required stone pieces from the stone, and then trim the cut stone pieces to form stone tools. Early stone tools were all trimmed with a stone hammer, and the edges were uneven. In the middle stage, smooth the edges with wooden sticks or bone sticks. In the later stage, the finishing technology was further improved and the suppression method was created. The pressing tools are mainly bones, horns or hardwood. The stone tools trimmed by pressing method have been relatively fine.

In the Neolithic Age, stone tools manufacturing technology has made great progress. First of all, there are certain requirements for the selection, cutting, grinding, drilling and carving of stone materials. After the stone is selected, make the prototype of the stone tool first, then put the blade or the whole surface on the grindstone and polish it with water and sand. This becomes a grinding stone tool.

Compared with hammering stone tools, grinding stone tools have more accurate and reasonable shapes of upper, lower, left and right parts, which makes the use more specific; It enhances the sharpness of the stone tool blade, reduces the resistance in use, and enables the tool to play a greater role.

The invention of perforation technology is another important achievement of stone tool manufacturing technology, which can be basically divided into three types: drilling, pipe piercing and cutting. Drilling through is to use a sharpened hard stick, or put a stone drill on one end of the stick, add some wet sand to the place to be drilled, and then turn the stick with your palm or bowstring to drill holes. Pipe piercing is to drill holes with sharpened thin bamboo tubes, and the specific method is the same as drilling. Drilling, that is, cutting a big hole on a large stone tool directly with a percussion tool. The purpose of punching holes is to make composite tools, so that stone tools can be firmly tied to the wooden handle, which is convenient to use and carry and improves labor efficiency.

The variety of stone tools in the Neolithic Age increased greatly. A large number of agricultural, handicraft and fishing and hunting tools were unearthed in the early ruins, including axes, hoes, shovels, chisels, trowels, spears, grindstones, nets and so on. Later plows, knives, hoes and sickles were added.

The improvement of production tools in primitive society has enhanced people's ability to resist nature, and the world of social production and life has become increasingly broad. However, at that time, the only things that people could control were ropes made of stones, wood, bones, horns and natural fibers, which limited the creation and development of tools.

The earliest needle

In the late Paleolithic period (about 6.5438+0.7 million years ago), people could sew clothes with animal skins, and they were no longer naked. Needle is an indispensable tool for sewing clothes. At present, the earliest known needle in China is the bone needle found in the Neanderthal site about 18000 years ago.

In the 1930s, archaeologists discovered a bone needle at the Gulongshan site in Zhoukoudian, southwest Beijing. This bone needle is 82 mm long, with a diameter of 3.3 mm at the thickest part of the needle body. The needle body is smooth and slightly curved, the needle tip is round and sharp, and there are tiny pinholes with a diameter of 3. 1 mm at the needle end. To make such a bone needle, it must go through many processes, such as cutting animal bones, scraping, grinding and digging pinholes. This requires a high manufacturing process to complete. This spicule is also the earliest sewing tool known in the world.

Bone needles have been used in China for a long time. It was not until the end of the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) that China began to sew clothes with iron needles. As for the manufacture of steel needles, it was in the Northern Song Dynasty 1000 years after the appearance of iron needles.

The earliest stove

Stove is an important tool for ancient people to make a fire and cook. Up to now, stoves are still widely used in many rural areas of China. Legend has it that China had a stove in the period of the Yellow Emperor, but judging from the long history of using fire in China, the invention of the stove should be before this.

At present, the earliest kind of stove in China is the duplex stove, which was found in the site of Anbanpo, Xi 'an, Shaanxi, about six or seven thousand years ago. Its basic form is: dig two fire pits on the ground, the two pits on the ground are separated and the two pits underground are connected. One of the pits is where firewood enters, and the other is where a fire breaks out. The hole at the intersection of the two pits has the same function as the kitchen door of later generations, while the function of the fire pit is similar to that of the kitchen room of later generations.

Although the structure of this kind of stove is simple, it embodies quite scientific truth, which is a great progress compared with lighting a bonfire on the flat ground. For example, connecting the two pits and building a passage between the firewood entrance and the ignition can draw wind and ignite the fire, so that the firewood can burn more fully, thus increasing the temperature of the fire; There is an earth wall around the stove, and the fire is in the pit, so the fire is easy to rise, so that the firepower is concentrated, and people can cook food quickly without being burned by the fire; When the fire is in the pit, it can gather gas to store heat, and the embers can warm food after burning, which improves the utilization rate of the fire. The embers stay in the furnace, which can preserve the fire; Wait a minute.

