Geographical environment of Qixia district

The geological structure in Qixia area belongs to Ningzhen fold belt. The terrain is undulating, the landform types are diverse, and the low mountains, hills, hills, plains and continents are interlaced. Soil types can be roughly divided into three types: hilly area, hilly area and plain (including mainland) area. Qixia District is high in the south and low in the north. The hills in the south are undulating, with an altitude of 50-300 meters. The plain along the river in the north and the central mainland of the river are low and flat, with the altitude below 10 meter. They are often threatened by floods in flood season and are one of the key flood control areas in Nanjing.

The topography of Qixia District is high in the south and low in the north. There are no short mountains above 300 meters above sea level (Zijin Mountain is 448 meters above sea level. 9 meters, originally the only low mountain in the area, 1999 is included in Xuanwu District), and there are hills such as Nanxiangshan, Beixiangshan and Qixia Mountain in the south, which are contiguous with the hills. The northern part is the plain along the river and the mainland in the middle of the river, with low terrain. The inner mountains are widely distributed, characterized by thin mountains and gentle and low mountains. On the south bank of the Yangtze River, Mufu Mountain, Qixia Mountain and Longtan Mountain run east-west, with an altitude of 50-300 meters, that is, the northern branch of the western section of Ningzhen Mountain. There are dozens of shogunate mountains, Du Zhi mountains, South Xiangshan, North Xiangshan, Qixia Mountain, Lingshan and Qinglong Mountain.

Qixia Mountain: Located at the northeast of Yaohuamen 1 1 km, it is adjacent to Dajiang in the north, Longtan Drum Tower in the east, Jiuxiang River in the west, Xiangshan and Xiangshan in the south and the top of the mountain in the south. It is like an umbrella, and many herbs in the mountain can be photographed, so it is also called "patting the mountain". Qixia Temple in the Southern Dynasties was built here, hence the name Qixia Mountain. The mountain consists of three mountains from south to north, Jingjinggang in the south, Qianfo Ridge in the middle, Heishidang, Pingshan Peak and Sanmaofeng in the north. Sanmaofeng, the main peak of Qixia Mountain, is conical with an altitude of 2847 meters. Qixia Mountain covers an area of about 4 square kilometers. The mountain is mainly composed of limestone and sandstone, and banded granite is distributed at the northern foot. The "Qixia Limestone" in geology comes from this.

Mufu Mountain: It faces the Yangtze River in the north and belongs to the western section of the northern branch of Ningzhen Mountain Range. According to the records of Ding Jing Jiankangzhi, Wang Dao, the prime minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, built a shogunate on this mountain, hence the name "Shogunate Mountain". The mountain range extends from northeast to southwest, with a length of 6 kilometers, a width of about 15 kilometers and an area of about 10 square kilometers. On the north side of the mountain is a fault line, which forms cliffs and caves. The south slope is gentle and the valley is developed. There are five peaks in the mountain. The main peak is called Gubeifeng, which is located in the southwest of the mountain with an altitude of 204 meters. There is Gallo Peak in the north of Shanxi Province, commonly known as "Mule Peak", and there are monuments such as Damodang and Wumadu under the peak. Mainly produces dolomite and limestone. There are still low hills in the shogunate mountains, such as Guntai Mountain, Laoshan Mountain, Zhutou Mountain, jingshan park Mountain, Tieshi Mountain and Tortoise Mountain.

Du Zhi: Du Zhi is adjacent to Mufu Mountain in the west and the Yangtze River in the north, belonging to the northern branch of Ningzhen Mountain Range. It was once called Yanshan Mountain, Yanshan Mountain, Guanyin Mountain and West Shili Changshan Mountain. It is about 6 kilometers long from east to west, and the main peak is 187 meters above sea level. On the north side of the mountain is a fault line, steep in the north and gentle in the south. On the cliff on the north slope, there are many caves, which are called "Twelve Cave of Yanshan Mountain" and are famous for Toutai Cave, Ertai Cave and Santai Cave. Du Zhi and Yanziji reflect each other, forming a scenic spot in the northern suburb of Nanjing. There are many pine forests and Robinia pseudoacacia forests in Du Zhi Mountain, and there are many large quarries on the north slope. Starting from 1998, mining and greening are completely prohibited.

