The compulsory knowledge points of geography in the first volume of senior one are sorted out.

When students enter high school, how to allocate study time is the most important, and how to learn geography well. The following is the compilation of compulsory knowledge points of geography in the first volume of senior one, which I compiled for your reference only. Welcome to read it.

The compulsory knowledge points of geography in the first volume of senior one are sorted out.

chapter one

1, the level of celestial system

Total galaxy-Galaxy (Extragalactic galaxy)-Solar system-Earth-Moon system

2. Conditions for life on earth

① Stable sunshine conditions;

(2) a safer cosmic environment;

③ Due to the moderate distance between the sun and the earth, the surface temperature is suitable (average temperature 15 degrees);

④ Due to the moderate mass and volume of the earth, the earth can attract the atmosphere to form an atmosphere (mainly nitrogen and oxygen);

⑤ Liquid water forms and exists.

3. The influence of solar activity on the earth.

(1) Signs of solar activity: sunspots and flares.

(2) Influence: it affects the ionosphere and interferes with radio short-wave communication; Produce "magnetic storm" phenomenon and "aurora" phenomenon; The climate that affects the earth.

4. Geographical significance of the earth's rotation.

① Alternation of day and night: the dividing line between the day hemisphere and the night hemisphere-the ending line (circle)-intersects the equator at 6 o'clock and 18 o'clock respectively-the height of the sun is 0 degrees-the plane where the morning circle is located is perpendicular to the sunlight;

② Local time difference: it is early in the east and late in the west, and the longitude changes every 15 degrees 1 hour;

(3) Deviation of objects moving horizontally along the surface: not biased on the equator, right biased in the northern hemisphere and left biased in the southern hemisphere. The deflection force increases with the latitude.

5. The geographical significance of the revolution of the earth.

(1) Variation of day and night length:

(1) in the northern hemisphere summer, the sun shines directly into the northern hemisphere, and the days are long and the nights are short in all latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The higher the latitude, the longer the day and the shorter the night. Summer Solstice-The day length at all latitudes in the northern hemisphere reaches the maximum in a year, and extreme days appear in the Arctic Circle and its northern region.

(2) In the northern hemisphere winter, the sun shines directly in the southern hemisphere, and the nights are long and the days are short in all latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The higher the latitude, the longer the night and the shorter the day. Winter solstice-the length of each latitude in the northern hemisphere reaches the minimum in a year, and the Arctic Circle and its northern region are extremely night.

③ At the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox, the sun shines directly on the equator, and the length of day and night is the same all over the world, each being 12 hour.

④ The equator is equally divided day and night throughout the year. The situation in the southern hemisphere is opposite to that in the northern hemisphere.

(2) the change of the sun height at noon:

At the same time, the height of the sun at noon decreases from the direct point of the sun to the north and south sides.

On the solstice of summer, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer, and the height of the sun decreases from the Tropic of Cancer to the north and south at noon. At this time, the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer and its north reaches the maximum and the latitude of the southern hemisphere reaches the minimum in a year.

On the solstice of winter, the sun shines directly on the tropic of Capricorn, and the height of the sun decreases from the tropic of Capricorn to the north and south at noon. At this time, the tropic of Capricorn and its south latitude reach the maximum in a year, and the latitude in the northern hemisphere reaches the minimum.

At the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox, the sun shines directly at the equator, and the height of the sun decreases from the equator to the poles at noon.

(3) the change of four seasons (the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon change with the seasons, so that the solar radiation has the law of seasonal change, forming four seasons)

Seasonal division in the northern hemisphere:

March, April and May are spring; June, July and August are summer;

9. 10 and 1 1 are autumn1; 2, 1, 2 is winter.

6. The spherical structure of the earth is divided into inner sphere and outer sphere by the boundary of the surface.

(1) According to the characteristics of seismic waves (P wave and S wave), the lithosphere inside the earth is divided into three lithospheres: crust, mantle and core.