The invention of the stove made our ancestors take an important step in the struggle against nature and the progress of human civilization.

The earliest stone mill

Removing the hulls of grains and wheat and grinding them into powder is a tedious job. According to Shiben, the stone mill was invented by Gong Bo (that is, Lu Ban) in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which made grain processing much easier.

1968, a stone mill about 2 100 years ago was unearthed from the Han Tomb in Mancheng, Hebei Province, which is the earliest stone mill discovered in China so far. This stone mill is composed of two thick circular stone disks, which are called "grinding fans". The two grinding fans are sealed up and down, and a grinding cavity is chiseled in the middle; The upper fan is also provided with a grain filling hole which is communicated with the grinding cavity. On the mating surface of the two grinding fans, the sawtooth shape of scraggy is chiseled respectively, which is called "grinding teeth". In the center of the lower grinding fan, an upward protruding iron vertical shaft is placed; A set of holes is drilled in the center of the upper grinding fan, which can be sleeved on the vertical shaft of the lower fan. When in use, push the handle of the upper fan to make it rotate.

When the upper fan of the stone mill rotates, the grinding teeth of the upper fan and the grinding teeth of the lower fan are meshed and staggered with each other, resulting in a slight lifting movement, so there is an instantaneous tooth gap between the upper fan and the lower fan, so that the processed grains can continuously enter the grinding teeth through the holes of the upper fan. When the stone mill is used, the up-and-down impact force of Chu Jiu becomes tooth surface friction, and the intermittent work of Chu Jiu becomes continuous work. This greatly reduces the labor intensity and improves the production efficiency. The invention of stone mill is a great progress of ancient grain processing tools.

In the long-term production practice, the ancient working people in China constantly improved the stone mill. The water mill was invented in Jin Dynasty, and water power was used instead of manpower. At the same time, continuous grinding was invented, and these inventions were in a leading position in the world at that time.

The earliest bows and arrows

China was the first country in the world to invent the bow and arrow.

In Zhiyu (now Zhiyu Village, Shuo County, Shanxi Province) inhabited in the late Paleolithic period about 28,000 years ago, some finely processed pebbles were found. They are made of thin flint sheets, which are hard and easy to split the blade. One end of the arrow has a sharp point, and the two sides of the bottom opposite to the sharp point are processed into concave seats for installing the arrow shaft. Because bows and shafts in primitive society are made of perishable bamboo and wood, it is difficult to preserve them, so these small stones are the earliest known bows and arrows in China and the world.

Bow and arrow is a great invention of human beings in primitive society, which has three elements of machine analyzed by Marx: (1) power. The work done by people (pulling strings) is converted into potential energy (pulling strings), which plays the role of power and engine. (2) transmission. The pulled string retracts, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, and the arrow is shot out, which plays a role in transmission. (3) tools. The function of the arrow is a tool. When it shoots at animals, it is equivalent to people hitting animals with stone tools.

After the invention of bows and arrows, human beings can not only hunt land beasts from a long distance, but also shoot birds in the air and fish in the water, greatly enhancing their ability to fight against nature. Before the invention of firearms, bows and arrows have always been effective hunting tools and combat weapons for human beings. As Engels said in The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State, "Bows and arrows are decisive weapons for uncivilized times, just as iron is for barbaric times and firearms are for civilized times."

Crossbows are created on the basis of bows. Due to the limitation of physical strength, people can't pull the bow for a long time. In order to prolong the time of drawing the bow and aim better, our ancestors invented the crossbow.

Crossbows are mainly composed of crossbows and crossbow arms. The bow is equipped with strings, and the arm is equipped with crossbow machines, which cooperate with each other to launch arrows. The crossbow arm is made of wood, and the front end has a transverse bow hole in which the bow is fixed. There is a trough-shaped vector path at the front end of the crossbow arm for releasing arrows. It can ensure that the arrow will go straight ahead after launch. Did everything wrong? In Shuo Lin, there is a record of "turning off the power with a martingale", in which "lever" and "turning off" are the names of the components on the crossbow, the lever is the crossbow arm, and the turning off is a crossbow machine with an arrow. Yi is a legend in the era of the Yellow Emperor. It seems that crossbows may have been invented at the end of primitive society. The earliest crossbow seen now was in the Warring States period, when there was a relatively advanced bronze crossbow machine.