Xiangshan: South Xiangshan and North Xiangshan are located 4 kilometers northeast of Yaohuamen. Xiangshan Mountain in the north and south looks like an elephant, hence the name. Nanxiangshan is about 2 kilometers long, southwest-northeast, less than 1 km wide, and its main peak is 1 108 meters above sea level. North Xiangshan is slightly square, with a length and width of about 1 km, and the main peak is about 807 meters above sea level. The northeast is about 1km from qixia temple, and looks like the gatekeeper of qixia temple. It is mainly composed of feldspathic sandstone, siltstone and shale of Xiangshan Group. There are sparse forests in the mountains.

Lingshan: Located about 6 kilometers southeast of Yaohuamen, it was called "Lingshan" in Qing Dynasty. Later, it was said that there was a big fairy who gave Ganoderma lucidum to the people and changed its name to "Lingshan". The plane of the mountain is slightly square, 2 kilometers long and 2 kilometers wide, with an area of about 4 square kilometers and an altitude of 155 meters. The mountain is composed of limestone, with a small amount of pine forests and Lingshan coal mine in the north.

Qinglong Mountain: Located about 19 km northeast of Yaohuamen, in the south of longtan town. Formerly known as "Panlong Mountain", it is also called "Qinglong Mountain" because the stones it produces are blue. East-west, about 15km long, less than 1km wide from north to south, and 166m above sea level. The mountain is composed of limestone, which is the naming place of the Lower Triassic Qinglong Formation and the Middle Triassic Qinglong Formation. Convenience River: At present, the starting point is Qixiang River, which is a confluence of Dongshan River and connects three rivers. There are four spillway channels flowing into jurong city, which are connected with Dadao River, with a total length of 17km and a drainage area of nearly 1 10 km2. The average width of the riverbed is about 40 meters, and the narrowest part is about 4 meters. The riverbed at the source of Sheshan Mountain is narrow, with an average width of 20 meters. The riverbeds in Longtan and the middle part of Fang Ying gradually widen, with an average width of 25 meters. The riverbed near the Yangtze estuary is about 100 meter. After the founding of New China, despite repeated dredging, the overall riverbed siltation is still very serious.

Jiuxiang River: Jiuxiang River was called "Jiangchengpu" in ancient times. Its source is in Sanshi Village and Qinglong Mountain in Tangshan Town, Jiangning County, and it joins the Yangtze River in Shibuqiao Village, Qixia Town. Also known as "Zuoxi Creek" and Grain River. According to the Records of Jiangning County, it was named after it had flowed through 9 towns, namely Suoshi, Liu Dong, Liu Xi, Qilin, Xianlin, Changlin, Hengyang, Qixia and Shibu. The total length is 23 kilometers, and the drainage area is 145 square kilometers. The area is 7.8 kilometers long and the basin area is 29.6 square kilometers. After the founding of New China, the towns along the river have widened and straightened the river many times, and implemented protection and masonry step by step year by year. At present, the discharge of irrigation and drainage is 200 ~ 250 m3/s, and there is a dam 4 kilometers away from the estuary, which is called "middle dam".

Qixiang River: Originated in Tangshan and Kongshan in Jiangning District, it was named after flowing through Tangshan, Luoshu, Tang Meng, Bei Meng, Longquan, Dongyang and Sanyang in the past. 1974 The new river reopened and directly diverted water into the Yangtze River, with a total length of about18km and a drainage area of108km2. The area is 7.5 kilometers long and the basin area is 34.5 square kilometers.

Nanshili Changgou: Located in Xuanwu Lake, it is surrounded by Beishan Mountain, Laoshan Mountain, Laohushan Mountain, Weijiashan Mountain and Hongshui Mountain, and crosses Shaoshan Road to Xuanwu Lake on the west side of Nanjing Railway Station, with a catchment area of about 12.92 square kilometers. Hilly areas account for more than 60% of the catchment area. Changgou is the main industrial zone in the north of the city, with long and narrow banks and relatively flat terrain. Divided into mainstream and three tributaries. The mainstream originated in Xiaoying and entered Xuanwu Lake, about 6.25 kilometers long. One originated in Laoshan Mountain and flowed into the mainstream through Xiaoyan Road Xiaoshiqiao, with a length of about 3.65 kilometers. The second tributary also originates from Laoshan Mountain and joins the mainstream near Huang Jiawei Bridge. Three tributaries take water from two ditches above Chang Ying Village and join the mainstream near Gaojia Village, with a total length of 3.25 kilometers.

