Meteorology of Eight Women's Group Carving

The differences between Chinese and western cultures in origin and reason, development logic and space, construction concept and purpose are bound to be integrated and reflected in architectural culture or architectural style. Therefore, the differences between Chinese and western architectural cultures should be fundamentally understood as the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions. It is generally believed that China culture values people and western culture values things; China culture emphasizes morality and art, while western culture emphasizes science and religion. China culture pays attention to integration, unity, coexistence and fusion, while western culture pays attention to the unique spirit of different times, highlighting the individual characteristics of various schools and so on. The architectural features, artistic forms, sources of development and humanistic ideas contained in the rich and colorful architectural cultures of China and the West can be confirmed and embodied in the architecture of past dynasties and the architectural works handed down from generation to generation.

Western architecture has the characteristics of carving in modeling, with emphasis on two-dimensional elevation and three-dimensional modeling. China's architecture, on the other hand, has the characteristics of painting, with emphasis on artistic image. They don't pay much attention to the volume, modeling and perspective effect of single buildings, but tend to pay attention to the group effect of single buildings, which extends in plane and space. The west attaches importance to the principles of formal beauty such as proportion, balance and rhythm between the whole and the part of the building; China's emphasis on space and people's feelings about space in the architectural environment is the unity of dynamic beauty, spatial beauty and vivid beauty. Therefore, it can be considered that the concept of European architecture is mainly embodied in "reality", while the fantasy of China architecture is mainly embodied in "emptiness".

Different column buildings in ancient Greek architecture imitate the beauty of human bodies of different sexes. Europeans pay more attention to formal logic, realism, argumentation and geometric analysis, and emphasize the beauty of symmetry, concreteness and simulated geometric patterns in the artistic conception and overall layout of buildings. China people attach great importance to people's inner world's understanding, feeling and grasping of external things, and how to artistically reflect this mental understanding and inner feelings is very enjoyable. It is a summary and feeling of abstract beauty, a combination or fusion of some tangible real scene and the infinite virtual scene it symbolizes, and pursues the artistic conception of "getting carried away". China people also pay attention to realism and argument, but it must be based on freehand brushwork, which is not as good as spirit. For example, the wing angle of the cornice at the top of the classical building in China is like the wind, which is very vivid and freehand, full of the artistic passion of Zhang Wentong, a painter in the Tang Dynasty, who called "nature comes from the outside and the heart comes from the inside", giving people a strong psychological appeal.

The concept of rites and music comes from Yue Ji in the Spring and Autumn Period, that is, the close relationship between beauty and goodness, art and law, emotion and reason, psychology and ethics. Ceremony is the moral standard of society, and music is the emotional standard of society. The performance of China's rational spirit is "the combination of rites and music", or the close cooperation of rites and music. It can be said that the artistic appeal of China architecture is a romantic mood (music) based on rationality (ceremony), which embodies and contains some poetic beauty of China architecture. This is similar to China people's master plan of "thinking square and doing things round". Western architectural culture pays more attention to logic and argumentation, and its characteristics can be summarized as rationality and struggle spirit, individual and subject consciousness, the concept of heaven and religion, the rationality and logic of architectural art treatment, and the emphasis on the coordination and layout of art, technology and environment, appropriate proportion and exquisite art, and so on. These characteristics have been mentioned or expounded in European architectural theory, and also reflected in its architectural entities.

China's quadrangles, fences, screens, etc. Some people even think that "the closed courtyard symbolizes our closed society" and "China is a brick and tile world with walls" ... The west emphasizes giving priority to external space and calls the central square "the living room of the city" and "the living room of the city" and so on. For example, the Palace of Versailles in France, which was built in 1756, has a back garden covering an area of 220 mu, which is integrated with symmetrical trees on both sides and pool sculptures one after another, and extends to the distant urban forest ... Some big houses or mansions in China generally simulate the back garden as a natural landscape and enclose it with buildings and courtyard walls, including the Crescent River, Sanwu Pavilion and rockery. It can be said that this is the architectural reflection and embodiment of China people's pure defensive, self-enclosed and inward-looking cultural mentality, that is, to ensure internal security and external security.