The usage of crossbow is to pull the string apart and buckle it on the crossbow machine. When the most favorable launch opportunity is captured, move the "hanging knife" (trigger) and shoot an arrow. The earliest crossbow machine only played the role of "delay device". After continuous improvement, the performance of crossbows is getting better and better, and there are more and more types. For example, in the Han Dynasty, a scale began to appear on the "Looking Mountain" of the crossbow machine, which was equivalent to the scale of a rifle, which improved the shooting accuracy. In this way, the crossbow not only has the function of "delay device". It also has the function of "aiming device". In addition, a crossbow capable of continuous archery appeared in the Han Dynasty. At first, crossbows, like bows, only used the strength of one person's arm. Later, there was a crossbow that pulled the string with the foot; Crossbow with winch; At the latest in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, several bows were combined into a crossbow and a "bed crossbow" was made.

Compared with bows, crossbows have better aiming, higher hit rate, longer range and greater lethality. They were quite powerful long-range weapons in ancient times. For example, the most commonly used Liushi crossbow in the Han Dynasty has a tension of 1.86 kg and a range of 260 meters. The Song Zi crossbow in the Northern Song Dynasty had a range of over 500 meters, which was an amazing weapon in the world at that time.

Our country invented and used crossbows much earlier than the west. The crossbow only appeared in ancient Russia in the 10 century, but it did not appear in western Europe until the end of the 1 1 century.

A difficult journey

Luban's invention

Lu Ban was an outstanding civil construction craftsman and inventor in the late Spring and Autumn Period in China.

Lu Ban, surnamed Gong Bo, has the same name. Because he is a native of Lu, the pronunciation of "Xiang" and "Ban" is the same, which is very common in ancient times, so people often call him Lu Ban. Lu Ban was born into a family of artisans for generations. He built bridges, roads and houses with his family since he was a child, learned good skills and accumulated rich experience.

Lu Ban made many inventions. According to ancient records, many tools and appliances used by carpenters were invented by him. After inventing the saw that we all know, Lu Ban pondered another thing: how to make the wood smooth after sawing it? So he created a tool, embedded a sharp knife in the middle of the wood block, and pushed it to scrape off the uneven wood surface. Sure enough, the wood was planed very smoothly without much effort. This tool is called a planer.

The invention and wide application of iron saws and planers liberated craftsmen from primitive and heavy labor at that time and greatly promoted the development of woodworking technology, which was a great contribution of Lu Ban.

According to legend, Mo Dou, chisel, shovel, ruler and other tools used in woodworking were also invented by Lu Ban. Today, some people still call the music master "Lu Banchi".

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period when Lu Ban lived, wars broke out constantly. Chu in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Yue in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River often have struggles. After Lu Bannan swam to the State of Chu, he skillfully designed and manufactured a water warfare weapon called "Hook Rejection" for the water army of Chu. This is a long-rod weapon with an iron hook at the front end, which can "reject" or hook the opponent's attack ship, thus gaining the initiative in the water war. Luban also created a siege equipment-ladder, which has both iron hooks and steps, and can be lifted freely, making siege very convenient.

Lu Ban is also an outstanding mechanical inventor. The lock he made, the mechanism is inside, and there is no trace outside. It can only be opened with the help of a correctly matched key. Luban also improved the structure of the vehicle and made a motorized wooden horse.

In architecture, Luban's contribution is also outstanding. Legend has it that he helped craftsmen solve the problem of building pavilions with two fish and a bowl of rice.

Once, Lu Ban passed by a construction site and saw an unfinished pavilion with a beam and a lid beside it. After reading it for a long time, he came to a stunned construction manager, Master Zhang, and asked, "Are you worried about this beam and cover?"

Master Zhang sighed and said, "Yes, it is stipulated that the trunk of Vitex negundo should be used as the main beam, but the trunk of Vitex negundo is short." I want to use this whole purple sand stone as a cover. I don't know what to do. This purple stone is too heavy to be carried on the main beam. "

Lu Ban nodded slightly and muttered, "We should think of a clever way ..."

Master Zhang was overjoyed and asked, "What do you think, old man?" Lu Ban replied, "Please, I want to eat first."

Master Zhang led Lu Ban home, asked his wife to bring him fish dishes and a big bowl of rice, and squatted by the pavilion to meditate.

After about a meal, Master Zhang came home and saw that the person had disappeared. The table was a mess: two fish were placed flat on the mouths of two rice bowls, and the fish mouths were placed at the ends of a chopstick; A lot of rice was poured on the table, and four chopsticks on the rice pile supported the bowl.

