Little knowledge of smog science popularization

1. smog science knowledge: what are the hazards and preventive measures?

1 air purifier

Different from the traditional filter screen air purifier, the negative ion air purifier takes negative ions as the purification factor, and by releasing high-concentration air negative ions and using their own activity, they quickly spread to all corners of the space, effectively purifying various pollutants in the air, completely abandoning the dependence of the traditional air purifier on the filter screen and fan, and truly achieving low power consumption, zero noise, zero consumables and low maintenance cost.

In particular, the VIIYI ecological negative ion generator with negative ion system and pollutant collection system, which is based on nano fullerene ion releaser technology and ecological negative ion generation chip technology, can be reused only by cleaning the pollutant collector regularly, further reducing the later maintenance cost.

In addition, the design of professional negative ion air purifier removes the fan, which further reduces the energy consumption of the product. The power is as low as 5W, and it can be continuously purified for 24 hours without pressure. When smog invades on a large scale, it is enough to ensure the respiratory health of a family.

wear a mask when going outside

You can wear a mask when you go out, which can effectively prevent dust particles from entering the body. Cotton masks are the best because some people are allergic to non-woven fabrics, while cotton masks are generally not allergic and easy to clean. When you come back from going out, you should wash your face and protect your skin immediately.

3 light diet, drink more water

The diet in foggy days should choose light and digestible foods rich in vitamins, drink plenty of water and eat more fresh vegetables and fruits, which can not only supplement various vitamins and inorganic salts, but also play a role in moistening the lungs, resolving phlegm, relieving cough, strengthening the spleen and tonifying the kidney. Eat less * * * food, eat more pears, loquat, oranges, oranges and other foods that clear the lung and resolve phlegm.

2. Smog quiz: Is there smog only in winter?

The smog in winter is mainly caused by inversion, and there are many reasons for the emission of heating pollutants in winter.

In winter, due to the obvious ground radiation cooling at night, the "inversion layer" is easy to appear in the low altitude of the atmosphere, and the exchange and circulation ability of air in the horizontal and vertical directions becomes weak, and the pollutants discharged into the air are confined in the shallow atmosphere, and the stipules gradually gather into smog, which leads to air pollution. At the same time, foggy days appear more frequently in winter. This is because the winter nights are long, there are more opportunities for sunny days and small winds, the ground heat dissipation is faster, and the temperature drop is more significant. When the temperature in Ivy drops to the lowest in the morning, the water vapor in the air is easy to reach saturation and condense into small water droplets. When more and more water droplets accumulate to form fog, it often means that the atmosphere is relatively stable, and the stable atmosphere is easy to accumulate pollutants, so foggy days are usually accompanied by mild or severe pollution of Tmall.

In many cases, low visibility weather is actually caused by the mixture of fog and haze. When the relative humidity is high in the morning, it is mostly fog, and it turns into haze after the temperature rises and the humidity drops during the day. Especially under the influence of heating, more pollutants are discharged in winter, which is also an important cause of winter smog.

3. Little knowledge about the air, the harm of smog weather

How to deal with smog weather?

1 Try not to go out: due to the existence of large and small particles in foggy days, which is seriously harmful to health, particles will attach to the respiratory tract after entering the body, causing bronchitis and pharyngitis. In particular, the elderly and patients with respiratory diseases with relatively weak resistance should reduce their travel, or wear masks to protect their bodies when exercising outdoors.

There should be a limit to morning exercises: many people are used to morning exercises, but in fact, the time is not very correct for the human body. Because of the air exchange environment in the morning, the air quality is very poor, especially in foggy days, the respiratory tract is vulnerable to * * *, and it is easy to induce respiratory tract and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases during exercise.

Do a good job of personal hygiene, wash your face and rinse your mouth after going out, and change clothes when going out to remove the residue of pollution.

4. Pay attention to diet:

Drink plenty of water to speed up your metabolism.

