Basic species of locusts

Although the differences are subtle, there are nearly 10000 species of locusts in the world, which are mainly divided into two categories: long-horned locusts and short-horned locusts. Short-horned locusts are common, and both kinds of locusts make squeaks on sunny days. Long-horned locusts are five times bigger than short-horned locusts and can fly. Appearance characteristics: female body length is 2 1 ~ 3 1 mm, male body length is 26 ~ 39 mm, and the back is grayish brown; The abdomen and feet are green.

Ecological habit: This species is a very common locust between the flat land and grassland in low altitude areas. Adults can be seen almost everywhere except in winter. Mainly feeding on leaves of Gramineae plants, it is the main pest in early rice.

Living environment: flat area and low altitude area < below 800 meters >.

Living environment: grassland environment. Feeding habits: herbivorous insects, including plant parts and rotten fruits.

Activity time: daytime insects. It belongs to Insecta, Orthoptera and Acridoidea. According to statistics, there are 223 genera and 859 species of Acridoidea. Locusta migratoria manilensis grows at natural temperature and has two generations a year. The first generation is called summer locust and the second generation is autumn locust. Artificial farming can turn four generations a year.

The migratory locust has six legs; The body is divided into three parts: chest and abdomen; There are two pairs of wings in the chest, the front wing is horny and the back wing is membranous. The body is yellowish brown, and the male is bright yellow when mating. The female locust is 39.5 ~ 5 1.2 mm long, and the male locust is 33.0 ~ 4 1.5 mm long. Adults are good at jumping and flying. Locusta migratoria manilensis has strong body, wide feeding range and strong adaptability. After hatching into young locusts, they can be raised for 35 days and sold after fattening for about 50 days, so the time is short and the return is quick. Feeding 1000 adults of Locusta migratoria manilensis can reach 20 kg, with considerable economic benefits, and seeds are only purchased once. Self-reproduction dozens of times, eggs hatch locusts, locusts lay eggs, cycle after cycle, raising for many years, constantly selling money, a female locust can lay more than 35 ~ 90 eggs at a time. The reason why migratory locusts are favored by people is that their meat is soft, tender and nutritious. According to experts' analysis, its protein content is as high as 74.88%, fat content is 5.25%, carbohydrate content is 4.77%, and it contains 18 amino acids and various active substances.

Morphological characteristics: the female adult is 39.5 ~ 5 1.2 mm in length, and the male adult is 33.5 ~ 4 1.5 mm in length, yellow-brown or green. Antennas are filiform, mostly pale yellow, with compound eyes 1 and 3 pairs of monocular eyes. There are light stripes after compound eyes, and dark stripes at the front and bottom. The chest backboard is saddle-shaped with well-developed protuberance. The front wings are developed, often exceeding the middle of the hindfoot intestine, with dark stripes and luster. The hind wings are colorless and transparent. The medial base of the hind leg joint is black, the proximal end has a black ring, and the hind leg joint is red. Affected by field environmental conditions, it often forms two categories: gregarious type and dispersed type. The egg is about 6.5mm long, light yellow, cylindrical, slightly pointed at one end and slightly round and curved at the other end. The egg mass is brown, cylindrical, 53 ~ 67 mm long, slightly curved, slightly thin at the upper part, covered with spongy colloid, and ovulated in a row at the lower part. Nymphs, also known as locust pupae, are similar in size to adults. ***5 years old. Living habits in Beijing, Bohai Bay, the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River Basin are two generations a year, and three generations occur every few years; Guangxi, Guangdong and Taiwan Province provinces have three generations a year, and four generations can occur in Hainan. Locusta migratoria manilensis has no diapause, and overwinters in soil with eggs all over the country. In the second generation areas such as Shandong, Anhui and Jiangsu, the overwintering eggs hatch into summer locusts from the end of April to the first half of May, and they emerge in 35-40 days, mate for 7 days after 10, and lay eggs in 15-20 days, and enter the peak spawning period in the first half of July. Hatched nymphs are called autumn pupae and emerge within 25-30 days. After 0/5 ~ 20 days of survival/kloc-0, they began to mate and lay eggs again, and began to overwinter after entering the spawning peak in September. There were several years of high temperature and drought, and three generations of locust pupae hatched from late August to late September. Most of them froze to death in winter, and only a few of them emerged as adults to lay eggs for the winter. When adults lay eggs, they have obvious selectivity to topography, soil properties, soil surface firmness and vegetation. Each female locust usually lays 4 or 5 egg blocks, each egg block contains about 65 eggs, and the adults of migratory locusts feed almost all day. When the density of migratory locusts is low, they are scattered, and when the density is high, individuals are interrelated and can gradually gather into a social type. Social migratory locusts have the habit of long-distance migration, which mostly occurs 5 ~ 10 days after emergence and before sexual organs mature. This migration can be sustained in the air 1 ~ 3 days. As for scattered migratory locusts, when there are more than 10 insects per square meter, sometimes there will be migration. Social migratory locust has high fat content, low water content and strong fluidity, but few ovarian tubes and low egg production. The decentralized type is the opposite. Locusts like to inhabit beaches or lakes with low terrain, easy waterlogging and drought or unstable water level, as well as large areas of wasteland or uncultivated wasteland, and are mainly herbivorous plants such as low reeds, thatchs, salt reeds and sedges. In case of drought, the wasteland increases with the shrinking water surface, which is beneficial to the growth of locusts, and the area suitable for the growth of locusts increases, which is easy to cause locust disasters. Therefore, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of locusts in every dry year. Natural enemies include parasitic bees, parasitic flies, birds and frogs. Appearance characteristics: male body length is 265,438+0 ~ 365,438+0 mm, female body length is 24 ~ 39 mm, the back is taupe, the abdomen and feet are green, and the body color is quite different, which will be similar to the habitat and form protective color. Ecological habit: Oxytropis Oxytropis is a very common locust in flat land and low altitude areas, which can occur for two generations a year.

