What do you think of the July 20 incident in 1944?

1July 20th, 944, it was a rare fine weather. Just after 6 o'clock, a handsome colonel with a black eye patch on his right eye, accompanied by an adjutant, drove through the bombed-out streets of Berlin and headed for Dolph Airport in Rengers. The colonel was clutching a bulging leather bag with documents in it. The colonel will report to Hitler in the "wolf's den" in Rastenberg, East Prussia/KLOC-0 that afternoon. At least on the surface, this day is just an ordinary day. This scene is only a scene that often appears in wartime, but this handsome one-eyed colonel is named Klaus. Feng. At Fort Stauffen, his mission to the wolf's den was not only to report to the Fuehrer, but also to assassinate Hitler.

plot

In feng. Before the Earl of Fort Stauffen went to assassinate Hitler, there was a cabal within the German Defence Forces that tried to overthrow Hitler. As early as the Sudetenland crisis, Ludwig, the former army chief of staff, appeared. An anti-Hitler conspiracy led by General Baker. General Baker, the leader of the cabal, realized at that time that Hitler's foreign aggression policy "would lead Germany to total disaster". He believes that "when a soldier's knowledge, conscience and sense of responsibility do not allow him to carry out orders, he does not have to fulfill his obligation to obey his superiors." Under the call of General Baker, a group of senior generals, former Leipzig Mayor Gertler and former Imperial Bank President schacht came together to overthrow Hitler's rule. The conspirators originally planned to organize commandos to kidnap Hitler and form a new regime during the Sudetenland crisis. But history played a joke on them. Czechoslovakia was annexed by Germany. In the war that broke out later, the German army won brilliant results, and Hitler was supported by the German army and civilians. However, several kidnappings and assassinations organized by the conspirators failed once, so the conspirators had to temporarily hide the flag and put on the drums.

At the end of the 194 1 Moscow campaign, the Germans were defeated militarily, and the massacre of Jews and Soviet civilians by the SS on Soviet soil became gradually known, and some German officers began to realize the evil nature of the Nazis. At this time, a new cabal appeared in the General Staff of the Central Army. The conspirators from the front line quickly got in touch with the conspirators in Berlin and organized many assassinations of 10, but Hitler escaped every time because of mistakes. On the contrary, several important conspirators were arrested and the plot was in great trouble. Just then, a young count stepped forward and realized his "sacred mission". This count is Klaus mentioned above. Feng. Lieutenant Colonel Stauffenberg.

Klaus von. The Earl of Fort Stauffen was born in G? ttingen on1October 6 1907 1 15. His family is a famous figure in German history, his great-grandfather is the founder of the German General Staff, and his mother is from the famous Feng. The Wattenberg family, whose father was the minister of the last king of Wü rttemberg. After Feng graduated from high school 1926. Fort Stauffen joined the Wehrmacht and became a cavalry. When the Nazis came to power, the young captain Stauffen once stood at the forefront of the parade that swore allegiance to Hitler in full uniform, but the crystal night of 1938 changed the idea of Fort Stauffen, and then he took part in the German action on the Eastern Front. The SS once again educated the young Stauffenberg with the atrocities of war, and he realized that Hitler was leading Germany to destruction. However, he had no time to participate in the assassination. 1On April 7th, 943, he was seriously injured in North Africa and lost two fingers of his left eye, right hand and left eye. During his recovery, Stauffenberg had a lot of time to think about many problems. Finally, he came to a conclusion: "I think I must do something to save Germany now." All officers in our staff headquarters must shoulder our responsibilities. "

1September, 943, the count returned to Berlin and served as the chief of staff of the war department. Lieutenant Colonel Stauffenberg soon became the de facto leader of the conspirators. With the efforts of Fort Stauffen, the cabal attracted some members of the War Department, commanders of German occupation forces abroad, and even two marshals.

1in the summer of 944, the German army's operations on the east-west line were in a desperate situation. The conspirators knew that time was running out for them. "The assassination attempt must be at any cost. Even if it fails, the attempt to seize power in the capital must be carried out. We must prove to the whole world and our descendants that the members of the German resistance dare to take a decisive step and risk their lives for it. Compared with this goal, everything else is insignificant. " After the conspirators failed several times to recruit assassins to organize assassinations, Fort Stauffen thought it was time to fight again. Otherwise, he will be "ashamed of the victim's wife and children."

explosion

In early July, Feng. Fort Stauffen finally decided on the action plan: using the opportunity of reporting to Hitler at the meeting, he planted a time bomb, killed Hitler, Goering and Himmler together, and then flew back to Berlin, sent a secret message code-named "Valkery" to German garrison commanders everywhere, announced Hitler's death, personally commanded to take over the government, and disarmed the SS and secret police; Form an interim regime headed by Baker, Gardeler and others.

In July 1 1, in July 15, Fort Stauffen twice carried bombs and met Hitler. Both operations failed in the end.

