Where does Zhangjiajie drift and which scenic spot is interesting?

Zhangjiajie is located in the northwest of Hunan Province, at the junction of the uplift of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the settlement area of Dongting Lake, between east longitude 109 degrees 40 minutes and north latitude10 degrees 20 minutes, between 28 degrees 52 minutes and 29 degrees 48 minutes north latitude, bordering Shimen and Taoyuan counties in the east, Yuanling county in the south and Hefeng and Xuanen counties in Hubei Province in the north. The longest east-west border is 167 km, and the widest north-south border is 96 km. The city's total area is 9653 square kilometers, accounting for 4.5% of the province's area. The stratum in Zhangjiajie city is complex and diverse, which has created the local characteristic landscape.

In Zhangjiajie city, due to the influence of geography, stratum, structure, climate and many other conditions, a rich and colorful landform has been formed. Topographically, Zhangjiajie is bordered by Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the west, Dongting Lake in the east, mountainous areas in western Hubei in the north and Xuefeng Mountain in the south. Its overall topography is: low in the southeast and middle, high around, and there are alluvial soil plains along the banks of Lishui River. Throughout the year, our city has a mild climate, abundant rainfall and developed streams. All streams converge on the Lishui River and then flow into Dongting Lake from west to east for 800 miles. In the lake, there are tens of meters and hundreds of meters of sediment. Contrary to Dongting Lake, the terrain gradually rises from east to west, and there are mountains with an altitude of1500m or more such as Tianmen Mountain and Qixing Mountain in the city center. There are high mountains and low plains, which is a unique flowing water erosion landform in this area.

The occurrence of extremely thick timely sandstone in Wulingyuan Scenic Area is gentle, and the rock stratum cannot collapse along the weak part of bedding plane, covering Silurian flexible shale. Under the action of gravity, vertical joints of hard timely sandstone develop. Under the strong erosion of water, the rock stratum not only disintegrated and collapsed, but also was carried by running water. Remaining in the same place will form a strange forest with strange peaks, which is the main body of Wulingyuan scenic spot. Wutai Mountain Scenic Area in Cili County is also composed of timely sandstone in the same horizon, and the occurrence of rock stratum is relatively gentle. The top of Wutai Mountain is covered with yellow-green shale and marl, which is a water-resisting rock series and can protect the underlying sandstone from running water erosion.

Runoff erosion landform

Another outstanding performance of the urban area is that due to the rising of the earth's crust, the streams are cut down and enlarged, and it is too late to widen the rivers, resulting in valleys and canyons. The bottom of the river is very linear, with steep walls and the beach is full of water. The headwaters of Lishui River, the upper reaches of Huangshui River and Mao Yan in Zhangjiajie City are such valley landforms.

karst landform

In recent years, academic circles also call it karst landform, which is another outstanding feature of Zhangjiajie landform. It accounts for about 40% of the city's area. No matter the surface or the trunk, the deposit is well developed and is an integral part of the karst terrain development area in northwest Hunan. Sangzhi County, Cili County, Wulingyuan District and the southeast of Yongding County are the areas where this terrain develops. Karst caves, gullies, stone buds, dry valleys, stone mounds and stone tombs can be seen everywhere in urban areas, but stone forests are rare in urban areas. Some single stone pillars can be seen in Tianmen Mountain Scenic Area, but few forests are formed. In the northwest of Hunan, there is only one place in Xiaopaiwu, Huayuan County, Autonomous Prefecture, where there is a stone forest, commonly known as "stone fence", which is eye-catching and attracts many tourists and scholars to visit.

Morphology of underground caves and karst sediments. In Zhangjiajie, this is a must. Its cave scale, Jiutian Cave in Sangzhi County can be included in the membership cave of the World Cave Society, and it is indeed worthy of the resounding title of the first cave in Asia, which is remarkable. Jiutian Cave and Huanglong Cave in Wulingyuan District are the representatives of underground karst landforms in Zhangjiajie. They combine caves, caves, underground rivers, sinkholes and funnels. Karst deposits such as stalactites, stalagmites and stone pillars in the cave are varied and varied. It can be said that what a person thinks, sees and hears greatly expands the imagination of tourists, and it is often difficult for people to find suitable words and languages to praise her.