The reason why locusts move in groups is mainly because they need high temperature to stay together for warmth.

Adult hind limbs and legs have a series of mastoid processes equivalent to elastic devices, and the base of radial veins of anterior wings has thick veins equivalent to chordal devices. When they rub, the vibrating area of the vibrating wings can make sound, which is their sounder. The auditory organs of locusts are also very special, located on the side of the first abdominal segment. According to the living habits of locusts, they can be divided into migratory and non-migratory types. These two kinds of locusts are very threatening to crops, especially the former is very destructive. As long as they cross the border, all green plants will be eaten up. The shock caused by the plague of locusts is really flattering. Its diet is very diverse, eating all kinds of green plants, especially Gramineae plants.

Nymphs, also called locusts, look like adults, but only have wing buds (can't fly) and are good at jumping. It takes four or seven times to become an adult who is good at jumping and flying. Some locusts have short antennae and short ovipositor tubes. There are about 5000 kinds of locusts in the world. The longest part of a locust's body is its hind foot, which is almost the same as its body length. It can jump out of its body eight times as long in one jump. The hind foot of a locust is also its best musical instrument, and it can make a sound by rubbing its wings.

Classification: All insects belonging to Acridoidea in Orthoptera.

Species: about 12000 species in the world, and more than 100 species are known in Taiwan Province province.

Life history: egg → nymph → adult.

Appearance: Commonly known as grasshopper, Taiwan Province people call it grasshopper. There is a folk song "Cao Meng Teases the Rooster", and the lyrics depict the scene of this little insect and the rooster teasing each other, which is a common picture in the early rural areas of Taiwan Province. Locust crossing the border is a familiar idiom.

Feeding habits: herbivorous insects, most of which are not particularly picky eaters.

Substitution: Oxytropis, accustomed to inhabiting wet and bare ground, mainly feeds on bryophytes.