The crustal materials are mainly composed of rocks (magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks), the upper mantle asthenosphere is the source of magma, and the core is mainly composed of iron and nickel.

(2) Outer space: atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

chapter two

1, rocks are divided into three categories.

① Magmatic rocks (magma rises, cools and solidifies);

(2) Sedimentary rocks (rocks are formed by weathering, erosion, transportation, accumulation and consolidation);

③ Metamorphic rocks (metamorphism). From magma to the formation of various rocks, three kinds of rocks can be transformed into each other, and then to the formation of new magma. This movement and change process constitutes the material cycle of the earth's crust.

2. Internal and external force factors of surface morphology change (geological action).

(1) The internal energy comes from the earth itself, mainly the heat energy inside the earth, which is manifested as crustal movement, magmatic activity and metamorphism. Resulting in uneven surface. The types of geological structures are fold (anticline and syncline) and fault (horst and graben).

(2) External force-energy comes from outside the earth, mainly solar energy and gravity. Make uneven surfaces tend to be flat.

It is characterized by weathering, erosion, transportation, accumulation and consolidation diagenesis.

① Flowing water erodes landform (V-shaped valley);

② Accumulation landforms (alluvial fan, alluvial plain and delta);

③ Wind erosion landform (wind erosion depression, mushrooms);

④ Aeolian landform (sand dunes).

3. Names of six plates

Asia-Europe plate, Africa plate, Indian Ocean plate,

Pacific plate, America plate, Antarctica plate.

Generally speaking, the crust inside the plate is relatively stable, and the junction of the two plates is a relatively active zone of the crust, and volcanoes and earthquakes are also concentrated at the junction of the plates.

Growth boundary-where plates crack, rifts and oceans often form.

Extinction boundary-where plates collide, mountains and trenches often form.

4. Atmospheric heating process

Solar radiation (short wave), atmospheric attenuation, ground warming, ground radiation (long wave), atmospheric warming, atmospheric radiation (long wave), atmospheric reverse radiation (insulation)

(1) Weakening effect of atmosphere on solar radiation;

① Absorption: Selectivity, ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays, and water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb infrared rays. Very little absorption of visible light.

② Reflection: Clouds and dust with larger particles. The reflection of clouds is the most important.

(3) Scattering: Air molecules or tiny dust prevent some solar radiation from reaching the ground.

(2) Thermal insulation function of ground atmosphere:

The atmosphere absorbs ground radiation and produces atmospheric inverse radiation (atmospheric radiation pointing to the ground), and returns some heat to the ground. The thicker the clouds, the stronger the atmospheric inverse radiation.

5. There are 7 pressure zones (alternating high and low pressure distribution) and 6 wind zones near the earth's surface.

(1) Low latitude circulation:

① equatorial low pressure area: due to the formation of thermal action, the airflow converges and rises, which is easy to form clouds and cause rainfall, thus forming a rain area. Controlled all the year round, forming a tropical rainforest climate (Amazon Plain, Congo Basin, Malaysia Islands in Southeast Asia).

(2) Subtropical high pressure area: due to the dynamic action, the airflow accumulates and sinks above 30 degrees latitude, forming a rainless area (except the East Asian monsoon area), and the areas controlled by it all the year round form a tropical desert climate (Sahara desert in North Africa, West Asia desert, deserts in North America and the United States, deserts in South America and Chile, deserts in western Peru and deserts in Australia).

(3) Trade wind zone: the airflow blowing from subtropical high to equatorial low. In the northern hemisphere, it turns right into the northeast trade wind, and in the southern hemisphere, it turns left into the southeast trade wind.

(2) Mid-latitude circulation:

④ Sub-polar low pressure area: It is formed by the rising of warm air flow at low latitude and cold air flow at high latitude. Form a temperate and rainy zone.

⑤ Mid-latitude westerly belt: the airflow blowing from subtropical high to subtropical low.