"What is this?" Master Zhang was dazed ... suddenly he suddenly realized and shouted excitedly: "I see! This is to teach me to lift the beam pier pavilion with fish! "

According to Lu Ban's "hint", Master Zhang connected a wooden fish at each end of the main beam to increase the length, and asked the craftsman to pick a mound on the pavilion column until only the pavilion stigma was exposed. Then let everyone carry the pavilion cover on the mound and move the pavilion cover up. The pavilion finally got on the beam and closed the cover.

Have you ever been to the Forbidden City in Beijing? The structure of the four-corner building of the Forbidden City consists of 9 beams or 18 beams and 782 ridges. It is said that this structure was originally designed by Lu Ban.

Lu Ban had many inventions in his life. For more than two thousand years, he has been regarded as the "founder" by folk craftsmen and has been respected and commemorated.

New ideas of hungry people

Cooking pots have existed since ancient times. But what's the difference between a pressure cooker and an ordinary cooker? Who invented it? This should start with the experience of a hungry man.

More than 300 years ago, the young French doctor Papin was forced to flee abroad. He trudged along the Alps, intending to take refuge in Switzerland. Papin sleeps on the road, finds some mountain springs to drink when he is thirsty, and cooks some potatoes when he is hungry.

One day, Papin walked near a mountain peak. He felt hungry, so he found some dry branches, lit a bonfire and cooked potatoes. It is strange that the water has been boiled several times, but the potatoes are still not cooked. For the sake of his stomach, he managed to eat unripe potatoes. This incident left a deep impression on him.

A few years later, Papin's life took a turn for the better. He came to work in a scientific research unit in England. The past of the Alps is vivid. He found many reference books and calculated the height of the mountain. A series of questions churned in Papin's mind: What laws in physics can explain this phenomenon? What is the relationship between the boiling point of water and atmospheric pressure? Later, he imagined that if the air pressure was artificially increased, the boiling point of water would be higher than 100 degrees Celsius on the flat ground, and the cooking time might be shorter.

But how can we increase the air pressure?

Papin made a closed container himself. He wants to increase the water vapor in the container by heating without losing it, so that the air pressure in the container is getting bigger and bigger and the boiling point of water is getting higher and higher. However, when he stared at the heating container with his eyes wide open, there was a banging sound inside the container. Papin was so scared that he had to stop the experiment temporarily and just sat in the chair.

Two years later, Papin drew a closed pot diagram according to his new idea and asked the technicians for help. In addition, a rubber pad is added between the pot body and the pot cover, and a hole is drilled above the pot cover, which solves the problems of air leakage along the pot edge and noise in the pot. Papin put the potatoes in the pot, light them and let them steam. 10 minutes later, the potatoes are cooked. However, he is still not satisfied. Can he cook chicken? How about making ribs?

168 1 year, Papin made the world's first pressure cooker-then called Papin cooker. He invited members of the Royal Society to a luncheon. In fact, it is to "identify" the pressure cooker. The cook in a tall white hat slaughtered the chicken in front of many arrogant gentlemen, stuffed it into a pressure cooker and put it on the stove. Those knowledgeable experts have not finished drinking a cup of tea, and plates of steaming and delicious steamed chicken have been placed on their desks. Ha ha! The chicken is completely cooked and the bones are soft. "Is this magic?" These experienced and critical scientists are impressed. Since then, Papin has become famous with a pressure cooker.

"Can pressure cookers only be used for cooking?" Papin put forward a new topic for himself. He went to hospitals, factories and schools to investigate where the pressure cooker could be used. A young nurse told Papin that the hospital didn't know how much time and manpower it would take to cook the disinfection cloth, needles and surgical instruments every day, and sometimes the effect was not satisfactory. Papin's eyes lit up. An elderly engineer told Papin that many chemical reactions are difficult to occur at normal temperature and pressure. If there are artificial conditions of high temperature and high pressure, then many new things can be synthesized ... Papin's heart moves. He wrote it all down in his notebook. Later, using the principle of making pasteurized pot, medical disinfection pot and chemical reaction kettle were produced. Papin was also elected as a member of the Royal Society.

What other uses might the pressure cooker have? Is there anything else worth transforming? Readers, you might as well think about it!

Several cases in Han dynasty

China furniture has a long history. Dry-rail wooden houses with tenon-mortise structure unearthed from the Neolithic site in Hemudu, Zhejiang, have been around for at least 7000 years. Later, the names of furniture such as "bed" and "car" appeared in Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

Furniture making skills became more mature in the Han Dynasty, when the economy was relatively developed: there were food cases like Meng Guang's Qi Mei case; There are those who sit on the bed and "repeatedly let two women wash their feet"; There are poets like Li Shangyin who wrote Jia Yi's "Sad and Empty Seats at Midnight", as well as books, screens and bedside tables.