Zhangjiajie City is located in the hinterland of Wuling Mountain, which enters Zhangjiajie City from Wuyun Mountain in Guizhou and is divided into three tributaries. The northern branch comes from Fenglongshan, Hubei Province, and has jurisdiction over Lishan, Guiying Mountain and Qinglong Mountain in Sangzhi County. There are Tianxing Mountain, Hongxi Mountain, Chaotian Mountain, Qingyan Mountain and Maohua Street along the middle branch of Lishui North. The south branch is located between Lishui and Shui Yuan, including Qixing Mountain, Chongshan Mountain and Tianmen Mountain, and extends to Dalongshan and Tianhe Mountain in Cili County. All three branches went eastward to the alluvial plain of Dongting Lake and disappeared.

The mountains in Zhangjiajie overlap and the surface fluctuates greatly, with the highest point 1890.4m and the lowest point 75 m. Zhangjiajie has 3,000 strange peaks and 800 beautiful scenery. Most of the mountains in Zhangjiajie rise from the ground. The peaks on the mountain are steep and grotesque, or exquisite and beautiful, or terrible, or flat and gentle, or as thin as a sword. Zhangjiajie has a variety of karst landforms and rare sandstone peak forests in the world.

Wuling mountain range

It is located in the northwest corner of Hunan Province, and belongs to the eastern extension of Wu Yun Mountain in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The mountain system extends to the northeast and the top of the arc protrudes to the northwest. The uplift of the Neocathaysian tectonic belt is about 1000 meters above sea level, and the peak keeps a certain plane. The mountain shape is characterized by flat top, steep slope and deep valley. Huping Mountain, the highest peak, is 2098.7m above sea level. The landform development of Wuling mountain range is divided into three branches from Guannan. Northern branch: Bamian Mountain, Badagong Mountain, Qinglong Mountain, Dongshan Mountain and Huping Mountain distributed on the border of Hunan, Sichuan and Hubei; Unity: There are Tianxing Mountain, Hongxing Mountain, Chaotian Mountain, Zhangjiajie and Baiyun Mountain on the north side of Lishui main stream. The south branch extends from Guizhou to Hunan, which is the main vein of Wuling Mountain and the watershed between Lishui and Shui Yuan. All the above three mountains disappeared in Dongting Lake Plain. Wuling Mountain runs through the western part of Hunan Province and becomes a barrier for east-west traffic. However, in some areas, there are low mountain passes, such as caves, which constitute the passage for east-west traffic.

Tianmen Mountain

Tianmen Mountain was called Yunmeng Mountain in ancient times, also known as Yuping Mountain. Located in the south of Zhangjiajie 10 km. In 263, due to the collapse of the mountain wall, the cave in the upper part of the mountain was opened, connecting the north and the south. During the Three Kingdoms period, Sun Xiu, King of Wu, considered it auspicious and named it "Tianmen Mountain". Tianmen Cave, located on the precipice above1260m, is131.5m high and 37m wide. According to geological experts' research, the central part of the portal is the oblique intersection of east and west strata, and the rock was crushed and collapsed due to extrusion, and finally the portal was formed in 263. Tianmen Mountain is 15 17.9 meters above sea level. Because the relative height difference between the foot of the mountain and the city center is more than 1300 meters, it is particularly tall and straight, and the skyline is beautiful. It is a typical mountain.

Tianzishan

Tian Zi is located in the north of Wulingyuan. It stretches for nearly 40 kilometers from Shenzhen Pavilion in the east to Jiangjunyan in the west. Zhangjiajie in the south and Suoxiyu in the southeast are one of the three scenic spots developed by Lingyuan. Tianzi Mountain covers an area of 67 square kilometers, the highest point in Feng Kun is 1262 meters above sea level, and the lowest occupied Sinan Valley is 534 meters above sea level. Tian Zi is located in the hinterland of Lingyuan, with high terrain and panoramic view. It has the characteristics of long sight, wide picture and rich scenery. Someone commented: "Who knows the source", she has many peaks, high peaks and big peaks, which is really the peak outside the peak. Tian Zi is known as the "Four Scenes of Clouds, Moon, Sunshine and Winter Snow".

Badagong Mountain

Badagong Mountain Nature Reserve is 85 kilometers away from Sangzhi County, located at the northern end of Wuling Mountain and the source of Lishui River. Its main peak, Jiaoshan, is the top of Wuling Mountain, with an altitude of 1, 890 meters. The scenic spot consists of five forest areas, namely Jiaoshan, Cunninghamia lanceolata and Tianpingshan, with a total area of 44,900 hectares. It is a national nature reserve and the largest and best-preserved virgin forest in the south of China.