In the northern hemisphere, it turns right into southwest wind, and in the southern hemisphere, it turns left into northwest wind, which is customarily called west wind. Its perennial controlled area forms a temperate maritime climate on the west coast of the mainland.

(Western Europe, western North America, such as Vancouver, Canada, the west side of the Andes at the southern tip of South America, the southern tip of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, etc. )

(3) High latitude circulation:

⑥ Polar high pressure area: Due to the formation of thermal action, cold air sinks, forming a less rainy area. However, due to the low temperature and low evaporation in the polar region, the polar region belongs to the region where precipitation is greater than evaporation and belongs to the humid region.

⑦ Polar easterly wind: the airflow blowing from the polar high pressure belt to the sub-polar low pressure belt. Under the action of geostrophic bias, the northern hemisphere tilts to the northeast and the southern hemisphere tilts to the southeast.

(4) The movement of pressure belt and wind belt:

① Movement reason: It moves with the movement of the direct point of the sun.

② Movement direction: As far as the northern hemisphere is concerned, it generally moves northward in summer and southward in winter.

(5) Climate type formed by single pressure belt or wind belt:

Tropical rain forest climate (equatorial low pressure zone);

Tropical desert climate (subtropical high pressure area);

Temperate maritime climate (mid-latitude westerly belt).

(6) Climate types formed by the movement of pressure zone and wind zone:

Tropical grassland climate (controlled by equatorial low pressure zone in summer and low latitude trade wind zone in winter);

Mediterranean climate (controlled by subtropical high belt in summer and westerly belt in mid-latitude in winter).

6. Common weather systems

① Frontal system (cold front, warm front and quasi-static front);

② Cyclone (low pressure) and anticyclone (high pressure);

③ Frontal cyclone.

Cyclone is a low pressure, and the low pressure system often appears a trough extending in a certain direction along the center in the actual atmosphere, and a frontal system is formed on the trough. Frontal and cyclone are a whole (no high pressure system).

7. Hydrological cycle

(1) types: land-sea circulation (large-scale circulation), land circulation (small water) and ocean circulation (maximum water).

(2) Name of each link: evaporation, precipitation, water vapor transport, surface runoff, underground runoff, infiltration and plant transpiration.

(3) Significance: make the land moisture constantly replenished and updated, and make the water resources renewable; Shaping surface morphology; Contact the four major circles.

8. Ocean currents

(1) type: it can be divided into wind current, density current and compensation current according to the causes; According to the nature, there are warm current and cold current.

(2) Distribution:

① The mid-low latitude ocean circulation centered on the subtropical zone flows clockwise in the northern hemisphere (consistent with the direction of hemispheric anticyclone) and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere (consistent with the direction of hemispheric anticyclone).

② Mid-high latitudes (mainly referring to the northern hemisphere)-ocean circulation with the sub-polar as the center.

△ west wind drift in the southern hemisphere, the most powerful cold current in the world.

△ North Indian Ocean monsoon current-flows from west to east in summer and from east to west in winter (summer is against winter).

(3) Impact:

(1) Impact on Climate:

The warm current plays the role of increasing temperature and humidifying (the formation of maritime climate in western Europe benefits from the warm current in the North Atlantic);

The cold current can reduce temperature and humidity (Victoria Desert on the west coast of Australia and Atacama Desert on the Pacific coast of Peru are both related to the cold current in Western Australia and Peru).

② Impact on marine life:

Distribution of fishing grounds: the confluence of cold current and warm current brings rich and varied bait to fish;

Hokkaido fishing ground-the intersection of Japanese warm current and Thousand Island cold current;

Newfoundland fishing ground-the intersection of Labrador cold current and Gulf of Mexico warm current;

Beihai fishing ground-formed by the confluence of the warm current of the North Atlantic and the cold sea water south of high latitude;

The rise of compensation current, a fishing ground in Peru, caused the deep sea water to flood, brought silicate in the deep sea, and made plankton multiply, and plankton was the bait for fish.