/kloc-on the afternoon of July, 0/9, Fort Stauffen was ordered to go to the wolf's den again to report the progress of the newly formed People's Infantry Division to Hitler. According to the plan, he will report to the wolf's den the next afternoon 1. After receiving the order, Fort Stauffen immediately informed relevant personnel to get ready. On July 20th, the decisive moment came.

At 6 o'clock on the morning of July 20th, the adjutant of Fort Stauffen accompanied another conspirator, Feng. General Stidi came to Lansdorf Airport in Berlin together, boarded a JU52 and flew to Rastenberg. 10: 30, the plane from Stauffenberg landed at the airport near rustenburg. The car sent by the Fuehrer's Guard has been waiting at the airport. The car dragged three conspirators through one gate after another, through the mining belt and the bunker group, and came to the place where Hitler and the people around him lived and worked. Posing as having lunch at Fort Stauffen first, he also had a simple meeting with another general, Jibei, who was plotting to split. After lunch, the colonel briefly discussed the afternoon report with other participants, and then he went into keitel's office. Keitel informed him that due to Mussolini's visit, the reporting time of Fort Stauffen should be advanced to 12: 30, and he asked the Colonel to make a long story short as far as possible.

/kloc-at the end of 0/2: 30, keitel and Fort Stauffen walked out of the office. On the way, Fort Stauffen asked keitel's adjutant where the toilet was. The adjutant led the colonel to a nearby toilet, and the colonel's adjutant followed him into the toilet. There are many people watching toilets in Stauffenberg, which is not suitable for loading bombs. He used his quick wits and asked freund where he could simply freshen up and change his shirt. Fred took them into his bedroom. Heften took out the bomb. Stauffenberg grabbed a pair of pliers with three fingers of his only hand and stuffed lead into one of the bombs. Lead crushed a small glass bottle-the glass bottle contained some acidic liquid, which could corrode a thin iron wire in 10 minutes, thus detonating the bomb.

When Fort Stauffen was about to start another bomb, a sergeant sent by keitel pushed open the bedroom door. The work in Fort Stauffen was interrupted by the sergeant, so he had to put the started bomb in his briefcase and give another bomb to the adjutant Heften. The colonel hurriedly put away his briefcase and walked to the conference room with Flanders.

When Fort Stauffen entered the conference room, Hitler was listening to General Heusinger's report. After the ceremony, Stauffenberg went to Hitler and put his briefcase under the table. The briefcase is near the inside of the table, only about 6 feet from Hitler's leg. It's 12: 37, and the bomb will explode in five minutes. While everyone was listening attentively to General Heusinger's report, Stauffenberg slipped out of the meeting room.

As soon as Fort Stauffen left the conference room, Colonel Brandt, General Heusinger's chief of staff, came along. He wanted to look at the map on the table, but he came across a briefcase on the ground. Colonel Brandt kicked the briefcase first, and then simply took it out of the table by hand. Heusinger's report is coming to an end. "If our troops around Lake Bepas don't retreat immediately, it will be a disaster ..." he said. At this time, the bomb exploded at 12: 42.

Fort Stauffen stood not far from the meeting room and saw the fireworks in the meeting room. Afterwards, he described the meeting room as if it had been hit by a 155mm shell, and the people in the meeting room were either dead or injured. Colonel Stauffen immediately jumped into the car, crossed the gate and escaped from the wolf's den. On the way to the airport, the captain quickly disassembled the remaining bombs and threw them out of the window. The bus will arrive at the airport soon. A greeting 1 1 1 is waiting there. Colonel Stauffen jumped on the plane and flew to Berlin. On the way, Colonel Stauffen always believed that he had finished his task.

The problem is that Hitler didn't die as planned. A few minutes after the explosion, a man ran out of the smoke. His hair and clothes were burnt, his face was black, and his army trousers were in pieces. This man is Hitler, and Hitler is still alive. In shock, keitel is helping this "great man of this century". In the explosion, four people died after being seriously injured, and more than 20 people present couldn't stand different degrees of burns or abrasions. The doctor who arrived later gave first aid to the injured, and Hitler's secretaries also arrived. They found the Fuehrer alive and smiled and said to them, "I am safe again. This proves once again that fate has chosen me to complete my task. "

coup

While Fort Stauffen was still on the way back to Berlin, the wolf's den and the conspirators in Berlin did nothing. General Phil Kibe, the schemer in the wolf's den, happened to see the flustered Hitler with his own eyes. He sent a vague telegram to the Berlin schemer General Albree Chet: "A terrible thing happened. The Fuhrer is still alive. " The telegram confused General Albree Chet. He didn't know what to do, so he decided to have lunch first. It was not until Fort Stauffen returned to Berlin that the "Valkyrie" operation began.

General Olbricht told General Fromm, commander of the domestic garrison, that Hitler was dead and asked him to sign an order to send reserve troops to prevent domestic rebellion. But General Fromm insisted on confirming the Fuehrer's life and death. He dialed the phone number of the wolf's den, and keitel told Fromm on the phone: "The Fuehrer is safe and sound, only slightly injured." . General Fromm therefore refused to issue an order. The stalemate between the two sides ended at 4 pm, and Fort Stauffen came to General frome's office and put his boss under house arrest. Albu Park Jung Su, Haas and others immediately issued the "Valkyrie" secret order, announcing that the Fuehrer was dead and that the National Defence Force had shouldered the heavy responsibility of defending the country. In Munich, Vienna, Brussels, Paris, Athens and other places, the conspirators took control of the situation. Stauffenberg and others are also taking over the capital as planned.