Yuanjiajie

Yuan Jiajie is located at the northern foot of Shandaogou, the core of Zhangjiajie World Natural Heritage, with an altitude of 1000 meters. It is surrounded by cliffs and stands in Wuling Mountain area, just like a high platform. It is a huge and gentle mountain range, mainly composed of quartzite.

Huangshizhai

Huangshizhai, also known as Huangshizhai, was originally named Huangsizhai and Huangshizhai. It was named after a man named Huang Shigong, who lived here in seclusion in ancient times. It is the essence of Zhangjiajie tourist area, and there has always been a saying that "if you don't go to Huangshi Village, you will go to Zhangjiajie for nothing". At an altitude of 1, more than 200 meters, a platform with an area of 16.5 hectares is formed by many cliffs. Its main attractions are: Tianshu Treasure Box, Dinghai Shenzhen, Nantianyizhu, Jinhai Turtle Exploration, etc. It is the most concentrated place in Zhangjiajie and the largest aerial viewing platform in Zhangjiajie.

river system

There are many streams and rivers in Zhangjiajie, and the water system is mainly backwater and backwater. The main stream of Lishui has three sources: north, middle and south, which are above Nancha in Sangzhi County. Beiyuan is the main stem, which originated from Chinese fir in Sangzhi County. The Central Plains comes from the eastern foot of Badagong Mountain; The south source leaves Longjiazhai in Yongshun County, and the three sources meet at the mouth of Longjiang River, then flow southward through Sangzhi County, Yongding County and Cili County ... and finally flow into Dongting Lake. The length of the main stream flowing through the city is 313km, and the drainage area is 8135km2. Many reservoirs have been built in China, providing sufficient hydropower resources for the local area.

Laishui is the largest tributary of Laishui. It wants to join Hefeng in Hubei and flow to the southeast through Sangzhi and Cili. The main stream is 250 kilometers long and the Chengjing River covers an area of 2,565 square kilometers. The bedrock is exposed, the slope is steep and the flow is rapid, and 80% of the whole river belongs to the canyon area. With a total drop of more than 400 meters, it is the richest river in Hunan Province. In addition, there are some rivers flowing to Shui Yuan in the mirror, with a drainage area of 1428 square kilometers. There are 2 12 rivers over 5 square kilometers in the city, including 48 first-class tributaries, 54 third-class tributaries and 8 fourth-class tributaries.

Lishui system

Lishui, one of the four major rivers in Hunan Province, is located in the northwest of Hunan Province, and its basin spans Hunan and Hubei provinces. The main stream of Lishui River is divided into three sources: north, middle and south. The north source is mainly Chinese fir from Sangzhi County, Hunan Province; the middle source comes from the eastern foot of Badagong Mountain in Sangzhi County; the south source comes from Longjiazhai in Yongshun County, Hunan Province; and the third source comes from the confluence of Nancha in Sangzhi County and flows eastward. Pick it up along the way? Water, water, water, water and other tributaries flow into Dongting Lake in Xiaodu Village, Tianjin. The total length of the main stream is 388 kilometers, with a drainage area of 18496 square kilometers (in Hunan 15505 square kilometers) and an average annual runoff of131.200 million cubic meters.

deposit

Zhangjiajie City belongs to the subtropical monsoon humid climate zone, with concentrated rainfall and more precipitation, with an average annual precipitation of 150- 180 days. In winter, it is often controlled by cold air masses from northwest and Mongolia, and frequent south cold currents cause rain, snow and frost. In summer, the warm and humid air mass from the south is blocked and lifted by the mountains, becoming an updraft, which is easy to cause rainfall. Summer and autumn are controlled by subtropical high, and hot weather often occurs. Some areas are affected by tropical low-pressure typhoon weather system, and heavy precipitation often occurs. At the turn of spring and summer, it is in the transition period of cold and warm air flow, and frequent peaks and cyclone activities have caused wet and rainy weather.

(A) the annual distribution of precipitation

The distribution of precipitation varies greatly during the year, and it is often concentrated in a few months. The precipitation in these months basically determines the abundance and dryness of a year. For four consecutive months, the maximum precipitation occurred in May-August, accounting for 58% of the whole year, the precipitation in flood season (April-September) accounted for 73% of the whole year, the maximum monthly precipitation accounted for 19% of the whole year, the minimum monthly precipitation occurred in 65438+February or 65438+1October, and the maximum monthly average precipitation was about the minimum month.