The gardens built by China people or their preferred natural scenery are generally lofty and secluded, or refined, which reflects China people's long-term friendship with the natural environment and their pastoral consciousness of guarding the soil and attaching importance to agriculture. In the overall layout, space setting and function division of the building, more attention is paid to the inherent requirement of "peaceful coexistence between others and themselves", which to some extent meets the psychological needs of China people who tend to be conservative, defensive and harmonious, and seems to be exactly the same as the character cultivation orientation of "seeking self-protection from outside and peace of mind from inside". The formal gardens in continental Europe, no matter in layout, composition and artistic conception, give people a feeling of broad vision, grand artistic conception, complicated techniques and romantic artistic conception. However, its geometric garden embodies the thinking habit and spiritual concept of opposition between man and nature, man conquers nature and separation between man and nature. In a sense, this reflects the extroverted, enterprising and extroverted behavior mode and value orientation of westerners in conquering nature.

Buildings in China, especially quadrangle buildings, pay attention to group combination, and "courtyard" is generally the basic unit of combination, which is a reflection of China's cultural tradition, emphasizing groups, restraining or even curbing personality development, or has a lot to do with it. For example, the endless square quadrangles, large and small, spread out from the ground layer by layer, presenting her charm in time. Under every green-gray eaves, there is a warm home. If you look at the scenery in the rain, the artistic conception of "a roof of the Forbidden City holds two phoenixes in the clouds, trees in the rain and thousands of families" is even more profound and intriguing. However, the single building in the west shows the publicity of personality and the independence of "personality", and thinks that excellent individuals are immortal and passed down from generation to generation. Such as the Pantheon in Paris, France, the Eiffel Tower with a height of 320 meters, the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Florence, Italy, and the John Hancock Building in Boston, USA. , are typical manifestations of this philosophical thought or cultural concept. These outstanding independent and unique buildings can give people outstanding, strong and upward shock and appeal.

Pools and canals in China gardens are generally elegant and have weak microwaves. Its layout pays more attention to the combination of reality and reality, and the emotional causes emphasize the separation of static and dynamic, with more static and less movement. This conception and pattern is more suitable for creating a relaxed, spacious, quiet and elegant environmental space, which is conducive to highlighting the leisure nature, transforming the harmonious humanistic temperament and expressing the artistic conception of "love and scenery, meaning and image". Just like China's landscape paintings, there is generally a little "blank space", so-called "knowing white and keeping black", which achieves artistic effect and appeal of verve, charm and implication. The fountains, waterfalls and flowing springs in western gardens are mostly magnificent and dynamic, which can show a certain unrestrained, smart, enthusiastic and forward-looking trend. It's like China invented Qigong (static) and Westerners developed competitive sports (dynamic). The similarities and differences between them are both confusing and intriguing.

China emphasized curve and implicit beauty, that is, "fable is false, not straightforward". The layout, conception and scenery selection of the garden emphasize the combination of reality and reality, and the literature and quality complement each other. Or pursue natural feelings, or love rural landscapes, or express feelings and hopes. Work hard on "borrowing scenery" to be subtle, mysterious and gesture; Clever use of "curve" can make nature, environment and garden coordinate with each other in personality and overall, and complement each other. The technique of "skillful borrowing and skillful style" is similar to China's classical poetry, which emphasizes the implication. It seems to be casual and flowing, but in fact it is extraordinary, meticulous and profound. In the west, straightness, exposure, scale and grandeur are beautiful, such as open and flat lawns, huge stadiums and magnificent high-rise buildings. Both emphasize the analysis of axes and geometric figures. Straightness, openness and openness are undoubtedly important features, which are different from the symbolism, implication and implication of China architecture.

