The change of Xiao Xuan folk fortress 50 The failure of the host and the capture of the British emperor prompted Daming to rebuild the Great Wall.

1449, on the morning of August 13th, 14th year of Ming dynasty, a large group of Hebei people set out from Fu Xuan for Beijing. This is the army of Amin dynasty, with a large number, nearly 500 thousand people. Covering the sky with a standard dazzling knife is magnificent. However, these soldiers of the Ming Dynasty looked quite tired and depressed. It seems that they not only experienced the storm, but also escaped.

Fu Xuan Town occupied Jizhou land, and it was Shanggu County in Qin and Han Dynasties. In the first year of Emperor Taizong of Liao Dynasty, Shi Jingtang divided sixteen counties into Qidan and returned Liao. After the demise of Jin Liao, it belonged to it; The Yuan Dynasty belonged to Shangdu Road in Zhongshu Province; Judy, the founding father of the Ming Dynasty, moved to Beijing and served as commander-in-chief of Wanquan in the capital.

Fu Xuan is also the most important border town in Jiubian. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty left the desert. In order to resist Mongolia's southward advance, the Ming Dynasty established nine border towns along the Great Wall, including Liaodong Town, Jizhou Town, Fu Xuan Town, Datong Town, Taiyuan Town, Yulin Town, Ningxia Town, Guyuan Town and Gansu Town, with 400,000 troops stationed. With the establishment of Jiubian, the northern frontier of the Ming Dynasty formed a northern defense line from Yalu River in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, stretching for thousands of miles, far apart, and connected by medical centers. Of the nine faces, Fu Xuan is the most important, so it is called "Nine Faces Worship Fu Xuan". Thus, Fu Xuan's strategic position has always been a battleground for military strategists. Especially after Judy, the founding father of the Ming Dynasty, moved to Beijing, Fu Xuan Town became an important place to defend the capital and resist the invasion of Mongolian troops. Cheng Daosheng of Ming Dynasty said in Nine Faces of Soil Examination: "The battle for rich mountains is dangerous and narrow, and the construction must be twice as much as that of other towns. It's called letting nature take its course. In fact, it is less than 400 miles from Beijing. If the key is given, the key will be known. "

Due to the important position of Fu Xuan, many important historical events have taken place in this area. According to historical records, in the Ming Dynasty alone, there were more than 50 large-scale wars in Fu Xuan. However, since the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the surrounding areas of Fu Xuan have always been "ignoring counties and sending military commanders to guard them", and the indigenous residents moved to Juyongguan on a large scale. In fact, Fu Xuan has completely turned into a military base for garrison and garrison, with little arable land and abundant aquatic plants, and has become a pasture for the Ming army to raise horses and graze. However, the Ming army running on the rich land has no leisure at all, only "confusion" and "panic" are clearly written on everyone's face.

Who would believe it? In this huge and flustered army, there was an emperor, and the entourage around Yingzong were all famous ministers who were shocked by this sound at that time, such as Fu and Kuang Yin of the British Ministry of War.

Although Zhu Qizhen, an Englishman born in the carriage, is not as embarrassed as the soldiers outside, his interest is obviously not high, which is inconsistent with his young and slightly childish appearance. He feels that there are always some unknown reasons that make him panic inexplicably. The car is getting more and more stuffy, and Yingzong can't help but open the curtains. Wang Zhenli, the eunuch accompanying him, immediately came forward to comfort him and said, "Your Majesty, please rest assured that the minister has made arrangements to obey the orders of Wu Bo and Wu Keqin. I am too strong to chase. " Young Yingzong was relieved and comforted. He has been with Wang Zhen since he was a child, and their affection has gone beyond the general etiquette.

However, no one would have thought that this day would be the longest day in Zhu Qizhen's life.

Zhu Qizhen, who was born in England, and his party were in a rash. Mongolias and Wu Keqin are the guards of the Ming army, responsible for resisting the enemy after the breakthrough. Wu Kezhong has experienced a long journey. He was hungry and tired, and his morale was extremely low. He rushed to fight the main force of Valla. The most ridiculous thing is that most of the Qing army can't skillfully use their own weapons.

The Ming army has been abandoned for a long time and its weapons are broken. Before the war, Yingzong ordered 800,000 weapons to be temporarily taken out of the armory and distributed to soldiers, and even advanced firearms that were usually stored in warehouses and unwilling to be used were taken out and distributed to the army. Firearms are a good weapon against cavalry. In the war against Mongolia, Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, fully demonstrated the advantages of Ming weapons. Ji Shen Camp, which he founded, is the earliest independent artillery unit in China history. The magic machine spear used by the Ming army can kill two enemies with one arrow. However, for Mingjun who went out with Ying Zhong, they never practiced how to use firearms, so it was difficult to use them in a hurry. Although Wu Kezhong tried his best to boost morale and push for war, Vara cavalry quickly occupied the top of the mountain and gained position advantage. Vala's arrow shot wildly, and most of the officers and men of the army were either dead or injured, and the team began to disperse. Wu Kezhong dismounted and knelt down to shoot the Walla army. After shooting the last arrow, it was surrounded by the Walla army. He was not afraid at all, but still fought bravely and killed dozens of people with a short gun. Finally, Wu Kezhong and Wu Keqin brothers died of exhaustion, and the Ming army as a guard was completely annihilated.