Habitat and protective color: it has typical protective color, excellent stealth effect in the grass, strong hind feet and good bounce, which is their usual way to avoid the enemy in crisis. Mating behavior: Compared with other insects, mating time is longer. Therefore, it is not uncommon to see photos of the woman and the man and husband and wife files. Locust is an important part of the ecosystem of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, and many harmful locust species can cause different degrees of harm to agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry. There are more than 10000 species of locusts in the world, of which about 300 species can cause harm to agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry. Locusts can occur all over the world except Antarctica and the area north of 550 north latitude of Eurasia. The area where locusts occur all the year round in the world is 46.8 million km2, and the global population 1/8 often suffers from locust disasters. The most serious locust in the world is desert locust (Schistocercagregaria), with a maximum spread area of 28 million km2, including all or part of 66 countries, accounting for about 20% of the world's land area, and the affected population accounts for more than110 of the world's population. 197 1 year, scattered desert locusts were collected in Zhangmu area, nyalam county, Xizang Autonomous Region. There are more than 900 known species of locusts in China, of which about 60 species can cause harm to agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry. Locustamigratoriamanilensis, Ox-yaspp, Hieroglyphusspp and Epacromiusspp are the main locusts, which are very harmful to Gramineae plants. The species that are harmful to beans, potatoes, sweet potatoes and other crops are CalliptamusabpeviatusIkonnikov, HaplotropispunerianaSaussure, Aractomorpha and so on. Both cotton locust and negative locust can harm cotton. Bamboo locust can seriously harm bamboo forest. In the vast pastoral areas, there are also many kinds of harmful grasses, such as Gomphocerussibiricus, Dociostaurusspp, Oedaleusspp, Omocestusspp, Chorthippusspp, bryozoa, Calliptamusitalicus and so on, which can seriously harm pastures and crops and directly affect the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. According to the historical records of thousands of years in China, the locust that caused devastating disasters in agriculture was mainly migratory locust, and it was considered that the probability or correlation between drought and migratory locust in that year was the greatest, followed by drought in the previous year and drought after waterlogging. Locust disaster and flood and drought disaster often occur one after another, which have been three major natural disasters that seriously threaten China's agricultural production and affect people's lives.

Since 1980s, due to abnormal global climate change, disrepair or improper construction of some water conservancy projects, sudden changes in agricultural ecological environment and other reasons, Locusta migratoria manilensis frequently occurred in Huanghuaihai region and southwest Hainan Island, with an annual occurrence area of about 100 ~1500,000 hm ㎡, nine provinces100 counties, which seriously threatened agricultural production. During the period of 1985 ~ 1996, Locusta migratoria manilensis occurred year after year in the Yellow River floodplain, Hainan Island, Tianjin and other locust areas. 1985 In autumn, Tianjin Beidagang took off at noon on September 20th and headed south after eating up 65,438+10,000 mu of reed leaves and hundreds of mu of corn ear leaves. The locust swarm is about 30 kilometers wide from east to west, and landed in five counties of Cangxian, Huanghua, Haixing, Yanshan and Mengcun in Hebei Province and two farms of Zhongjie Dagang, with an area of 250. This is the first inter-provincial migration of social oriental migratory locust since the founding of New China. During the period of 1998, the occurrence area of Locusta migratoria manilensis in Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Tianjin and other eight provinces exceeded 800,000 h㎡. 1999 In Shandong, Henan, Hebei and Tianjin provinces, Locusta migratoria manilensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis occurred over 800,000 h㎡. Locusts once again ravaged Henan, with an area of 2.375 million mu, and the density of locusts in some areas reached more than 4,000 /m2, the highest in Henan in 25 years. Although its harm has been controlled, it is still necessary to strengthen the cleaning and monitoring of the spawning grounds of residual adults in summer, accurately understand and master the occurrence of autumn locusts, the development trend of flood and drought disasters and meteorological dynamics, do a good job in the prevention and control of autumn locusts and third-generation migratory locusts in time, and reduce the area and number of migratory locusts. Asian migratory locusts are mainly distributed in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and some river valleys and lakeside areas in northern Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi and Hebei provinces. Social migratory locusts occurred in Tacheng area 1983 ~ 1984 and 1986 in Xinjiang, and 46 groups of social migratory locusts occurred in Altay area 1987, with an average density of 1000 ~ 2000 heads /m2 and an area of about 5.6544. The affected area of locusts in Xinjiang reached 30.05 million mu, and the density reached tens of thousands per square meter in Altay area of Tacheng. During 1928 ~ 1952, there were 45 locust plagues in Tibet, while during 1846 ~ 1857, there were 12 consecutive locust plagues, which affected 18 area. In the worst case, crops failed year after year, highland barley. 1970, 1974, 1979, 1988, 199 1 year, the Tibetan migratory locust was found in Linzhi, Milin, Bailang, Lhasa, Linzhou and Dazi. 1June 1988 19, a gregarious Tibetan migratory locust occurred in Qiangna District of Milin County, flying over the Yarlung Zangbo River and endangering highland barley. During the period of 1999, high-density swarms of migratory locusts also appeared in parts of Lhasa and Shigatse. Since 1980s, more than 4,600,000 square meters of rice grasshoppers have occurred in some rice-growing areas in China 10 provinces. The harm of bamboo locusts to bamboo forests in southern China is more than 3 million square meters. As for the grasshoppers in the pastoral areas and the ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry in northern China, their occurrence characteristics are many kinds, high density and the largest occurrence area, which can reach more than 20 million square meters according to incomplete statistics 1985. In recent ten years, the perennial disaster area is about 4.6 million square meters, and the actual control area is about 6.5438+0 million square meters. During the period of 1998, high-density locust swarms occurred in pastoral areas of China, Ili, Altai of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and grassland of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in agro-pastoral ecotone, covering an area of more than several million hectares. During the period of 1999, it has been reported that there are about 40 million mu of locusts in Yili, Altay, Changji and Barkun in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the main locust species are Italian locust, Japanese Euphorbia locust, Siberian locust and black locust. The occurrence density is 600-8000 /m2, which can be as high as 1000 /m2 in some areas. Various methods have been adopted to control locust areas, such as ultra-low dose preparation, microsporidia, attracting red starlings and grazing chickens to control locusts. In addition, during the period of 1984, the direct economic loss of Australia was 100000 ~ 2000000 US dollars only due to the outbreak of Australian plague locust Chortoicetesterminifera. Since the end of 1985, many kinds of locusts have ravaged many countries and regions in Africa, causing extremely serious losses. In the western United States 17 states, the annual grassland loss caused by grassland locusts is about 8 million dollars. In Russia's central, southern, eastern, western and Boya regions, more than 20 states near the Caspian Sea and bordering Kazakhstan,/kloc-0.000 million square meters of farmland was attacked by locusts. Agricultural control