North Shili Long Ditch: It is divided into East Shili Long Ditch and West Shili Long Ditch, in which the West Shili Long Ditch collects the water from the hill north of Maigao Bridge in the northern suburb of Nanjing and flows into the Yangtze River near Yanziji, with a total length of 4.6 kilometers and a drainage area of 7.8 square kilometers; Dongshili long ditch originates from the northern foot of Zhongshan, absorbs the water from the hills in the northern suburbs, merges with Xishili long ditch and flows into the Yangtze River, commonly known as "North Shili long ditch". After the founding of New China, the two ditches diverged, and a new river was opened in the lower reaches, which diverged to the Yangtze River near Badou Mountain, with a length of 9.6 kilometers and a drainage area of 28 square kilometers.

Friedensreich hundertwasser River: Also known as "Baishui River", it originates from the eastern foot of Zijin Mountain, collects water from nearby hills, flows through Maqun Town to Wei Huagang along the southwest, and flows into Liangyun River, with a length of about 8 kilometers and a catchment area of nearly 20 square kilometers. The average width of the upper mouth of the river is 18m, and the average depth is 4.5m ..

Riverside: It originated at the fork of Huayao Town and collected water from nearby mountains. It flows northeast through Yaohuamen Railway Marshalling Station, Fertilizer Plant of Jinling Petrochemical Company and Refinery of Jinling Petrochemical Company, and joins the Yangtze River near Shibuqiao, with a total length of15km and a drainage area of 40km2.

Sanjiang: It originates from the Convenient Henan River Bridge and reaches the estuary in the north, with a total length of 7 kilometers. It is the main drainage channel of Longtan tail and Jing 'anchang, and also the flood discharge channel of Convenient River. The control area is nearly 25 square kilometers, and the flood discharge is about 100 cubic meter per second.

Baguazhou River: In 1950s, Baguazhou Township excavated and widened the natural river, forming two rivers, 1 Dagou. River course: Xiaojiang, with a total length of 8.6 kilometers (Shangba Street-Xiaba Street); Yuejin River, with a total length of 5.8km (Linjiang Group 6-Changjiang Group 6). Dagou, Shuangliuhe River, 5.2km long (Qili Formation 4- Zhongqiao Formation 7). Three major rivers run through Baguazhou from north to south and from east to west. In the mid-1970s, 265,438+0 intermediate ditches were excavated and widened in combination with the adjustment of industrial structure and the capital construction of farmland water conservancy, and the construction of farmland water network in Baguazhou Township was completed. Section 5 Soil Vegetation Qixia District belongs to the north subtropical humid climate zone and the monsoon circulation maritime climate zone. Monsoon is remarkable, Leng Xia is hot in winter, with four distinct seasons, abundant sunshine and abundant water resources. From east to west, the Yangtze River has a coastline of 8 1.2 km (including the coastline around Baguazhou).

Qixia District is located in the mid-latitude, and the surface layer is affected by the alternating monsoon, with obvious monsoon climate, which forms the climate characteristics of hot Leng Xia in winter, warm spring and warm autumn. Spring begins in late March and ends in late May, with an average duration of about 60 days. Weather characteristics: The temperature is gradually rising, the weather is warm and cold, sunny and rainy, and it is often affected by the strong cold air in the north, resulting in "late spring cold". From late May to mid-September in summer, the average duration is about 120 days, which is obviously divided into rainy weather in early summer and dry weather in summer. Autumn, from mid-September to mid-October, lasts about 60 days. The weather here is pleasant, the sky is high and the clouds are light, the autumn is crisp, the weather is sunny and the humidity is moderate. Winter lasts about 1 1 from mid-October to late March of the following year. The climate is characterized by cold and dryness. The annual average temperature in Qixia District 15. 3℃。 In a year, the average daily minimum temperature ≤- 10℃ is 1 day, the average daily maximum temperature ≥30℃ is 75 days, and the average daily maximum temperature ≥35℃ is 16 days. The annual sunshine hours are about 2 100 hours, the annual sunshine rate is about 47%, and the frost-free period is 7 months, which is at a medium level in Jiangsu Province. The annual precipitation in Qixia District is about 1 1,000 mm, and the average precipitation days are about 1 1,654,38+00. Liquid rain mainly accounts for more than 90% of the annual precipitation, and a small amount of solid water such as snow and hail occasionally falls.