However, the appearance of a seemingly insignificant figure changed the outcome of the whole coup. General Haas, the conspirator, sent Major Remo (not the conspirator), the battalion commander of Berlin Guard Battalion, to arrest Goebbels. As soon as Major Remo entered the door, Goebbels asked Major Remo to consider his oath to Hitler. Remo retorted that the Fuehrer was dead. Goebbels replied that the Fuehrer was still alive, and he had just called him. He can prove it. Goebbels spoke and got through to the commander-in-chief. Major Remo stood at attention as soon as he heard Hitler's hoarse voice on the phone! Hitler immediately promoted him to colonel and made him obey Goebbels' orders in Berlin, searching for rebels and ensuring the safety of the capital. The new colonel was flattered and obedient, and soon took control of Berlin. At 6 o'clock in the afternoon, the radio broadcast the news that "someone tried to assassinate the Fuehrer, but he was only slightly injured and safe".

On the afternoon of July 20th 10, some army officers who did not support the conspirators rushed into the conspirators' office with weapons and rescued General Fromm from house arrest. General Fromm ordered the arrest of Stauffen Geer, Alb Park Jung Su, Haas and Baker. After a simple "trial", Fromm announced the convening of a "military court" in the name of the Fuehrer and sentenced the following four officers to death: "Colonel M? Feng? General Kirkheim and Alb Park Jung Su, the colonel (referring to stauffenberg) and the lieutenant (referring to Hafton) whose names I don't know. " Facing Fromm, Fort Stauffen said that he was willing to take full responsibility alone, and that everyone else would obey his orders. Fromm's orders were quickly carried out, and four officers were shot in the War Department compound. Before the execution, Stauffenberg shouted: "Long live our sacred Germany!"

At 0: 30 a.m. on July 2 1, Hitler broadcast to the whole country: "My German citizens! The first purpose of my speech to you today is to let you listen to my voice and let you know that I am really safe and sound. The second is to let you know that an unprecedented crime happened in German history ... "Himmler, commander-in-chief of SS, succeeded Fromm as commander-in-chief of domestic garrison on the same day. He faithfully carried out Hitler's order of bloody revenge and began to carry out large-scale raids and massacres in the whole country and German-occupied areas. It is reported that 4980 people were executed and several senior generals committed suicide by taking poison. At the same time, about 1 10,000 relatives and friends of conspirators, as well as liberals and social Democrats who participated in the incident, were put into concentration camps. In the list of victims,

There are also famous Marshal Wutzler Ben, Marshal Kruger, Marshal Rommel, General Haas, General Phil Kibel, General Wagner, Dr. Gardeler, Ambassador to Moscow Schulenburg, Ambassador to Rome hassell and General Fromm who played funny roles in this incident.

commemorate

Many years after the end of the war, German public opinion has always believed that the July 20 incident was a struggle within the army. Adenauer, the first German Chancellor after the war, resolutely refused to let Koder, a diplomat involved in the conspiracy, enter the cabinet. "The secret participation of government employees in the resistance movement is tantamount to deceiving the people's government." . The family of yuanshi county Rommel, who was forced to commit suicide because of his involvement, has always firmly denied that Rommel had anything to do with the murder. Until the 1960s, more than half of Germans regarded Fort Stauffen as a traitor and refused to order the opening of any schools or streets under the name of Fort Stauffen. Even German President Johannes? Lao also said, "Don't regard the participants in the July 20 incident as heroes" because they destroyed the tradition of German loyalty to their duties.

This situation changed after the 1960s, and the German public gradually accepted these people as heroes who resisted the Nazis and saved Germany. Colonel Stauffenberg thus became the leader of the resistance movement in the army. 1990 After the reunification of Germany, the Bundeswehr moved back to Baendle Street, where the former War Department was located. To commemorate the righteous act of Fort Stauffen, the Bundeswehr renamed Baendle Street, where the Ministry of Defence is located, as Fort Stauffen Street, and built a monument at the place where Fort Stauffen and his companions were executed. On July 20th every year, the Bundeswehr will hold an oath ceremony for recruits at the place where Fort Stauffen was executed.

On July 20th, 2004, German President Koehler and Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder attended the 60th anniversary celebration in the Ministry of Defence building where stauffenberg and his three companions were executed. Schroeder said at the commemoration that he praised "this is the most important day in modern German history" and "stauffenberg is a pioneer of freedom, civil rights and European unity." The anti-Nazi uprising is a "great historical legacy". Anti-Nazi uprising is to liberate one's country and people from Nazi barbarism, and resistance is not an act of "treason". Future generations should use this to motivate themselves and always defend the values of freedom and tolerance.