B In diet, try to avoid the intake of spicy food, and there should be as few people who like to eat hot pot in winter as possible.

C light diet, eat more fresh fruits and vegetables, tremella, pears, persimmons, lilies, radishes, water chestnuts and other lung-moistening foods.

The main components of PM2.5 are elemental nitrogen, organic carbon compounds, sulfate and nitrate. There are other elements rich in the earth's crust such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminum and iron, and heavy metal elements such as lead, zinc, cadmium and copper, which are mainly caused by human pollution. Although the spontaneous combustion process will also produce PM2.5, the main sources are man-made emissions, such as the burning of coal, gasoline and diesel, the burning of garbage, road dust, industrial pollution, forest fires, pollen bacteria and so on.

How did the sky smog appear?

In fact, large and small particles in the daily air will reduce daily visibility, but compared with coarse particles, fine particle PM2.5 has a stronger ability to reduce visibility. When visibility decreases, we will be blocked, blurred, unclear, etc. And it will also hinder the light irradiation.

Harm to human health?

Large particles are easily intercepted by the nose, throat and trachea, or excreted by the movement of villi. However, because PM2.5 is a fine particulate matter, once inhaled from the respiratory tract, it will deposit in human alveoli and then dissolve into the blood, causing blood poisoning and easily reaching the depths of the lungs. It will cause damage to the respiratory system and cardiovascular system, such as respiratory tract, cough, dyspnea, exacerbation of asthma attack, arrhythmia, heart disease and so on.

4. Haze knowledge to see the answer

Reference answer:

15.① Fog itself is a relatively normal weather phenomenon without pollution; Haze is actually a pollutant.

② Fog is composed of water vapor with relatively large particles; Haze is composed of relatively dry particles, and the particles are very small.

③ The fog is white, and the color of haze is generally yellow or brown.

16. Explain with concrete examples and remarks that the common sense about smog written in the article has been scientifically analyzed and demonstrated, thus enhancing the persuasiveness of the article and the credibility of the content.

17.( 1) Quoting experts' words is not to show that each of us can avoid smoggy weather if we have the awareness of energy saving and emission reduction, but to show the importance of everyone's awareness of energy saving and emission reduction in preventing and controlling air pollution.

⑵ The method of enumerating figures is not to show that smog pollution in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Xi 'an is serious, but to show that smog pollution does have an impact on human health.

18. When the pollution is serious, sensitive people should try to reduce outdoor activities; Wear a mask to travel in foggy days; Eat more light food; Don't open the window for ventilation to ensure indoor air quality.

5. What do you know about smog?

① Fog itself is a relatively normal weather phenomenon, and there is no pollution; Haze is actually a pollutant.

② Fog is composed of water vapor with relatively large particles; Haze is composed of relatively dry particles, and the particles are very small.

③ The fog is white, and the color of haze is generally yellow or brown.

16. Explain with concrete examples and remarks that the common sense about smog written in the article has been scientifically analyzed and demonstrated, thus enhancing the persuasiveness of the article and the credibility of the content.

17.( 1) Quoting experts' words is not to show that each of us can avoid smoggy weather if we have the awareness of energy saving and emission reduction, but to show the importance of everyone's awareness of energy saving and emission reduction in preventing and controlling air pollution.

⑵ The method of enumerating figures is not to show that smog pollution in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Xi 'an is serious, but to show that smog pollution does have an impact on human health.

18. When the pollution is serious, sensitive people should try to reduce outdoor activities; Wear a mask to travel in foggy days; Eat more light food; Don't open the window for ventilation to ensure indoor air quality.

6. Life Tips: How to prevent the harm caused by smog

1, reduce going out

The elderly, children and people susceptible to respiratory diseases with weak resistance should try to reduce going out or outdoor activities, and wear masks to protect their bodies when going out to prevent pollutants from invading the lungs through the nose and mouth. When you come back from going out, wash your face and skin immediately.

