My mastery of autonomous learning

As a discipline, geography has many similarities with other disciplines in learning methods. Such as: scientific learning attitude; Use your head, hands and mouth frequently; Ears, eyes, mouth, hands, heart, etc. At the same time, it also has its own unique learning methods.

First, the soul of geography learning-the use of maps

1, learn to classify

Maps include sunshine map, statistical map, topographic profile map, geological map, geographical landscape map, geographical schematic map, geographical cartoon map, geographical data map, geographical structure map, geographical contour map and so on.

2. Learn to look at pictures

① Look at the theme of the picture first.

② See the legend clearly.

③ Pay attention to details.

④ Connecting with practice

3. Learn to change the map

(1) Tu Tu transform (cross section becomes plan view).

② Graphic-text conversion

4. Learn to use pictures

① Summarize geographical laws or characteristics with graphs.

(2) Picture memory

Review the geography of China: You can look at the 10 map, namely: China administrative map, China topographic map, China climate map (temperature, precipitation), China water system map, China resource map (forest, minerals, hydropower, tourism resources, etc. ), China's crop distribution map, China's industrial distribution map, China's population, nationality, city, business center map, and China's traffic map. Look at the pictures, remember them, or even draw them one by one, and you will have the basic knowledge of China's geography.

Learning world geography:

1. Work hard on ten lines (five meridians and five latitudes).

2. Find out the natural landscape and human landscape in the area where the Tenth Line passes.

3. Draw an outline map within the latitude and longitude span of no more than ten degrees, tell the location, natural geographical features and human geographical features, and ask why. In this way, you will find that you begin to have a "picture" in your mind and a "truth" in your heart, and geography is no longer a monotonous text.

Second, the pillar of geography learning-understanding of textbooks

1, according to the outline, master the geographical principles and laws.

First, read the book thick: make reading notes on the book to supplement your understanding or find out your doubts.

Second, thin reading: organize and summarize knowledge to form a backbone and build your own "mind map." Mind mapping refers to expressing concepts, thoughts and theories in people's minds by means of charts, making tacit knowledge explicit and visual, and facilitating thinking, communication and expression. It is a knowledge network diagram composed of nodes and lines, in which nodes represent concepts, lines represent the relationship between concepts, and a topic and its hierarchy are represented by a network knowledge structure composed of nodes and lines.

2. Use textbooks and learn to draw inferences.

By analogy, look for the general characteristics and laws of similar geographical things. In the review, we should jump out of the limitations of the textbook, appropriately broaden our knowledge, and have a certain foundation for thinking, so that we can draw inferences from others and think flexibly.

3. Use textbooks to summarize and master the rules of geography learning. For example:

Regional geography (continent or country): location, scope, population, topography, climate, rivers and lakes, resources, industry and agriculture, transportation and cities.

Geography of Senior High School: Distribution (Location Choice), Causes, Characteristics, Problems and Solutions

4. Clever memory of geographical knowledge

(1) homophonic memory method.

The most abundant natural elements in the earth's crust are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.

(raise a daughter and post it to which beauty? )

(2) Formula memory method.

For example: the names of provincial administrative regions in China: two rivers, two lakes and two provinces, two mountains and five rivers, Yunnan, Guizhou and Fujian; Sichuan Xining is green, Gansu and Shaanxi are heavy, and the Taiwan Province Strait is connected to the sky in the north. In Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions, one country, two systems has been realized.

On the Learning Methods of Geography in Senior High School

At present, the modern society we are facing is an era of rapid updating and rapid expansion of knowledge. Under the requirement of "facing the future", students can't adapt to the development of the times by rote learning, and geographical knowledge is closely related to production, life practice and other disciplines. Only by mastering knowledge in contact can they learn firmly and flexibly. Therefore, in the process of learning, on the one hand, we should constantly enrich the knowledge reserve and expand the knowledge field, on the other hand, we should pay more attention to comprehensive contact and flexible application, so as to make our thinking smooth and draw inferences from other cases. In the mind, thinking clues are established through knowledge connection, so that the knowledge we have is not isolated individuals, but can be integrated, extended and migrated, and we can think in many ways. Beyond space and the span of time, looking for hidden relations in emerging problems. Strengthen knowledge contact, learn by contact method, master geographical knowledge and learn geographical skills.

