What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is a respiratory infectious disease. It is difficult to get better after pneumonia, and the course of disease is longer. And pneumonia is usually pneumonia with a cold and fever that has not been treated in time. If a child has pneumonia, it is easy to be life-threatening. So mothers should pay attention to protecting their children. So what is pneumonia? Is pneumonia contagious? Let's have a look. .

1, what is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is a common respiratory infection with long course and difficult treatment. Most of them are diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, measles virus, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus.

2. Symptoms of pneumonia

The onset of the disease is sudden, which is mostly induced by rain, cold and fatigue. About13 patients have a history of upper respiratory tract infection. The natural course of disease is 7 ~ 10 days.

1, chills and high fever

Typical symptoms are sudden chills and high fever, with the body temperature as high as 39℃ ~ 40℃, showing heat leakage type, accompanied by headache, muscle weakness and anorexia. After using antibiotics, the type of fever is atypical, and the elderly and infirm have only low fever or no fever.

Step 2 Cough and expectoration

The early stage is irritating dry cough, and then white mucus sputum or bloodshot sputum is coughed up. 1 ~ 2 days later, mucus, blood sputum, rust-colored sputum and purulent sputum can be coughed up, and the amount of sputum in the dissipation period is increased, and the sputum is yellow and thin.

3, chest pain

Often severe chest pain, needle-shaped, aggravated with coughing or deep breathing, can radiate to the shoulder or abdomen. Lower lobe pneumonia can stimulate pleura and cause abdominal pain, which can be misdiagnosed as acute abdomen.

4, difficulty breathing

Cyanosis, chest pain and dyspnea are due to insufficient ventilation, gas exchange disorder and decreased arterial oxygen saturation caused by lung consolidation.

5. Other symptoms

A few people have gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, bloating or diarrhea. In severe cases, they may have confusion, irritability, lethargy and coma.

3. Types of pneumonia

1, the classification of pathomorphology

Pneumonia is divided into lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia and bronchiolitis.

2, according to the pathogen classification

Including bacterial pneumonia, common bacteria are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus, Haemophilus influenzae and so on. Viral pneumonia, common viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, etc. There are fungal pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydia pneumonia and so on.

3. Classification by course

It can be divided into acute pneumonia, persistent pneumonia and chronic pneumonia. Generally, the course of persistent pneumonia is as long as 1 ~ 3 months, and chronic pneumonia is more than 3 months.

4. Is pneumonia contagious?

Most pneumonia is not contagious. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial infection in adult pneumonia. Other pathogens include anaerobic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis and other gram-negative bacilli. These pathogens may spread through contact between people, or through contact between people and things, but even if they are infected with these pathogens, they will not get pneumonia as long as their immunity is sound. Often, when the body's resistance drops, pathogens will take advantage of it and make people sick.

Infectious pneumonia is rare, such as SARS, anthrax and pneumonic plague. This kind of pneumonia is caused by virus, which is highly contagious and is an infectious disease strictly controlled by the state. Of course, there is no need to be particularly afraid of this disease. Although it is dangerous, the possibility of getting sick is also very small. The pathogenesis, etiology and treatment of these diseases are different from pneumonia.

5. Treatment of pneumonia

1, oxygen therapy

It is one of the main therapies to correct hypoxemia and prevent respiratory failure, lung and brain edema. Therefore, oxygen should be given in time when there is lack of oxygen. The most commonly used nasal vestibule catheter continues to inhale oxygen until the hypoxia disappears. Newborns with excessive nasal secretions can be given oxygen through masks, nasal plugs, hoods or oxygen tents if the symptoms of hypoxia are not relieved after oxygen is given through nasal ducts. Too high oxygen concentration, too large flow rate and too long duration can easily lead to adverse side effects, such as diffuse pulmonary fibrosis or posterior lens fibrosis. When respiratory failure occurs due to severe hypoxia, intermittent positive pressure oxygen supply or continuous positive pressure oxygen supply should be used in time to improve ventilation function.

2. Antibacterial drug therapy

Antibiotics are mainly used for bacterial pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydia pneumonia and viral pneumonia secondary to bacterial infection. Before treatment, throat secretion or blood and pleural puncture fluid should be cultured and drug sensitivity test should be done to select effective drugs. In the case of unknown pathogen, penicillin should be the first choice for children who have not been treated with antibiotics, with 200,000 ~ 400,000 U each time and intramuscular injection twice a day until the body temperature is normal for 5 ~ 7 days. In severe cases, the dosage can be increased by 2 ~ 3 times and given intravenously.

Young people or seriously ill patients need broad-spectrum antibiotics. Ampicillin, 50 ~ 100 mg/kg daily, intramuscular injection or intravenous injection twice, plus gentamicin or kanamycin. Children with poor curative effect or allergic to penicillin were given erythromycin, daily 15 ~ 30 mg/kg, diluted to 0.5 ~ lmg/ml with 10% glucose solution, and given intravenous drip twice. Suspected Staphylococcus aureus infection can be treated with neopenicillin, gentamicin or chloramphenicol, cephalosporin and vancomycin.

6. Preventive measures for pneumonia

1, usually pay attention to cold and warmth, change clothes at any time in case of climate change, and people who are prone to physical weakness can often take drugs such as Yupingfeng powder to prevent exogenous diseases.

2. Quit smoking and avoid inhaling dust and all toxic or irritating gases.

3, strengthen physical exercise, enhance physical fitness.

4, when eating or feeding, attention should be concentrated, ask patients to chew slowly, avoid talking while eating, handing food and inhaling into the lungs.

7. Causes of pneumonia in children

1 is related to the structure of children's respiratory system. The human respiratory system includes nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus and finally lung. Originally said that there are many lines of defense, and it should be difficult for bacteria and viruses outside to reach the lungs and cause pneumonia. But children are different. Their noses, pharynx and larynx are very short, and it is easy to invade trachea and bronchus. Trachea and bronchus are also short and narrow. Few Mao Mao (called cilia in medicine) cleans bacteria and viruses on the surface, which is lazy, so it is easy for bacteria and viruses to enter the lungs.

This has something to do with the weather. When winter and spring change seasons, some careless parents dress their babies inappropriately, which makes them get pneumonia when they are hot and cold (many parents subconsciously think that it is enough not to be cold, but it is actually hotter in clinic and often goes to the intensive care unit). Also, the weather is mixed, the baby's adjustment ability is poor, and it is easy to get pneumonia.

3. Poor living environment. If the baby's family life is not well adjusted, many people are crowded into a small room, the air is dirty, it is difficult to circulate, bacteria and viruses breed, and the baby is prone to pneumonia.

4. malnutrition. Those babies who don't like to eat should pay attention. If you don't eat, you will be poor, and if you are poor, you will easily get pneumonia.

5, vitamin D deficiency rickets. Now parents know about calcium supplementation and cod liver oil. Rickets is not common. I think I'm taking too much calcium.

6. Sixth, congenital heart disease and low birth weight infants. It is also easy to get pneumonia. This is a congenital defect, because the resistance is low and it is easier to get pneumonia.