Interpretation of public administrative decision-making terms

Public administration is an effective activity for state administrative organs to manage social public affairs according to law. The meaning of this definition includes: first, public administration is an activity, and the main body of this activity is the state administrative agency, usually called the government or administrative authority, excluding the legislative and judicial agencies. Secondly, the object of this activity is social public affairs, and the subject of managing social public affairs must be an institution with social public authority, and this institution is the government in modern society. Third, as an activity, it must be held in accordance with the law and must be effective. Effectiveness contains two meanings, namely, effectiveness and efficiency. Public administration, also known as administrative management or administration in China, is a science that studies public administrative organizations and their management activities on public affairs. To learn public administration, we must first make clear the concept and what is public administration. Public management is a traditional discipline. In the early days, public management was closely related to political science. At that time, it mainly studied the theoretical stipulation of government role and political democracy and other areas related to values, but paid little attention to the actual operation of the government, such as providing services and making decisions. Rosenblom, a famous American administrative scientist, classified the western definitions of public administration into six categories: first, he believed that public administration was a part of government behavior and a way to achieve government goals; Second, public administration means the implementation of political values; Third, public administration is best defined as the executive department of the government; Fourthly, public administration is characterized by the form and behavior of bureaucratic organizations and the evaluation technology of non-profit organizations, which is the synthesis and innovation of politics and management; Fifth, public administration is a process in which the government realizes its own goals and aspirations; Sixth, public administration is (1) the cooperation of all teams in public administration, (2) including implementation, legislation and adjudication, (3) an integral part of the political process, (4) different from private administration, and (5) maintaining close cooperation with private organizations and individuals. The function of public management is 1, providing public goods. Public goods are relative to private goods, which means that the benefits of products and labor are shared by members of society. It is essentially different from private products, which can be divided and provided to different individuals. Public goods have two basic characteristics: non-exclusiveness and non-competitiveness. The scope of public goods is very wide, from politics, law, national defense, public security, government administration, large and medium-sized water conservancy facilities, to urban planning, public roads, environmental governance, environmental sanitation, disease prevention and epidemic prevention, weather forecast, scientific research, railways, urban public transport facilities, radio and television, education, drought and flood control. The basic way for the government to provide public goods is service, whether it is public security, law, government administration, education or health. 2. There are three different standards to achieve social equity: the first is the contribution standard, the second is the demand standard, and the third is the equal opportunity standard. 3. The role of the government is to provide the necessary laws and systems for the society and the market. Regulation means that the government regulates social development and market operation through legal means. Supervision can be economic or social. Market limitations and market failures make government supervision necessary. In view of the phenomenon of market failure, the government has designed corresponding systems to restrain and standardize the behavior of economic subjects, so as to ensure the standardized and orderly operation of the whole social economy. These control contents mainly include: (1) public welfare policy control; (2) Control over the protection of consumers' rights and interests, information disclosure and intellectual property rights; (3) control external diseconomy; (4) control of non-value items; (5) control fiscal, taxation and financial policies; (6) Control the social welfare and social security system; (7) control of civil and commercial law and anti-unfair competition law; (8) Control of industrial policies and policies to revitalize science and technology; (9) Control of environmental protection, land and natural resources and labor protection. 4. Macro-control The main goal of the government's macro-control is (1) full employment. It means that people who are involuntarily unemployed can find jobs. (2) Stabilize prices. Refers to the stability of the overall price level. (3) Sustained and balanced economic growth. (4) Balance of payments. (5) Fair distribution of income to ensure the minimum living needs. (6) controlling population. (7) Protect and improve the ecological environment. (8) Rational allocation of resources. (9) control externalities. Principles of Public Management Modern public management is conducted under the guidance of some principles, which are: 1. The rule of law principle of administration according to law is the core content of governing the country according to law. 2. Service principle Service principle involves not only a kind of consciousness, but also two aspects of government behavior, namely response and quality. 3. Efficiency Principle Efficiency here has two meanings: one is the effectiveness of government activities, and the other is that the goal pursued by government activities is to get as much output as possible with as little input as possible. 4. The principle of responsibility has two meanings: first, the government's actions should be responsible to the public, and a rash and reckless government will inevitably bring disaster to society. Second, the government is responsible for its own actions and bears corresponding responsibilities for its dereliction of duty and mistakes. The theory and practice of public administration have three important representatives in western public administration theory 1, the classical school, also known as the procedural school and the institutional school. Henri fayol, a Frenchman, was first called the founder of the procedural school. His contribution is that he first proposed that management has five functions, namely, planning, organizing, directing, coordinating and controlling. Secondly, he put forward the famous 14 management principle. In addition, he also put forward the famous "Fa Yueer springboard" principle. German sociologist Max Weber is another important representative of the classical school. For the first time, he systematically discussed the characteristics of bureaucracy and analyzed its role in western European industrial society. Theory of Three Represents is Taylor, the founder of scientific management. His scientific management thought and managerialism have unparalleled influence on management theory and practice. 2. The school of behavior has experienced a development process from "interpersonal relationship" to human behavior. 3. Simon, a decision-making school, published the book "Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-making Procedures in Administrative Organizations" in the 1940s, which initiated the study of decision-making. Simon believes that "management is decision-making". Another influential decision-making theory is Linde blom's progressive decision-making theory. Chesterba Nader was the first theorist who regarded organization as a social system. 5. Contribution of Economics In the 1980s and 1990s, the public choice theory and the new institutional economy theory in economics had an extremely important impact on western public administration. Some major western countries have carried out drastic reforms, especially since the 1980s. This reform of public administration in the name of new public administration has the following characteristics: (1) paying attention to achieving results and the personal responsibility of managers; (2) Eliminating the disadvantages of bureaucracy through market operation; (3) Introducing private sector management methods; (4) Some government functions are outsourced through market testing; (5) treat the public as customers of public management institutions; (6) Emphasis on reducing the direct cost in the use of resources; (7) Introduce more competition in the public sector. Since the establishment of 1949 People's Republic of China (PRC), China Administration and China Administration in the transitional period have experienced a process from tradition to modernity, and the basis of the transformation is that the economic system has changed from the original planned economy to the market economy. This change has led to many changes. The first is the change in the relationship between the government and the people. Second, the transformation of government functions and roles. Finally, the change of government concept. During the whole transition period, China public administration must deal with the following problems. 1, the positioning of the government. The positioning of the government involves its role and its operation mode. 2. The problem of government officials largely determines the fate of China government. 3. System construction and innovation System construction and innovation are particularly important in organizational structure, leadership system, operation process and impersonal management. 4. The problem of administration according to law How to get rid of personalized management in China's public administration during the transition period is still a problem faced by the legal system construction. 5. The establishment of the market system and the emergence of a new economic and social form in the world require a brand-new thinking of China public administration, which first requires the renewal of ideas. Second, we must have a world vision. The arrival of knowledge-based economic society and public administration knowledge-based economic society has made public administration show the following changes: 1, from hierarchical administration to network administration. First of all, the network administration makes it completely unnecessary for commands, instructions and information to be transmitted through the hierarchy, and the transmission mode of the network is both rapid and extensive. Secondly, the openness of network management will be greatly improved. 2. From elite management to mass autonomy. The "black box" operation of elites will gradually be replaced by the operation of public participation, which is an inevitable requirement for a society to finally move towards democracy. 3. Development from bureaucratic administration to enterprise management.