(2) Heavy rain

Affected by the geographical environment and climate, there are heavy rains in the city every year. Liangshuikou in Sangzhi County is a famous rainstorm center, with 24-hour average rainfall1.35.9mm and 3-day average rainfall1.94.2mm. In the measured records, the 24-hour rainfall at Liangshuikou Station reached 41.4.7mm (July 20th1.

Zhangjiajie, located in the mid-northern latitude, belongs to the prototype of monsoon humid climate in the mid-subtropical mountainous area, with abundant light and heat, abundant rainfall, long frost-free period, short severe cold period and distinct four seasons. The average sunshine, temperature and precipitation over the years are about 65438 0.440 hours, 65438 0.6 degrees and 65438 0.400 mm respectively, and the average frost-free period over the years is 265438 0.6 days to 266. Such a climate is conducive to the all-round development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production and fishery. However, influenced by topography, landforms and other factors, China's climate is complex and changeable, and natural disasters such as drought, floods, strong winds and hail are also frequent.

Temperature in spring (March/May): 5.8℃, 1 1.4℃, 16. 1℃. In spring, enchanting is like laughing, watering flowers and hiking.

Summer (May/August) temperature: 19.7℃, 23.3℃, 22.2℃ Summer is green-summer, wandering.

In autumn (September/65438+February), the temperature is 17.9℃, 13.9℃, and 8.7℃ in autumn, if it is clear, enjoy the fruit and climb high.

Winter (65438+ February/February) temperature: 3.4℃, 0.7℃, 1.3℃ Winter is as clean as sleep-enjoy the snow, Xun Mei.

The elevation of Zhangjiajie city is183m, and the average elevation of scenic spots is1000m. Because of this difference, the temperature difference between day and night can reach 65438 00℃.

Biological resources

Zhangjiajie is a treasure house of biological resources, with 850 species of woody plants 106 families, 320 genera and 46 species of vertebrates/kloc-0. Among them, there are 56 species of plants and 40 species of animals under state protection. Rare tree species include Ginkgo biloba, Davidia involucrata, Taxus chinensis and cherry blossoms. Precious medicinal materials include Ganoderma lucidum, Gastrodia elata, Polygonum Multiflori Radix and Eucommiae Cortex. Rare animals include giant salamander, unicorn, Sumen antelope, South China tiger, clouded leopard, macaque, civet and so on.

forest resources

Zhangjiajie is rich in forest resources, and the forest land area of the whole city is 10 12 mu, accounting for 7 1%. The forest coverage rate reached 64.6 1%, ranking first in the province. The city has implemented the "beautification, lighting and purification" project, with per capita green space 1.55 square meters, which is an ideal eco-tourism area and international holiday resort.

mineral resources

Due to the special conditions of stratum and structure, Zhangjiajie's minerals are mainly sedimentary minerals, such as coal, iron, nickel and molybdenum, followed by lead, zinc and copper formed by low-temperature hydrothermal solution, and non-metallic minerals include limestone, dolomite, marble, Shi Ying, barite, silica (in time) and mineral water. In a word, from a scientific and industrial point of view, earth mines and stone mines can burn bricks and tiles, while sand mines and stone mines can build bridges and tall buildings. What can be used and serves the national economic construction are all useful mineral resources, which should be cherished and protected, but their values are different. Seasonal sandstone is a mineral resource, which forms a unique sandstone peak forest landform in Wulingyuan Scenic Area. Its silica content is 90% to 99.06%, which is a high-quality raw material for producing timely glass. I think people will definitely choose the latter as an ore mining or preserving its peak forest landscape, because the value of the latter is immeasurable.

tourist resources

Zhangjiajie is rich in tourism resources and has many scenic spots. Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, the first national forest park in China; Suoxiyu Nature Reserve; Tianzishan Nature Reserve; Hunan Badagong Mountain National Nature Reserve, one of the first 20 national nature reserves in China, and one of the first 45 members of China Biosphere Reserve Network; Tianmenshan National Forest Park; Provincial scenic spots Tianmen Mountain and Maoyan River scenic spots; "Underground Pearl" Huanglong Cave; "Yaochi on Earth" Baofeng Lake; Known as the wonder of caves in the world and the first cave in Asia, Jiutian Cave; Puguang Temple, a famous temple in the south of the Yangtze River; "Taoist resort" Leo; He Long Memorial Hall, the starting point of the Long March of the Red Second Army, and the memorial hall of the revolutionary base areas in Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou.