Please explain Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe and Western Europe from the political and geographical perspectives respectively. Thank you!

Overview:

Western Europe. In a narrow sense, Western Europe refers to the area near the Atlantic Ocean and the nearby islands, including the map of Western Europe.

Britain, Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France and Monaco. Broadly speaking, it is from southern Scandinavia to Italy. It covers an area of about 5 million square kilometers and has a population of over 500 million (1988). The terrain is mainly plain, followed by plateau; The mountainous area is small, mainly distributed in northwest England and southeast France. There are the busiest sea lanes in the world, the English Channel and the Dover Strait, as well as the Rhine, Seine, Loire, Thames and other rivers. Most areas belong to temperate maritime climate, located in the westerly belt, with mild and humid climate and abundant and even precipitation. It is the earliest area where modern science and technology developed, and it is also one of the most developed areas in the world, with developed industry, agriculture and foreign trade. There are coal, oil, natural gas, iron, potassium salt and other minerals here. Important seaports include London, Liverpool (UK), Marseille (France), Brussels (Belgium), Rotterdam and Amsterdam (Netherlands). There are famous cities such as London, Paris, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Brussels and Marseille. Except Monaco, the other six countries are all members of the European Economic Community. Western Europe in a broad sense refers to all capitalist countries in Europe. Located in Western Europe, Central Europe and Northern Europe. The highest Alps in Europe run across the south, with its trunk extending eastward to Carpathian Mountains, southeast to Narrow Mountains, south to Apennines and southwest to Pyrenees. There are Scandinavian mountains in northern Scandinavia. The central part is mainly distributed in the plains. There are many volcanic earthquakes in the south and Iceland. The Mediterranean coast has a subtropical dry summer and wet winter climate, while most other areas have a temperate humid climate. There are coal, iron, oil and other mineral deposits here. Most countries are developed capitalist countries, with developed industries, agriculture, foreign trade and transportation, forming an economic system centered on the European economy. The member countries of the European Economic Community are France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Ireland, Luxembourg, Greece, Spain, Portugal and Denmark.

Topography of western Europe

1. Western Europe is dominated by plains and mountains, with low terrain and a large proportion of plains. Important plains are Bode Plain and Western Europe Plain; The north and south mountains are widely distributed, with Scandinavian mountains in the north and Alps in the south. Mont Blanc is 48 10 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in western Europe. 2. Glaciation in the north is obvious: due to glaciation, many fjords, moraine lakes and coastlines are tortuous. Scandinavia is the most typical. South: The rolling hills are made up of many U-shaped valleys, tinder, ice buckets, moraine lakes and moraines. Alpine areas are the most typical.

Eastern Europe:

Overview:

Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe. In physical geography, it refers to the eastern European plain, which is one of the world-famous great plains. It is bordered by the Ural Mountains in the east, the Baltic Sea in the west, the White Sea and Barents Sea in the north, and the Black Sea, Azov Sea and Caucasus Mountain in the south, with an average elevation of only 170 meters. See Plain of Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe in political geography refers to the former Soviet Union, Poland, the former Democratic Germany, the former Czech Republic and Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania and other countries. Eastern Europe, customarily, refers to the eastern part of Europe, starting from Wula Mountain and Caucasus Mountain in the east and reaching any border in the west. At least including Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine, all of which belonged to the Soviet Union. This is also a geographical classification: Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and other countries are classified as Central Europe, such as the geographical term "Central European Plain"; Only the European part of the Soviet Union is called Eastern Europe, such as "Eastern Europe Plain" and "Eastern Europe Hill". During the Cold War, especially in China's long-term international political and diplomatic practice, Eastern Europe refers to eight Eastern European countries: the Democratic Republic of Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia (and divided Czechoslovakia), Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia (and Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, Macedonia) and Albania. After the Cold War, Germany after the unification of East Germany and West Germany was generally listed as a Central European country. Such as: Soviet Eastern European countries, Soviet Eastern European studies, Soviet Eastern European Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The main climate in eastern Europe:

(1) The climate of the polar ice sheet exists only on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. It is controlled by the ice air mass all the year round, and the temperature is very low. The average temperature in the hottest month is about 0℃, and the annual precipitation is about 200mm. In the west of Spitsbergen Islands, the climate is slightly mild due to the influence of the North Atlantic warm current, and the average temperature in the hottest month can reach about +5℃, and the precipitation can reach 300mm. (2) The polar tundra climate zone (polar long cold climate zone) includes Iceland and the northern edge of the European continent. The temperature here is low all the year round, and the landscape belongs to tundra zone and Forest tundra zone. In winter, the temperature in the west is higher than in the east. The average temperature in Leng Yue in Iceland's coastal area is around 0℃, in Murmansk's coastal area it is around -0.5℃ in June 5438+1October, and in Kanin-Bojola in the east it drops to around -20℃. In summer, the temperature is generally around 10℃, the growth period is very short, only 2-2.5 months, and even there is often frost in summer, so the climatic conditions are very unfavorable to agriculture. There is almost no farming operation here, and animal husbandry (mainly deer industry) is the main agricultural department here. (3) The sub-frigid coniferous forest climate zone (sub-frigid continental climate zone) includes most parts of Cartier, Finos and the northern part of Eastern Europe Plain. The latitude here is high, the winter is long, but it is rarely cold, and the summer is short and cool. The western coast of Scandinavia is controlled by polar ocean air mass all the year round, and the climate is maritime. In winter, the temperature is around 0℃ and there is abundant precipitation. From the east of Scandinavian Mountains to the Urals Mountains, the role of polar continental air mass and ice air mass is enhanced, the climate changes to continental, the winter is cold, and the temperature drops from west to east. In 65438+ 10, the average temperature in Gaffler is -4.4℃, in Petrozavodsk it is -9.9℃, and in Perm it is-15.4℃. Whenever an ice air mass invades, severe cold of -30℃ and -40℃ often occurs. It is usually cool in summer. The average temperature in July is 10- 12℃ in the north and 16- 18℃ in the south. The growth period is not long, usually 3-4 months. The growth temperature (above 10℃) suitable for rye, flax and vegetables in Eastern Europe lasts only 90 days at most, so the agriculture here is also underdeveloped. The precipitation here is mainly related to cyclones. The annual precipitation in the western coastal areas exceeds 1000 mm, and the annual precipitation in other areas is 500-800 mm. The seasonal distribution of precipitation in the western coastal areas is relatively uniform, with a little more in winter and a little more in summer in the east. Besides cyclone precipitation, convective rain also accounts for a certain proportion. (4) The temperate maritime climate zone includes the British Isles, France and western Central Europe, as well as the southern Scandinavia and the coastal areas of the Bay of Biscay in Iberia. The atmospheric pressure here is high in the south and low in the north all the year round, with a westerly wind, which is deeply influenced by the Atlantic air mass. Mild winter, cool summer, low annual temperature, much rain and little sunshine are the climate characteristics of this area. The average temperature in June 65438+ 10 in this area is above 0℃. Rivers generally don't freeze. There is not much snowfall, generally it doesn't snow in the west, and the snow period in the east rarely lasts more than a week. However, when the Mongolian high pressure is very strong and the eastern polar continental air mass invades, it often leads to disastrous low temperature weather. Generally, the temperature is not high in summer The average temperature in July in the British Isles is 12- 17℃, and in the mainland it is 15-22℃. The temperature is lower in the north and higher in the south. There are frequent cyclones in western Europe and more precipitation. The annual precipitation in the western part of the British Isles is above 1000 mm, and the coastal area in western Scotland can reach above 2000 mm. Other areas are mostly between 600-1000 mm. The seasonal distribution of precipitation is relatively uniform, with more in autumn and winter in the west and more in summer in the east. For example, Dublin accounts for 26% in autumn and winter, and 24% in spring and summer; Cologne accounts for 365,438+0% in summer, 25% in autumn, 23% in winter and 265,438+0% in spring. (V) Temperate continental climate zone This region includes two climate types: temperate continental humid climate and temperate continental semi-arid and arid climate. Generally speaking, Eastern Europe and Central Europe belong to the former, while Southern Europe and Eastern Europe belong to the latter. The climate in eastern Central Europe has the nature of transition from maritime to continental. The influence of polar ocean air mass is dominant here all year round, with mild winter and low temperature in summer. The average temperature in 65438+ 10 is generally 0-4℃, which can reach -5℃ in a few areas, and the average temperature in July is generally around 18℃, which can exceed 20℃ in a few areas. However, ice air masses and polar continental air masses often invade, so the weather is very unstable. Precipitation is greatly influenced by topography, which is generally 500-600 mm in plain areas and more in summer. The climate in eastern Europe is divided into two regions: the north and the south. The mixed forest belt in the middle is in the north, which belongs to the humid continental climate. It is greatly influenced by the polar ocean air mass. There is no severe cold in winter and the temperature will not be too high in summer. The average temperature in 65438+ 10 is between -5℃ and 14℃ in most areas, and the average temperature in July is less than 20℃. The annual precipitation is generally 500-600 mm, which is more in some areas. The southern region is located in the Eurasian high-pressure axis (called "Voyekov high-pressure axis" by the Soviets) and the area south of the high-pressure axis, and the related westerly airflow and cyclone activities are obviously weakened, and the anticyclonic weather is increasing. The annual precipitation is generally 300-500mm, the southeast is below 200mm, and the summer temperature is between 20-25℃. The water balance of the whole southern district is negative, belonging to temperate continental semi-arid and arid climate. In the natural landscape, most areas are grasslands, and the southeast is semi-desert or desert. Southern district is rich in heat resources and fertile land, and it is the main agricultural area. However, due to insufficient precipitation and great changes, droughts often occur. (6) Mediterranean Climate Zone This zone includes most of Iberian Peninsula, French Mediterranean coast, Apennine Peninsula, most of Balkan Peninsula and various islands scattered in the Mediterranean. Mild and rainy winter and hot and dry summer are the main characteristics of the climate in this area. Mediterranean climate is a unique climate type on the west coast of subtropical continent, and its formation is related to the change of air pressure situation in winter and summer and the movement of wind belt. The latitude of the Mediterranean region is just the transition zone of atmospheric circulation; The westerlies are in the north and the trade winds are in the south. In summer, the subtropical high moves northward. Under the control of azores high, the weather in the Mediterranean is sunny and dry. The average temperature in July reaches 24-28℃, and the highest temperature can reach 40℃. In winter, the subtropical high moved south, and azores high retreated to the Atlantic Ocean. The Mediterranean region is affected by the west wind, with frequent cyclone activities, more precipitation and mild climate, with an average temperature of 1 month. The existence of the Mediterranean itself also plays a great role in the formation of the Mediterranean climate. Due to the large area of the Mediterranean Sea, a low-pressure lake is formed in the Mediterranean Sea in winter, which is conducive to the formation of the Mediterranean front, resulting in a series of cyclones, making the weather in the Mediterranean Sea particularly mild and rainy. At the same time, the higher Mediterranean water temperature also makes the coastal areas more temperate; In summer, on the contrary, the temperature in the Mediterranean is lower than that in continental Europe, and the air pressure is higher, which strengthens azores high and makes the Mediterranean region very hot and dry. In this way, the most typical subtropical climate in the world has been formed in the Mediterranean region, with warm winter, rainy summer and dry heat. Therefore, it is called "Mediterranean climate".