(1) Build water conservancy projects to ensure that there is no disaster in droughts and floods.

(2) Reclaim wasteland in a large area, change locust habitat and reduce the area of occurrence base.

(3) Planting trees to change the microclimate in locust areas and reduce the suitable places for locust spawning and reproduction.

(4) Improve cultivation techniques to control locust eggs, adjust measures to local conditions, change crop layout and reduce locust harm.

biotic-control

(1) In locust-infested areas, agricultural and biological pesticides with high efficiency and low toxicity are used to protect predatory natural enemies in locust-infested areas. You can also put chickens, ducks, geese and other poultry on the hillside for prevention and control.

⑵ Microsporidia was applied in a large area. Frog, the Natural Enemy of Locust

The natural enemies of locusts are mainly frogs and birds, especially frogs, who live in the same type of ecological environment as locusts-all low-lying areas, potholes and ditches with reeds and weeds are good places for their survival, so frogs are the vanguard forces that restrict the survival and reproduction of locusts. According to statistics, a frog can kill more than 10 thousand pests in a summer; A frog eats an average of 50 pests a day, up to 266; Even a stupid toad can prey on nearly 10 thousand pests in three months in summer! According to this calculation, as long as there is an ordinary frog sitting in two square meters of farmland, it is enough to suppress the survival of the jumping insects.

The Natural Enemy of Locust-Birds

Birds need to get food constantly and get energy from food for various physiological activities.

Carbohydrate is the main source of heat for birds, whose body temperature is higher than that of human beings, and birds keep flying, jumping and preying, which also consumes a lot of heat, so it is necessary to supplement a lot of feed, otherwise it will affect the growth and brooding of birds.

Birds need fat, such as seeds of various oil crops: rapeseed, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pine nuts and so on. Fat can maintain the body temperature of birds, protect internal organs and keep the luster of feathers.

Some birds are omnivorous, while others specialize in insects, which plays a great role in protecting production and human health. A nest of great tits can eat about 2000 insects in half a month's brooding period; A nest of swallows can eat 1200 locusts a month; A woodpecker can kill hundreds of pests hidden in the trunk in one day, and can also protect the surrounding 90 acres of forest from pests. Swallows, big tits and cuckoos can also kill a large number of mice.

Bird resources are huge natural wealth of the country and play an important role in maintaining ecological balance. If the number of beneficial birds in agriculture and forestry decreases, it will cause pests and rodents, endanger agriculture and forestry, and bring serious harm to human life and production.

Birds that eat locusts need to prey on a large number of locusts in the brooding stage. Take the common swallows as an example. A pair of parents and a brood of chicks can eat more than16,200 locusts every month. Birds that eat locusts include swallows, white-winged floating gulls and field owls. , especially swallows.