③ Impact on marine pollution:

Conducive to the diffusion of pollutants and accelerate the purification speed; But it also expands the scope of pollutants.

(4) Impact on maritime transport:

Downstream-fast sailing speed; Countercurrent-slow sailing.

Expanding reading: how to review geography

First, lay a solid foundation and build a knowledge system.

The first round of geography review is generally based on unit review, which is the last time we systematically sort out the basic knowledge of geography in senior high school. Judging from the geography questions in the comprehensive examination papers of liberal arts in recent years, the main knowledge of the college entrance examination mainly includes:

1. physical geography (the earth in the universe; Material movement and energy exchange in the natural environment; The integrity and difference of the natural environment; The influence of natural environment on human activities).

2. Human geography (population and cities, production activities and regional relations, the coordinated development of humanities and geographical environment, and the historical evolution of the thought of man-land relationship).

3. Regional sustainable development (regional geographical environment and human activities, regional meaning, regional sustainable development, application of geographic information technology).

And the related contents of "Geography Curriculum Standard for Full-time Compulsory Education (Experimental Draft)" and three elective contents of tourism geography, natural disaster prevention and environmental protection.

Faced with these knowledge points, some students think it is "fried leftovers", and the teacher said it in class before, so it can't be taken seriously; And some students are counting on the second round of review to work harder, and they don't pay attention to the first round of review. Of course, these two ideas are extremely undesirable. It should be noted that this part of knowledge needs more efforts in a round of review, and it is necessary to closely follow the textbook and comprehensively review the basic knowledge in order to leave no dead ends; Don't be careless about the knowledge points that have been tested and talked about. It is necessary to dig deep, drill deeply and study thoroughly, and think from different angles, so as to accurately understand its context, scope of application and conditions.

Therefore, in the first round of geography review, it is necessary to sort out the whole high school geography knowledge system and establish the logical relationship between knowledge completely in your mind, so as to better connect with the second round of geography review.

Second, change the way of learning and cultivate geographical thinking

Some people think that geography is the most difficult of politics, history and geography. In geography learning, following a set of fixed learning methods does not seem to be able to learn every knowledge point of geography well. The reason is related to the nature of geography itself. Geography is a subject with both arts and sciences. For example, knowledge points such as latitude and longitude in physical geography and the height of the sun are highly scientific; Or the knowledge points such as population migration and industrial location in human geography have a strong liberal arts nature. Therefore, it is definitely not feasible to adopt only one review method for physical geography, human geography, regional geography and elective courses.

Physical geography knowledge is difficult, but it has strong regularity, so it is suggested to adopt more review methods in science. On the one hand, understand and master the laws of geography, and clarify basic knowledge such as basic concepts. On the other hand, strengthen practice, through typical problems and variant diagrams, combined with regional reality, strengthen the training of application principles and methods.

The knowledge of human geography is not difficult to understand, but the content is scattered, the focus is not prominent, and there are many things to remember. This part of the review methods and strategies should grasp the following points: 1, master the knowledge of human geography and form a geographical thinking mode; 2. Be good at applying the book plan to exercises in combination with regional characteristics; 3. Pay attention to hot spots, broaden your horizons and learn to use principles to solve practical problems.

Regional geography requires students to have a complete concept of the earth in their minds, and find several reference points that are easy to locate in the latitude and longitude network, so as to build a three-dimensional earth model that can compare their positions. The review of regional geography makes students not only pay attention to the common natural elements, but also pay attention to the humanistic conditions for human survival and development under the influence of these natural elements. The relationship between natural geographical elements and human geographical elements has become one of the main lines of students' geographical thinking.

Therefore, when a round of review is over, students should have a basic geographical thinking ability. For example, when a latitude and longitude coordinate point is given, students' geographical thinking will not only reflect the location of this point, but also constantly show other natural geographical elements and human geographical characteristics about this point, so as to construct the geographical background of this place; Then combined with the geographical background, students can even further analyze and predict the causes and countermeasures of some geographical problems in this area.