A, vertical contact method:

From the perspective of the vertical connection of knowledge, it refers to the connection that knowledge extends and develops vertically along a certain train of thought, so as to master some knowledge.

According to the order of geographical knowledge system. Such as geological action-external force action-weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition and consolidation diagenesis. In many local knowledge fields, there is also the embodiment of vertical thinking, such as from top to bottom, from old to new class changes.

There are knowledge links from ancient to new or from ancient to present, such as the types of population reproduction: primitive-traditional-transitional-modern.

According to the different stages or levels of the development and evolution of geographical things, there are links from shallow to deep or from primary to advanced. Such as the development of industry, from handicraft industry-the first technological revolution marked by the invention of steam engine-the second technological revolution marked by electrification-the third technological revolution marked by the development and universal application of microelectronics. These geographical things have multi-directional or horizontal connections in the vertical connection of evolution and development at every stage or level.

According to the movement and change process of geographical things, the relationship between the front and the back is gradually promoted. For example, the root cause of the horizontal movement of air: uneven solar heating at various latitudes-causing vertical movement of air near the ground-causing air density difference at the same height-air pressure difference at the same height-horizontal pressure gradient force-horizontal movement of air.

The spatial distribution of points, lines, planes and bodies according to geographical things reflects the vertical connection from near to far and from beginning to end, such as industrial bases, industrial zones and urban agglomerations in industrial distribution, which are easy to be confused. We can grasp several central cities in the map and make vertical connections along railways, rivers or coastlines, so that the connections between geographical things can develop along certain thinking clues, which is convenient for us to understand their spatial distribution and spatial connections, and also strengthens our memory.

Second, the lateral contact method

From the horizontal connection of knowledge, it refers to the comparison, association, influence and restriction between geographical knowledge, which embodies the universality of geographical things.

The mutual influence and restriction between geographical things. For example, there is such a horizontal connection between the elements of natural geographical environment, because they are all composed of natural elements such as sunlight, air, water, minerals, biology, soil and rocks. The change of one factor causes the corresponding changes of other factors, which makes them closely related and becomes an inseparable and important part of the natural geographical environment, forming the integrity of the natural geographical environment. In the knowledge of human geography, there are many similar influences and constraints, and the relationship between human activities and climate is the most typical. Climate affects human activities, making agriculture, industry, urban planning, transportation and water conservancy construction subject to climate. Human activities affect or change the climate of local areas by changing the ground conditions of local areas, such as afforestation and water storage, which is an important way to improve the climate through human activities; On the contrary, deforestation will worsen the climate, thus affecting the environment, making it increasingly difficult for human beings to survive in the environment, let alone sustainable development. Therefore, human activities should follow the objective laws of nature, thus creating an environment more conducive to the continuous development and progress of human society.

The relationship between geographical things in spatial distribution can be linked horizontally in many ways. For example, the abundance or abundance of water energy is determined by the gap and water quantity. China ranks first in the world in water resources reserves, which is closely related to the topography and precipitation characteristics of China. China's topography is high in the west and low in the east, with more precipitation in the south, less in the north and less in the east, resulting in the most hydropower in southwest China and the least in north China. Through the horizontal connection in spatial distribution, we can help us think about problems comprehensively, contact various geographical things extensively, and make knowledge form a network according to certain thinking clues.

The contrast between geographical things, whether they are the same, similar, opposite or different, is a horizontal connection. Regional differences can be compared, and so can geographical elements. Using comparative method is an important way to learn geography well. For example, the comparison of cold and warm fronts, cyclone and anticyclone, solar day and sidereal day, the revolution and rotation of the earth, weather and climate, internal and external forces, the characteristics and measures of agricultural production in different regions, the influence of three technological revolutions on industrial production, virtuous circle and vicious circle, etc. Every chapter of high school geography contains many such horizontal connections. Generally speaking, the comparison of horizontal connection should list the main points, summarize the characteristics, summarize the laws and point out the connection of the things being compared.

Different natural phenomena or production activities at the same time reflect the horizontal connection of geographical things at the same time. This connection can solve some problems of wide coverage, large knowledge space and long time span. For example, the position of the earth's revolution, the position of the direct point of the sun, the length of day and night and seasonal conditions in the northern and southern hemispheres, the air mass and pressure belt, the strength of the wind belt and the climate change can be comprehensively considered to grasp the laws of the earth's movement and the reasons for climate change. In a word, geographical phenomena in a fixed time should be widely considered to adapt to the related problems of this horizontal connection.

From the multi-directional connection of knowledge, it includes not only the connection between geographical knowledge and all parts of the discipline, but also the connection with all aspects outside the discipline. The former is called internal relations, such as natural geography and human geography, topography, climate, hydrology, biology, soil, resources, energy, agriculture, industry, cities, population and environment. , and there are clues that can be linked; The latter refers to external relations, such as geography and mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and so on. In particular, the combination of politics, history, life practice, production practice, social hotspots and other issues is conducive to the understanding of knowledge, the improvement of ability, and also helps to achieve better results in the comprehensive paper of the college entrance examination.

Third, the multi-directional contact method

Explaining the same geographical thing from multiple angles is one of the ways to connect knowledge in many directions by using divergent thinking. If the sun shines directly at 23 26 ′ N, we can get the connection from the following points: (1) the change of the height of the sun on the earth's surface at noon; (2) Summer solstice in the northern hemisphere; (3) The northern hemisphere has the longest day and the shortest night, and there are extreme days in the Arctic Circle and its northern region; (4) The revolution speed of the earth is slow; (5) Eurasia is controlled by low pressure, and the North Pacific is controlled by high pressure. (6) Pressure belt movement and climate change in the northern hemisphere.

The deduction of one cause and many effects in geographical things is another way of multi-directional connection. For example, the change of local time and the alternation of day and night caused by geographical rotation. There are many examples in geography of senior high school, and actively thinking about related issues will help to make the multi-directional connection of knowledge more extensive.

Multi-cause-and-effect analysis of geographical things is also a multi-directional connection way, which can help us to consider problems comprehensively and carefully and strengthen our understanding of the internal connection of knowledge. For example, the causes of precipitation are: (1) topographic precipitation caused by rising condensation when warm and humid air moves forward; (2) Convective rain caused by intense heating, rising and condensation of hot and humid air; (3) Frontal rain caused by cold and warm air climbing and condensation along the front; (4) Typhoon storm caused by warm and humid air rotating, rising and condensing along the center.

Fourth, the reverse thinking and hypothetical speculation of knowledge.

Reverse thinking is to break the habit, not thinking from the front as usual, but thinking from the opposite side, which can not only deepen the understanding of geographical things, but also cultivate the ability of multi-directional thinking. If the earth is the only living celestial body in the solar system, there are two points in the textbook: (1) There is a temperature between 0 and 100℃, which is the temperature condition of liquid water; (2) There is an atmosphere suitable for biological respiration. Why is there water and atmosphere? We can make the following reverse analysis:

Proper Volume and Mass of the Earth —— Existence Conditions for Absorbing Atmospheric Organisms

The distance between the sun and the earth is moderate-suitable temperature-water.

The way to break the habit of thinking is sometimes like theorems and inverse theorems in mathematics. If the theorem holds, the inverse theorem may not hold. For example, rocks containing fossils must be sedimentary rocks, but sedimentary rocks do not necessarily have fossils.

Hypothetical speculation is an effective way to deepen the understanding of concepts and think about problems from multiple angles. For example, the changes caused by the expansion or contraction of the yellow-red intersection angle-the direct sunlight range, the extreme day and night range, and the five-zone division range have also changed.

In short, to adapt to the development of modern society and keep up with the pace of the times, success in learning depends not only on ability and diligence, but also on effective learning methods to play their main role and cultivate active learning skills and habits.