2. Wear a mask and go out less.

Wear a mask when going out, but it is best not to wear it for more than 4 hours. Cloth masks should be cleaned and disinfected with boiling water every day. Some personalized masks and cartoon masks are only one or two layers thick, so it is difficult to filter viruses and dust in the air. Common masks such as N95 and KN90 have a good protective effect on PM2.5, but they are not suitable for children. Disposable masks should not be used repeatedly to avoid secondary pollution.

3. Close the doors and windows to purify the air

Try to close the doors and windows in foggy days, and you can open the window for a short time when there is plenty of sunshine and less pollutants at noon. The installation and use of air purifiers can improve indoor air quality to some extent, and products that do not produce by-products such as ozone should be selected.

Step 4 put green plants indoors

Planting some green plants indoors can absorb carbon dioxide in the air and produce oxygen.

5, pay attention to diet

Patients with chronic respiratory diseases, especially the elderly, should keep scientific life rules, avoid overwork and drink plenty of water. Pay attention to a light diet, eat less sex food, eat more tofu, milk and other foods, and supplement vitamin D when necessary.

6. Be careful when driving and walking.

Moderate and severe haze weather, low visibility and poor line of sight. People who drive, ride and walk should be more careful, especially when passing through intersections and unguarded railway crossings, to slow down and obey traffic rules to avoid traffic accidents.

8, timely treatment of disease recurrence.

Patients with chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma, chronic pharyngolaryngitis, allergic rhinitis, cardiovascular diseases or the infirm, the elderly, children, pregnant women, etc. , should avoid going out. If you need to go out, especially patients with asthma and coronary heart disease, you should take medicine with you to avoid aggravation.

7.50 Less scientific knowledge

Why do sunflowers always face the sun? Sunflower stems contain a wonderful auxin.

This auxin is very afraid of light. When it is illuminated, it will go to the backlight side, and the cells on the backlight side will multiply rapidly. Therefore, the backlit side will grow faster than the bright side, which will bend the sunflower to light.

2. Why do the stars twinkle? We see the stars shining, not because the luminosity of the stars has changed, but because of the occlusion of the atmosphere. The atmosphere is between us and the stars. When starlight passes through the atmosphere, it will be affected by the density and thickness of the atmosphere.

The atmosphere is not absolutely transparent, and its transparency will change according to its density. So when we look at the stars through it on the ground, we will see that the stars seem to be flashing.

3. Why do people yawn? When we feel tired, a lot of carbon dioxide has been produced in our bodies. When there is too much carbon dioxide, oxygen must be supplemented to balance the needs of the body.

Because these residual carbon dioxide will affect our body's functional activities, then the body will send out a protective reaction, so we yawn. Yawning is a deep breathing action, which will let us breathe in more oxygen and expel more carbon dioxide than usual, and it can also eliminate fatigue.

How high is the blue sky? "Blue sky" is actually the earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere surrounds the earth's air and is divided into five layers according to the air density, with a total thickness of 2000-3000 kilometers.

But most of the air is concentrated below 15 km from the ground, and the higher the air, the thinner it is. How thick the atmosphere is, how high the blue sky should be.

5. Why are there no stars in the daytime? Because part of the sunlight is scattered by the gas and dust in the atmosphere during the day, the sky is very bright and the light radiated by the sun is so strong that we can't see the stars. 6. What celestial bodies are there in the solar system? There are nine planets in the solar system.

They are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. In addition, there are many asteroids, comets and meteors in the solar system, and there are 2958 officially numbered asteroids.

The most famous comet is Halley's comet. 7. Why does it thunder? This is a natural phenomenon that negative electricity meets positive electricity.

When it rains, some clouds in the sky are positively charged and some are negatively charged. When two clouds meet, they will discharge, emit bright and bright lightning, and at the same time release a lot of heat, which will make the surrounding air heated, expand and make a loud noise. This is thunder. 8. Why can an airplane fly into the sky? This plane has two wings, like those of a bird. It has a propeller.

The wing can generate lift and lift the plane into the air; Propeller can produce the ability to push the plane forward. Therefore, the plane can fly into the sky like a bird.

33. For a quartz clock hanging on the wall, when the battery runs out and stops, its second hand often stops at the position of "9" on the dial. This is because the second hand is most hindered by the large torque at the "9" position.

9. Before the boiling water rang, the bubbles in the water rose and vibrated up and down due to convection. Most bubbles burst under the pressure of water, and their bursting sound and vibration sound together with the container produce * * * sound, so the sound is very loud. After water boils, it is isothermal up and down, and the bubble volume increases. Under the action of buoyancy, it will explode when it reaches the water surface, so the noise is relatively small.

10. Fire-water incompatible substances must reach the ignition point when burning. Because of the large specific heat of water, water can absorb a lot of heat when it comes into contact with fire, thus reducing the temperature of ignition materials; At the same time, the vaporized water vapor surrounds the burning object, making it impossible for the object to contact with air. Without air, combustion cannot be carried out. 1 1. Sit on the ground and walk for 80,000 days. Because the radius of the earth is 6370 kilometers, every time the earth makes a circle, the distance that objects on its surface "walk" is about 40003.6 kilometers, about 80000 miles.

This is a poem sung by * *, which also scientifically reveals the relationship between motion and stillness-motion is absolute, and stillness is always relative to the reference object. 12. According to the principle of lever balance, if the power arm is a fraction of the resistance arm, then the power is several times the resistance.

If the weight of the arm is very large, it is entirely possible to "dial one or two kilograms." 13. When the distance between molecules is large (more than several hundred angstroms), the attraction between molecules is very small, almost zero, so it is difficult to reassemble a broken mirror.

14. If the directions of the components are the same, the resultant force is equal to the sum of the components. 15. Tofu can't be hung with hemp rope. When the pressure is constant, if the stress area is small, the pressure will be great.

16. True gold is not afraid of fire, and truth is not afraid of argument. Judging from the melting point of gold, although it is not the highest, it is 1068℃, while the temperature of general flame is about 800℃. Because the temperature of the flame is lower than the melting point of gold, gold cannot be melted. 17. With a long whistle, people in the valley should give a long whistle. After many reflections, the sound can form a loud echo, which lasts for a long time. As if the mountains were shouting and the valleys were echoing.

18. Looking at the sky from the well, you can see very little. Because light travels along a straight line, from the knowledge of geometric drawing, the frog's field of vision will be very small. 19. It can be seen from the pressure formula that when the pressure is constant, the smaller the stress area, the greater the pressure.

People will feel very uncomfortable sitting on such a blanket. 20. Good years are bright. Because snow is a bad conductor of heat, when it covers crops, it can well prevent heat conduction and air convection, so it can play a role in heat preservation.

2 1. It is cold before frost and cold after snow. In the late autumn night, the temperature near the ground suddenly turns cold (the temperature is below 0℃), and the water vapor in the air condenses into small ice crystals and adheres to the ground to form frost, so it feels "cold before frost". When snow melts, it needs to absorb heat to reduce the temperature of the air, so we have the feeling of "cold after snow".

22. Eggs touch stones-overreached eggs touch stones. Although the force is the same, the pressure that each object can bear is certain. If this limit is exceeded, the object may be damaged. Eggs can withstand less pressure, so they will break.

23. Before the jade is polished, the surface is uneven and the light is diffuse. After the jade is polished, the surface is smooth and the light is mirrored. 24. Fans have cool air, and fans in summer are better than fans in winter and summer.

8. Less knowledge of popular science

Air pollution mainly refers to the chemical pollution of the atmosphere. There are many kinds of chemical pollutants in the atmosphere, and dozens of them are seriously harmful to human body. The air pollution in China belongs to coal-burning pollution, and the main pollutants are soot and sulfur dioxide, as well as nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. These pollutants mainly enter the human body through the respiratory tract, and are directly transported from the blood to the whole body without detoxification of the liver. Therefore, the chemical pollution of the atmosphere is very harmful to human health. This kind of harm can be divided into three types: chronic poisoning, acute poisoning and carcinogenesis.

The concentration of chemical pollutants in the atmosphere of chronic poisoning is generally low, which mainly produces chronic toxic effects on human body. Scientific research shows that chemical pollution in urban air is an important cause of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and bronchial asthma. Acute Poisoning When the factory emits a lot of harmful gases and there is no wind and fog, the chemical pollutants in the atmosphere are not easy to disperse, which will cause acute poisoning. For example, in 196 1 year, three petrochemical enterprises in Niigata, Japan continuously discharged a large number of chemical pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, and windless weather caused asthma among local residents. Later, the local air pollution was controlled and the incidence of asthma decreased.

Carcinogenesis Among the chemical pollutants in the atmosphere, there are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as 3,4-benzopyrene) and lead-containing compounds, among which 3,4-benzopyrene has the strongest effect on lung cancer. The smoke produced by burning coal, cars and cigarettes contains a lot of 3,4-benzopyrene. Chemical pollutants in the atmosphere can also fall into water, soil and crops, and be absorbed and enriched by crops, thus endangering human health.

Air pollution also includes biological pollution and radioactive pollution. Biological pollutants in the atmosphere mainly include pathogenic bacteria, mold spores and pollen. Pathogens can make people suffer from infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, and mold spores and pollen can cause allergic reactions in some people. Radioactive pollutants in the atmosphere mainly come from radioactive wastes from the atomic energy industry and medical X-ray sources, which are easy to cause skin cancer and leukemia.

9. How to write the popular science composition smog?

Haze is a kind of composite fine-particle suspended matter, with a particle size ranging from PM0. 1 to PM2.5, collectively referred to as 2.5 micron fine particles.

Under the condition of stable atmosphere, this mixed suspended substance can be suspended from the ground for several days or even weeks to a height of 500 meters. In windy conditions, the height is uncertain. When it rains, it will soon sink and disappear. This fine particle itself cannot be blocked by nose hair, cilia and alveoli. After inhalation, it will directly enter the blood through exchange, which will have an impact on human health. According to WHO research data, the incidence of lung cancer increases by 4% every time the air pollution index rises by 10PPM (one in a million), and it is also positively correlated with respiratory tract * * * and allergies.

It also has an impact on children's heavy metals exceeding the standard (most of the urban smog is industrial pollution, tail gas emissions, catering emissions and so on. Since 20 12, the health panic caused by smog and PM2.5 in big cities and eastern cities of China has aroused public concern. Haze and photochemical smog lead to longer-term and more dangerous environmental conditions, and the public will pay more attention to health protection measures.

Haze, as its name implies, is fog and haze. Fog is the water droplets floating in the air after the water vapor close to the ground meets the condensation of cold air under specific climatic conditions, and moves and dissipates with the change of wind and temperature.

The normal fog itself is white, which appears when the air has high water content and low temperature. Haze is smoke mixed with a lot of ash impurities, which is called haze. When the water vapor content in the air is not high, the visibility drops sharply. Recently, most of the smog that pervades the whole eastern and central China is grayish white or grayish yellow.

Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and inhalable particles in air pollutants are the main components of smog. The first two are gaseous pollutants, and the last one is the chief culprit that aggravates smog weather pollution. Among them, inhalable particulate matter is the general name of all kinds of particulate matter with a diameter less than or equal to 10 micron. Common particles are PM 10 and PM2.5, which refer to atmospheric particles with diameters less than or equal to 10 micron and less than or equal to 2.5 micron respectively.