China's grasp of formal beauty and engineering technology often relies on intuition and experience, and pays more attention to the mastery and application of skills. In architectural theory and architectural knowledge's teaching practice, master-apprentice inheritance or word of mouth is generally adopted. On the inheritance line of architectural skills or construction technology, mentoring is passed down from generation to generation. If there is no successor or later study, people will often die and skills will be lost. In the application of architectural skills and techniques, inheritance is generally more than innovation. In the choice of architectural style, imitation is often greater than transcendence. In architectural theory, we pay attention to the description of building materials, construction technology and management experience, without detailed summary and theoretical results. Relatively speaking, the west starts with geometric analysis, emphasizes the rigor and accuracy of architectural materials, pays more attention to the breakthrough and innovation of architectural theory, actively explores new architectural forms, advocates and actively forms different architectural styles and schools, and adopts a systematic and rational attitude towards architectural education, and so on. In a sense, this is strikingly similar to the differences between Chinese and western medicine in working methods, pharmacological operations and technical teaching.

The compatibility of China culture determines that China traditional culture does not exclude foreign culture. Instead, we should proceed from reality, absorb and create according to our own situation, and make it better integrated into the national cultural system. From the architectural style, Buddhism was introduced into China from India in the Eastern Han Dynasty around A.D., and the Indian Tower was introduced to create the China Tower. After the Tang Dynasty, Islam was introduced from the Middle East and Islamic mosque buildings were introduced, creating the style of mosque buildings in China. /kloc-during the Qianlong period of the 0/8th century, Italian gardens were introduced and built in the Yuanmingyuan in Beijing, and so on. It should be said that China attaches great importance to introducing and absorbing foreign excellent architectural styles and design techniques.

In a word, cities, gardens and buildings, as carriers of culture, have a profound cultural imprint and a strong humanistic spirit behind them. Attaching importance to cultural traditions, exploring national characteristics and activating national unique cultural values have become one of the international architectural trends of thought. Architectural style has entered the era of "showing their magical powers", and humanistic pursuit has become a new measure of architectural value. By comparing some differences between Chinese and western architectural cultures, we can see that Chinese and western architectural styles have different cultural backgrounds and unique charm. Therefore, in order to produce cities, gardens and buildings with China style and cultural heritage, historical spirit and national characteristics, we must learn from the excellent architectural culture of other nationalities, and strive to skillfully integrate the excellent culture of the Chinese nation into them, and combine the elements of nationality, times, culture and development to create excellent architectural works and cities with national cultural characteristics.

The formation and development of architecture in China has a long history. Due to its vast territory and different climatic, cultural and geological conditions, China has its own unique architectural style. In particular, the forms of folk houses are more colorful. For example, the dry fence building in the south, the cave building in the northwest, the felt-wrapped building of nomadic people, the quadrangle building in the north and so on. China's architecture has further shaped the whole East Asian architecture system, and South Korea, North Korea, Vietnam, Mongolia, Tibet, Ryukyu and Japan are all deeply influenced by China's architecture.

The traditional architecture in China is characterized by the dynasties of China. The architecture in China referred to in this paper is the traditional architecture in China. Because the traditional buildings in China are mainly wood structures, they have experienced natural and man-made destruction, and it is often difficult to preserve them for a long time. Therefore, the sources of historical materials in different periods are different. Ancient books, philology and archaeological sites are mostly used as historical materials for the study of traditional architecture in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Most of the materials from Shang Dynasty to Han Dynasty came from archaeological sites, tombs, stone reliefs, brick reliefs and paintings on utensils. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, due to the expansion of territory and the influence of Buddhism, in addition to the existing physical buildings, grotto structure and painting have also become research topics.

Compared with the masonry structure system of western ancient buildings, China's ancient buildings are independent institutional systems, and their greatest features are as follows:

Give priority to with structural system. Wood structure system has many advantages: for example, the maintenance structure is separated from the supporting structure, and the seismic performance is high; Convenient materials and fast construction speed. At the same time, wood structure also has many shortcomings: it is easy to be corroded by fire, termites and rain, and its duration is shorter than that of masonry buildings; Due to the increase of engineering quantity, the demand for finished wood is in short supply; It is difficult for beam-frame system to realize complex architectural space. However, there are also a few brick and metal buildings in the ancient buildings in China. For example, "Historical Records" said: "Stone chambers are all the locations of the National Library." ; For example, there are many records in the Notes on Water Classics, and Wei Shui Pian: "There are stone chambers next to Panxi to build the residence of Taigong". Masonry structures are mostly used in tower buildings. Metal buildings are mainly made of copper. Famous bronze buildings include Baoyun Pavilion in the Summer Palace in Beijing, Jin Dian in Wudang Mountain in Hubei and Jin Dian in Taihe Palace in Kunming.

China's wood structure system has always adopted the structural principle of frame system: four columns, beams and vertical purlins are added to form a "house", and general buildings are composed of odd rooms, such as three, five, seven and nine rooms. The more bays there are, the higher the water level is. There are eleven rooms in the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City, which is the highest existing ancient wooden structure. The facade is divided into abutment, roof and roof. Among them, the roof of the official building is the most important part of architectural modeling, which is huge and far-reaching. Roof forms are divided into single slope, flat roof, hard mountain, suspended mountain, circular hall, inclined mountain, rolled shed, cushion roof, double eaves and helmet roof, with double eaves and circular hall as the highest level.

Bucket is a key component in China wood structure, and its function is to extend a cantilever beam from the column to support the weight of the eaves.

Unique external contour: multi-storey abutment, brightly colored curved sloping roof and courtyard-style building present a vast space. More than 2000 years ago, quadrangle architecture appeared in the brick paintings of Han tombs, and the Forbidden City, the largest architectural complex in Ming and Qing Dynasties, also adopted a complex enclosure form.

In terms of architectural ideas, China's ancient buildings embody clear ideas and pay attention to hierarchy: there are strict regulations on modeling, color, scale, structure and components, which improve the architectural form to a certain extent, but at the same time limit the development of architecture. At the same time, the idea of harmony between man and nature is also reflected in the development of ancient architecture in China, which promotes the coordination and integration between architecture and nature. Pay attention to the location of buildings and cities; When it was built according to local conditions, it was built on the mountain, and the garden was particularly obvious, emphasizing Feng Shui.

Ancient buildings, carved beams and painted buildings, and walls are often painted. Painting was quite prosperous during the Warring States period; In the imperial palace of the Han dynasty, there are also many stories of characters, and good and evil are recited as a warning. Later generations painted many landscapes.

There are many famous architectural works in China, among them, the works on the city include Kao Gong Ji, the works on building regulations include Building French by Li Jie in the Song Dynasty, and Examples of Qing Dynasty's engineering practices. ",garden works include" Garden Metallurgy ". Famous craftsmen include Yuwen Kai in Sui Dynasty, Li Jie in Song Dynasty, Kuai Xiang in Ming Dynasty and Shi Lei in Qing Dynasty.

Modern architecture in China refers to the space, modeling vocabulary, materials, art and construction mode of traditional architecture in China. Influenced by western architecture and ideological trend, it is different from traditional architecture in China. Modern architecture can be roughly divided into new traditional architecture, eclectic architecture and world architecture.

Medieval architecture contains the conflict and integration of Italian, northern, Spanish and Byzantine elements, and the more prominent feature is the power struggle between kings, popes and clergy. According to this, it can be divided into early Christianity, pre-Romanesque architecture (including four periods of Merovin, Caroline, Otto and asturias), Romanesque and Gothic. Although this classification is controversial, it well divides the significant differences between buildings in different eras.

The famous medieval buildings are all religious buildings, while the existing medieval secular buildings are mainly castles and forts, which are characterized by cross-shaped windows with both decorative and military functions.

The development of architectural expression in Renaissance lies in the geometric harmony between invisible light and tangible entities, which sublimates the secular into something created by God. The relationship between the world and God has been changed. Perspective has infinitely expanded the scope of human understanding through a new expression of the horizon. In the field of art, the painting techniques of the Renaissance began to appear in a broad space, and helped shape new humanistic ideas.

Perspective represents a new universal view, a transcendental view that space can be understood and controlled through reason. Therefore, Renaissance architecture is more clear in the concept of expressing intention, and its treatment of space is expected to be understood from the set direction. Perspective can simulate the real scene to the greatest extent, because it can not only describe the views of architects, but also allow them to predict people's experience of architecture through images.

The Bervid Le Courtyard in bramante was originally conceived through drawings and then built. Such a spatial composition can only be realized through abstract perspective. Through abstraction, various heterogeneous factors are combined to metaphor the legitimacy of popular rules. This courtyard is used to connect an ancient papal palace and another palace on the right side of St. Peter's Cathedral. Bramante used three courtyards to treat the slopes. From the lower courtyard to the higher courtyard, the layout of the garden is gradually neat, creating a contrast between the world and the ideal holy city, which is particularly described by bramante, especially from the window of the Pope.

Charles VIII (France) returned to France after conquering Naples in 1496. Italian artists, as their trophies, introduced the Renaissance to France. Starting from the earliest Amboise Castle, a series of Renaissance castles appeared in the Loire Valley, which were very popular during the reign of Francois I. Champol Castle is a combination of Gothic structure and Italian style decoration, which was developed by architects including Serio and applied to the famous Fontainebleau Palace.

During the period of Henry II and Henry III, buildings of the same style appeared one after another. The famous architects in this period are Delaume, Dusselo, Vignola and Lecco. The southwest interior of the Palace Square in the Louvre was designed by Lecco, and the carving on it was Gu Rong's work.

It was Jones who introduced the Renaissance style to Britain. He studied architecture in Italy and was obviously influenced by Palladio style. After returning to England, Jones enthusiastically promoted the Renaissance. 16 16, he designed the Queen's House in Greenwich, and three years later, he designed the State Banquet Hall in Whitehall Street. These works have clean lines and symmetrical shapes, which was a revolution in the country ruled by lattice windows, cribs and watchtowers at that time.

If the Renaissance marks the rebirth of humanistic culture, then the subsequent stylism and baroque architecture convey anxiety about intention and expression. The development of science and philosophy separates realistic mathematical expression from other cultures, and fundamentally changes the way mortals communicate with the world through architecture.

Academic architecture (or art style architecture, miscellaneous style architecture) was created by the French Academy of Fine Arts in Paris in the19th century. After two and a half centuries of accumulation, academic architecture has absorbed the achievements of the Royal Institute of Architecture and the Department of Architecture of the French Academy of Fine Arts. The French Academy of Fine Arts provides a competitive platform for the Rome Prize established by the old dynasty, and the winners can get the opportunity to study in Rome. Under this selection system, academic architecture was deeply branded with Roman style and reached its peak in the Second Empire and the Third Republic.

Modernist architecture contains thousands of styles, but they all have similar factors. Modernist architecture originated in 1900. At first, it was simple in form and less decorated. Since the1940s, the modernist architectural style has gradually stabilized, occupied the mainstream of the architectural world, and formed a kind of architecture called international style. For most of the 20th century, modernist architecture occupied the mainstream of government agencies and commercial buildings. There is no clear definition of the exact origin and elements of modernist architecture, which still needs extensive interpretation and speculation. But the main tone of modernist architecture seems to follow "function determines form".

The reputation of the Chinese nation as a country of courtesy and music is closely related to the long-term education of etiquette and music order. "The essence of etiquette is the ethical order of respecting each other, while the spirit of music is to reconcile the relationship between various grades and categories." The core of Confucianism is the rule of man, not the rule of god, so it emphasizes regulating people's concepts and behaviors, including the living environment closely related to daily behavior. Rite and music culture is the essence of Confucian theory that adapts to this social politics. Outside the quadrangles in Beijing, this relationship is a model in form.