1in April, 980, a complete lacquer case, 95 cm long and 32 cm wide, was unearthed from the Han Tomb in Xiatangzhuang, Huaguoshan, Lianyungang City. The whole box was painted in neat and exquisite patterns, and the colors were gamboge and ultramarine. At both ends of the rectangular desktop, there are four carved dragon-shaped column feet, which support the desktop with very delicate mortises. Youlong's tall and vigorous posture, like a faucet smoking, is vivid and lifelike, which really makes people feel vivid. Longkou spouts four waterfall-like water columns, which are connected with each other to form elegant thick clouds, billowing waves ... and a cocky toad. The dragon leans over and the toad looks up, which has a distinctive style of the Han Dynasty, reminiscent of the exquisite production of the dragon toad sculpture by Zhang Heng, a scientist of the Han Dynasty, on the "Seismograph"! As a dragon, the surface of the case is also decorated with scales, and the overall shape is like eight long dragons swimming side by side!

This kind of lacquer case is often placed in front of the bed, much like the kang table in northern China today, but not in the middle of the bed. So people also call it Bedfront, which can be used for reading, drinking and entertaining guests. Pictures depicting this scene can be found in paintings of the Han Dynasty.

According to Zhou Li, aristocrats at that time could use a lot of coins. According to different status levels, there are jade, sculpture, beard and vegetarian. Old people can't live without a few, so there is a saying in ancient books that "live a few, with crutches." The ancients often used a few words to respect the elderly, the Book of Rites. Qu Lishang said: "If you are looking for an old man, you must fuck a few sticks." -at that time, a few sticks were called pampered things. The etiquette system also stipulates that on the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, some sticks should be presented to the elderly.

On the portrait of the man sitting on the arch in the mural of the Han tomb in Sandaohao, Liaoyang, there are two figures with the same shape, one with a writing brush and a piece of silk on it, and the other with a small edible tray with three short feet on it. This shows that the front of the bed can also be used as a desk, which is equivalent to a book case, a drama case and a coffee table; It can also be used as a dining table. A small tray is considered as a small round table for eating. Small boxes can sometimes be made into squares and rectangles. This kind of small case is "been"? The kind of "Qi Mei" mentioned in the biography of Liang Hong. After returning home, Meng Guang, his wife, prepared a meal for him, held it high on the case, as neat as eyebrows, and dedicated it to Hongliang, which became a famous story of husband and wife respecting each other in history —— taking Qi Mei as an example.

Food records are generally only used by one person. If two or more people share them, this is a special case. For example, in order to make friends with and inspire the warrior Jing Ke to assassinate the king of Qin, Prince Dan of Yan often ate with Jing Ke. In addition to similar situations, even couples eat separately. It is mentioned in Hanshu Dongguan that Han Chengzu's wife is addicted to alcohol, and when drinking, she uses the book case on the table. This pencil case is the proof of putting pens, ink and silks, and can be used as a food box when drinking. Because the desktop of such cases is generally very thin, the angered Mrs. Han can "get up and solve the case" when the officials come in to play.

Very exquisite boxes, often "Jin Miao Cuo Yu" or "Kuai Cai Wenhua", are elegant and luxurious. We saw many cups, spoons, fish and meat in the unearthed round food box, showing a strong flavor of life. The rectangular case found in the tomb of Jiang Han in Datong, Shanxi, and the inscription in the 14th year of Yongyuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 102) provide conclusive specimen data for studying the development history of furniture technology.

After a long period of practical use, the names and uses of several situations have been gradually distinguished. The rectangular desk is specially designed for desks, because the width of the desktop is just the same as the length of bamboo slips. Bamboo slips tied with ropes into books are books of that era. It is very convenient to write and read on such a desk. Small and short-legged, it is specially used as a dish, because it is convenient to move and offer dishes. The word "case" also refers to the desk. From this, vocabulary is derived, such as: "case documents, case files, and the person in charge of reviewing the case." The scholar was so angry that he wrote "Qi", and Lu Ji, a ci writer, arranged the layout of the article as "the case is well organized"; Just for the study to enjoy the script as a "desk play" ...

The shape of "Ji" has undergone great changes, from two curved feet to four straight feet, and gradually transferred to a square table. 1972, a piece of blue glazed pottery unearthed from the Eastern Han Tomb in Lingbao, Henan Province, has several or four high legs, with a rectangular cross section and an arc between the legs, which is close to a modern square table. This kind of pottery is safe, reliable, portable and available.

