A brief history of dynamic meteorology

Modern dynamic meteorology originated in northern Europe. The theory of frontal cyclone was put forward in the 1920s, and the Norwegian school represented by V Pierre Knies was formed. Correspondingly, in the Soviet Union, there was also a series of work led by H.E. Cochin. By the 1930s, due to the use of radiosondes, we had a new understanding of the forms of atmospheric motion in the upper air, and found that the atmospheric circulation in mid-latitude superimposed thousands of kilometers of waves on the polar motion from west to east (referring to the northern hemisphere). These fluctuations not only have their own structure and motion law, but also have internal relations with low-level frontal cyclones. For this wave phenomenon, Swedish meteorologist C.-G. Rosby (1939) first pointed out in theory that it was caused by the change of Coriolis parameter φ with latitude, and thus put forward the long wave (planetary wave) theory (see atmospheric fluctuation and atmospheric dynamics equation). This is an important development in the history of dynamic meteorology, which led to a series of studies, thus forming the Chicago School headed by Rosby. Besides planetary waves, the main contributions of Chicago School are: putting forward the geostrophic adaptation of atmospheric motion (Rosby,1938; See atmospheric geostrophic adaptation); Energy dispersion of planetary waves (Rossby,1945; Ye Duzheng,1949); Westerly jet's formation theory and its important role in atmospheric circulation (E.H. Palmang,1951; Rosby,1947); Barotropic and baroclinic instability of planetary waves (J.G. Qiu Chen,1947; Hsiao-Lan Kuo,1949; See atmospheric dynamic instability). The contribution of Chicago School to dynamic meteorology has laid a theoretical foundation for the development of numerical weather forecast.

Since 1950s, in the dynamics of small and medium-sized systems (л. Guttmann), tropical fluctuation (Taroh Matsuno), numerical simulation of atmospheric circulation and climate formation (N.A. Phillips, J. Sma Gulinski), etc. By the 1960s, short-and medium-term numerical forecasting has become the main method of operational forecasting.

The founder of dynamic meteorology research in China is Zhao Jiuzhang. As early as 1930s, he put forward the thermodynamic theory of trade winds (1935) and the concept of baroclinic instability of planetary waves (1946). China's other major achievements in developing dynamic meteorology are:

① Atmospheric circulation. The dynamic and thermal effects of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its heat sources on the formation of atmospheric circulation (Ye Duzheng, Gu Zhenchao, Zhu Baozhen, Chao Jiping, 1957), the average structure of atmospheric circulation in winter and summer in East Asia and its adjacent areas and its seasonal variation process (Ye Duzheng, Tao Shiyan, Gu Zhenchao, 1957 ~ 1958) were studied.

② Geostrophic adaptation process. Scaling theory (Ye Duzheng,1957; Zeng Qingcun,1963; Chen Qiushi, 1963), and then developed this concept into the process of rotation adaptation (Zeng Qingcun, 1979) and the wind field and pressure field adaptation of small and medium-sized sports (Ye Duzheng, Li Maicun, 1964).

③ Weather dynamics of wet baroclinic atmosphere. The concept and theory of wet baroclinic atmosphere are put forward (Xie, 1978).

④ Dynamics of small and medium-sized systems. Firstly, the dynamic equation (Chao Jiping, 1962) suitable for middle and small-scale systems is established, and the cumulus convection (Chao Jiping, Zhou Xiaoping, 1964) is studied, and the critical condition of pressure jump over mountains (Chao Jiping, 1964) is put forward.

⑤ Numerical weather forecast. A semi-implicit difference scheme (Zeng Qingcun, 196 1) is proposed for the first time, and an energy conservation scheme (Zeng Qingcun, 198 1) is also proposed to solve the nonlinear instability of calculation, and a method of using historical data in numerical weather forecast (Gu Zhenchao,1957) Qiu, 1974), in the aspect of long-term numerical weather forecast, a forecast scheme of climate anomaly field is put forward (Zhao Jiping, 1977 ~ 1982).