Ancient Egypt ancient Egypt also paid more attention to the hierarchical thought of primary and secondary, young and old, and axis. The courtyard layout, which is closed to the outside and open to the inside, conforms to the psychology and living habits of ancient Egyptians and has basically become a common form of residential design.

The hierarchy of ancient Greek houses (except those of slaves and slave owners) was relatively rare. For example, in the middle of the fifth century, the planning of Mile Capital in Xibodan was aimed at providing parallel living conditions for every citizen. In other residential areas expanded in the future, the base area and houses of each house are the same.

The rich in ancient Rome often lived in the suburbs to avoid the noise and congestion of the city. Most of them are villas and mansions, with a central axis and a courtyard in graphic design, which are compact in structure. Multi-storey apartments are produced to solve the problems of population explosion and housing shortage, and are occupied by most ordinary citizens. Influenced by ancient Greece, the hierarchical system in residential buildings is also very weak, which is more directly linked to the wealth of residents.

Folk custom is folk custom, which refers to the life culture created, enjoyed and passed down by the broad masses of people in a country or nation. It originated from the needs of human social group life, and constantly formed, expanded and evolved in specific nationalities, times and regions, serving people's daily lives. It is also a world of folk inheritance formed in the history of the country and the nation, which is closely related to folk houses. Broadly speaking, folk houses themselves can also be counted as a part of folk customs.

China: The emergence of folk customs in China has a profound material foundation. Ancient folk customs are mainly myths, religions, witchcraft and totem worship. Buju Xiangzhai is a folk geomantic theory and architectural method gradually formed after absorbing witchcraft and Yin-Yang five lines of gossip theory. In the whole process of folk architecture, the influence of this culture is also reflected. If you break ground, you should "choose your luck" and "worship God"; On good days, neighbors are invited to pray together and offer sacrifices to roosters to "exorcise ghosts". There are also special things to ward off evil spirits, such as "springboard", "Shi Gandang" and "magic mirror".

Influenced by the special geographical environment, the Egyptians who thrived in ancient Egypt on both sides of the Nile blocked contact with the outside world and gained natural barriers and rich resources, thus forming their own unique civilization, such as ancient Egyptian writing, creationism, calendars and astrology. Compared with the myths and religions of ancient Egypt, its folk culture reflects the consideration of its own security and privacy.

The Aegean Sea of ancient Greece gave birth to the splendid civilization of ancient Greece, and the ancient Greeks had profound attainments in literature, drama, sculpture, architecture, philosophy and many other aspects. People pour all their architectural enthusiasm into large public buildings such as temples, and the need for public activities is an important reason for the existence of a large number of public buildings. Existing architectural sites, such as temples, theaters and arenas, deeply reflect the artistic interest of ancient Greeks. Although ordinary residential buildings were not paid attention to, the efforts to pursue practical functions were consistent, showing the nature of the ancient Greeks.

On the basis of absorbing the outstanding cultural achievements of neighboring nationalities, especially the outstanding cultural achievements of ancient Greeks, the ancient Romans created their own unique culture according to the needs of their own social, economic and political development. Western residential buildings also made great strides in ancient Rome. Worship of family gods and ancestors is often manifested in folk houses.

Compared with ancient Greece, the ancient Romans paid more attention to the protection of privacy in their own houses, and people also personalized rooms with different functions according to their own preferences and economic conditions.

Folk houses in China are closely related to people's lives. People often meet their basic living needs with the cheapest one-time investment, the most intuitive way of thinking and the simplest construction technology. "The high wall of the room is wet, the side is cold, and the ground is exposed to snow, frost and rain" (Mozi) was people's understanding of the house at that time. Most of the spaces, structures and components in the house are practical.