Several cases in the Han Dynasty, with rich shapes, exquisite craftsmanship and colorful patterns, show the fine tradition and splendid civilization of Chinese furniture technology.

History of locks and keys

Just as we take it for granted that many things are Western civilization, we also take it for granted that locks were invented by China people, at least 4,000 years ago. It is basically a mortise lock, which can be inserted, hung outside the door to lock the door and opened with a sickle-shaped hook key. The Egyptians improved this device. They made the insertion part of the key have some protrusions to match the concave part in the keyhole. The Romans used various locks evolved from Egyptian locks and brought them to all parts of conquered Europe. But the latch of the Roman lock is very small, and a spring is used to press the mirror.

In the Middle Ages, nobles and merchants with money and jewelry not only needed locks and keys to lock the door, but also needed safes, drawers and wardrobes, which stimulated the creativity of craftsmen. In the Middle Ages, padlocks were generally used, and the inserted locks were replaced by marbles rotating on the pivot. Another improvement that is more difficult to pick a lock is to insert a number of so-called tenons between the key and the lock hole, so that the key teeth can just pass through the tenons.

Modern locks and keys can be said to have started with the Brammer lock of 1778: this lock has six sliders-metal plates with grooves. Before unlocking the lock with the key, the slider must be placed in the appropriate position. The inventor of this lock was Brammer, who was one of the technical minds in Britain at that time. He invented many things, including hydraulic press, toilet, printing machine, paper machine and soda machine.

Then the chabu lock appeared: 18 18 was invented by a hardware dealer named chabu in Portsmouth. Chabu later set up a fire safe factory. His main improvement on the lock is the addition of a "probe". If someone tries to pick the lock, the probe will fix the bolt.

Yale lock invented by American Yale has been used since 65438+60s. It's a tumbler lock. The key is small and flat, interlocking with the lock slot. Its security lies in endless key shapes. In fact, no two Yale locks are the same, but there is a master key that can open many locks, such as hotel keys. Since then, the safe has had a combination lock. If you don't know the combination of a series of numbers, you can't open the lock. There is also a time lock to lock the vault. There is a clock or two in the lock, which can't be opened until the scheduled time.

The origin of axe

The original axe was a hand axe. At first, the hand axe was cobblestone, then slightly polished stone chips (about 500,000 BC), and then the flint axe with fine workmanship in the late Paleolithic period (about 250,000 BC). The manufacturing method is to beat flint with a stone to create a sharp blade. The progress of mankind in this respect can be explored through the discovery of Li Ji and his wife in Oduwe Gorge Valley, Tanzania, where they found the stone tools 1.75 million years ago.

In the Near East, we found a copper axe before 3000 BC. In order to make the axe faster, first cast, and then repeatedly forged. A great improvement in casting is the introduction of an auxiliary core, so that the cast axe has a socket for inserting the axe handle, and it is not necessary to tie the axe to the axe handle with a belt as before.

Although axes can be seen everywhere in the Near East, it seems that people don't like to use them as weapons: Sumerians, Persians and Assyrians all use spears and bows as weapons, while Greeks and Romans choose swords and spears, but they often use double axes in religious ceremonies; It is a religious symbol of Minoan people. It is said that the word maze evolved from two axes. People also found double axes made of thin metal plates. A golden axe with a jack has been found in Tutalan (about BC 1800 ~ 1450) in eastern Transylvania. Although Misena Kensey once fought with an axe, and Minoans also used it as a weapon, gold is not suitable for making weapons, and there are decorative patterns on it, so this kind of axe is not used for fighting. A leopard-headed scepter and a gray schist tomahawk were found in Mary's Palace in Crete.

Homer's heroes, except Odysseus in Odyssey, have never used an axe in safari. Homer described: "Odysseus performed the martial arts of hunting, and an arrow shot through a hole in the handle of a double-headed axe that was almost in a straight line on the flat ground." There was indeed a Trojan named Persaud in Asia Minor. He used an exquisite bronze axe with a long and smooth olive wooden handle, but Menelaus soon subdued him. Is it worthless to use an axe as a weapon? Some tribes in the north, including Bactrians, Franks, Scandinavians and Britons, like to use axes. Recently, a writer suggested that in the 1 1 century, "only Saxons and Scandinavians thought that the axe was suitable for any thrifty countryman", although later the axe became noble.