This fine particle is also an air pollutant. They are suspended in the air, which not only blocks the view and reduces the visibility, but also absorbs other pollutants in the air as carriers, such as organic pollutants that combine with water mist to form aerosols, such as industrial emission compounds, smoke and dust, automobile exhaust, etc., and further reacts with sunlight to form a more harmful pollution mixture. Where does the smog come from? It is generally believed that the sources of smog are industrial emission pollution, urban construction and decoration, road dust, domestic heating and smoke exhaust and automobile exhaust.

Haze contains fine dust, volatile acid fog such as nitric acid and sulfuric acid, organic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. And this is the main component of air pollutants, dust and automobile exhaust in heavy industry. In particular, coal-fired thermal power generation, steelmaking and ironmaking metallurgy, chemical industry and wood processing and building materials industries with concentrated dust are one of the main sources of atmospheric particulate matter and sulfide.

Most of the automobile exhaust is nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides, especially the particulate matter content in diesel automobile exhaust is larger. If we look at smog from a broader perspective, we can find some historical laws, that is, almost all developed countries have experienced a period of serious smog pollution in the process of industrialization.

London, the most famous foggy city, has a history of 200 years, and even formed the brand of "London Fog". Since the industrial revolution, the smog in big cities in Britain such as London has formed and developed to a serious degree.

1952 There was even a smog event in London:1February 5 -9, 952, the inversion layer enveloped London, and the city was at the center of high pressure. The vertical and horizontal airflow stopped and the air was silent for several days. At that time, London used coal for heating in winter, and there were many coal-fired power stations in the urban area.

Gases and pollutants such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, dust and so on produced by coal combustion accumulate over the city, causing foggy weather for several days. During the period, affected by poisonous fog, not only a large number of flights were cancelled, but even cars had to turn on their headlights when driving on the road during the day.

The indoor concert was also cancelled because people couldn't see the stage. Londoners also responded to the poisonous fog. Many people feel difficult to breathe and their eyes sting. The number of patients with respiratory symptoms such as asthma and cough has increased significantly, and the sudden increase in mortality has led to as many as 12000 people dying from air pollution, which has promoted the process of environmental protection legislation in Britain.

However, with the completion of industrialization in Britain, urban construction has basically reached saturation, and basic industries have gradually withdrawn from the local area. After years of environmental management, we know that the fog in London has returned to normal in the past decade, and the once world-famous smog weather is rare in Britain. In the same period of US 1948, Donola, a small town in Pennsylvania, located 30 kilometers south of Pittsburgh, had more than 14000 residents.

Donola Town is the concentration place of sulfuric acid plant, steel plant and zinc smelting plant. For many years, the chimneys of these factories have been spraying smoke into the air, so that the residents of Donora town have become accustomed to the strange smell in the air. 1948101October 26 -3 1 day, the angel town of Donora is particularly dark with continuous fog.

The climate is humid and cold, the sky is overcast, there is no wind, and the air loses its vertical movement, resulting in inversion. In this dead wind state, the chimney of the factory did not stop discharging, just like breaking through the frozen atmosphere and constantly spewing smoke.

There is a pungent smell of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the air, which is disgusting. The visibility of the air is extremely low, and all factories except chimneys disappear into the smoke.

Subsequently, 6000 people in the town suddenly became ill, with symptoms such as eye disease, sore throat, runny nose, cough, headache, limb weakness, chest tightness, vomiting and diarrhea. Twenty of them died soon. Most of the deceased were over 65 years old, and most of them had suffered from heart disease or respiratory diseases, similar to the Mas Valley incident that year.

The main reason of this smog event is that the gas and metal particles containing toxic and harmful substances such as sulfur dioxide emitted by factories in small towns gather in the valley under abnormal climate. These toxic substances are attached to suspended particles, which seriously pollutes the atmosphere. People inhale a lot of these toxic gases in a short time, causing various symptoms and sudden diseases.

Also in the United States, the photochemical smog incident in Los Angeles is.