Ancient Egypt In ancient Egypt, due to the drought and heat in the Nile Delta, people put up a cool terrace on the roof and used the height difference of the roof to open the window for ventilation. These methods are excellent creations adapted to local conditions and let nature take its course, which have a far-reaching impact on houses in hot and arid areas in the west.

Ancient Greece has a Mediterranean climate, with dry heat in summer, high temperature and little rain; Winter is mild and humid. Colonnade is widely used in residential buildings. There are fountains, pools, statues, flowers and trees in the courtyard. There are often murals and colorful mosaics in the room, and the environment is comfortable and pleasant.

Rome has a Mediterranean climate with distinct seasons and warm weather. Most of the local building materials are bricks and concrete. Due to climate, geographical location, raw materials and many other regional factors, the advantages of ancient Roman arch structure technology have been fully exerted. There are many types of houses, such as villas, buildings and multi-storey apartments.

The quadrangles in China are all big families living together, which are divided into secondary axes next to the main axis, forming a parallel combination of multiple groups of quadrangles.

Represented by Beijing Siheyuan, the courtyard surrounded by surrounding houses is the basic unit, and several courtyards with different sizes and shapes are combined into a house. Generally, it is a three-way courtyard, and the entrance is a small courtyard. There is a screen wall opposite the gatehouse with auspicious words written on it. It goes through the doorway in the partition wall to the first courtyard on the axis. Siheyuan does not open windows to the outside world and is relatively closed. Therefore, it meets the requirements of distinction between the inside and outside of feudal society and orderly treatment of the elderly, and also creates a comfortable and quiet living environment for users.

In order to make full use of courtyard space, western houses often add floors around the courtyard to increase the use area. In ancient Egypt, the entrance through the corridor was a courtyard surrounded by colonnades, which was actually the center of family activities. The layout of the courtyard, closed to the outside and open to the inside, was more in line with the psychology and living habits of ancient Egyptians. The courtyards in ancient Greece were mostly built in the shape of "gardens", mostly arranged inward, with a pool in the center. The characteristics of openness, brightness and more "gardens" make the ancient Greek courtyards more characteristic of agricultural civilization. Ancient Rome gradually merged atrium-style and courtyard-style houses, forming a form similar to two-way quadrangles. The front is a relatively closed atrium, and the back is an ancient Greek courtyard.

Many courtyards in China originated from the shrinking of courtyards, which are the products of group buildings and agricultural civilization and influenced by urban layout. This is similar to the Greek courtyard, but the Greek courtyard emphasizes the characteristics of "garden" and the philosophical concept of "frequent contact with nature". The houses in ancient Greece are more rational, regular and orderly. The atrium in ancient Rome was an integral part of a single building, which had obvious nomadic characteristics. The freedom of ancient Roman dwellings, adapted to local conditions, can make people feel a young vitality. There are fewer quadrangles in ancient Egypt, but more of them reflect a kind of tranquility and simplicity.

Both Chinese and western folk culture originated from the need of human settlement. As a living space, no matter ancient or modern, Chinese or foreign, it has certain privacy. Therefore, the introverted and implicit space is the * * * nature of ordinary households. But there is a difference between this privacy and introversion. Compared with the west, China will be more closed. This closeness, especially the northern houses, is typical. On the one hand, because it is cold and windy in the north, there is no window around the courtyard wall like Beijing quadrangle, but only a door is opened in the southeast corner for access, which is to resist the invasion of natural forces; On the other hand, China's orthodox Confucianism and introverted personality are deeply rooted. The concept of consanguineous family in westerners is generally much weaker than that in China. The fathers and ancestors in the family are not spiritual idols, and their descendants are not vassals of their fathers. Family members advocate equality and freedom of personality. Therefore, this is reflected in the architectural culture, and the residential culture naturally does not tend to be closed inward, but emphasizes outward opening. Therefore, western residents often do not set up walls, requiring bright and open. Of course, the courtyard of China residential houses is mainly a place for family activities, not that kind of airtight closure. China folk houses pursue a realm of "no courtyard and no residence".