Gunpowder is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. It's the energy of launching weapons. It was used in the military at the end of Tang Dynasty. Since the founding of Song Taizu, the army has been testing and manufacturing gunpowder weapons. In the third year of Song Xianping, in September of the first millennium, Song Jun's gunpowder weapon was finally developed successfully. Tang Fu, captain of Shenwei Water Army, presented Song Zhenzong with powerful weapons such as rockets, fireballs and thistles. Later, another Jizhou Yong Tuan asked Shipu to provide its own rockets and fireballs, and gave a demonstration performance to the emperor in the palace. Musketeers developed greatly in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and Qi Jiguang used a lot of firearms in the fight against the Japanese aggressors. Unfortunately, under the rule of the Qing dynasty, countries that once owned leading firearms completely lost their weapons superiority, leading to passive beatings in modern times. ]

When the news of the defeat came, Zhu Qizhen was frightened to disgrace and sent Zhu Yong and Yongshun erudite to lead more than 30,000 Ming troops to the rescue. Zhu Yong, eager to fight Zhou Xue, ventured into Yaoerling. As a result, they were ambushed by Valla. The army was caught off guard and hastily resisted for a while, and the whole army was wiped out.

Xue Qian, commander-in-chief of the Ming army, broke the string, but he still hit the enemy with an empty bow. Xue Shu, Mongolian, formerly known as Shoutong. Enraged by his stubborn resistance, the Walla army brutally supported and killed him. After learning that Xue Shu was originally a Mongolian, the Walla army who killed him shouted, "This is my own kind. I should be brave and healthy. " After the death of Zhu Yong and Xue Shu, nearly forty thousand Ming cavalry were killed.

British-born Zhu Qizhen was terrified out of her wits when she heard the news that two armies had been defeated one after another. When he was personally drafted into the army, he didn't have the courage to fight the enemy to the death and ordered the whole army to flee quickly. At this time, there were only 20,000 Wa people in Mongolia after the attack, while there were hundreds of thousands of Ming troops. The strength was so great that the dominant party had to run away. This is indeed a rare strange thing in history.

In the evening, the fleeing Ming army brigade arrived at Mutubao. Ji Ming Post is located in the west of Mutubao and Mayoukou is in the north, both of which are important post stations. The Ming army is heavily guarded. Twenty miles east of the city is Huailai City, with deep and thick walls, and the total company commanders of the Ming army are stationed. If the Ming army continues to March, it will be in the southeast of Juyongguan. The terrain of Juyongguan is extremely dangerous. In th

The four strategic locations of Mubao were randomly selected by British-born Zhu Qizhen, which may delay the pursuit of Walla's army. However, history is full of drama. At the strong suggestion of Wang Zhen, the Ming army chose to station in Mutubao.

Let's take a look at the location and terrain of the wooden fort. In the early Ming Dynasty, in order to strengthen and consolidate the defense of the Great Wall, the Ming Dynasty not only stationed heavy troops to guard the Great Wall, but also sent a large number of personnel from Shanxi to the Great Wall. On the one hand, it reclaimed land and built a large number of castles. Most of these castles were built in the important passes and valleys of the Great Wall, and became the military centers for guarding the Great Wall. A large number of castles and the Great Wall together form a complete defense system. Tubo was one of many castles in Fu Xuan in Ming Dynasty, and it was an important post station for Fu Xuan to Juyongguan at that time. Built in the traffic throat: south of Guishui River Basin, north of Chicheng Traffic, west of Mobei Avenue and east of Gyeonggi Gateway. The rabbit is beside the Wolf Mountain. Within the range of 100 mile, the mountains are towering into the sky and the terrain is very dangerous. However, as a castle, there is no famous battle coming, and it may still be unknown.

From the map, Mutubao is a sailboat, 3 miles long, narrow in the middle, with few wells and insufficient drinking water. It will never hold half a million people. Unfortunately, Wang Zhen, an important adviser to Zhu Qizhen, has no military foresight. After all, he is just a eunuch in power. More importantly, Wang Zhen insisted on staying in the folk fortress entirely out of personal selfishness. His 1000 trench private car is still behind, and he missed the big group. There are many treasures in the trench, which were donated by officials during exploration. He was worried that he would fall into the hands of the Mongolian Walla Army and suffer huge losses. Facts have proved that Wang Zhen made a decision for his own benefit, which made him lose more.

At this time, the subsequent officials strongly suggested that Zhu Qizhen and Zhong You quickly retreat to Huailai County to consolidate the city and defend themselves, instead of staying in the folk fortress for a long time. British-born Zhu Qizhen had no independent opinions, and all ministers were rejected by Wang Zhen. Only one eunuch was chosen, and he could influence the emperor's decision. How could he do that? We'll talk about the eunuch later.

The 65-year-old Minister of War Kuang _, eager to ascend the throne, asked Yingzong to enter Juyongguan and send elite soldiers to the rear. As a result, the throne was taken away by Wang Zhen and Yingzong never saw it again. In desperation, Kuang _ personally went to Hangdian to find Yingzong and urged the emperor to enter the customs. Wang Zhen stopped him and shouted, "If this bad Confucian knows about the military, he will definitely die, if he talks nonsense again!" Kuang _ answer: "I am a social life, how can I be afraid of me!" " "Wang Zhen was furious and shouted at the guards, pulling out the white-haired quantico _.

He was the highest military official in Kuang in the Ming Dynasty. He was kicked out by the eunuch. Naturally, he was angry, but there was nothing he could do. Although Wang Zhen was only a eunuch, he was the most powerful eunuch since the founding of the Ming Dynasty. He ruled the government for many years. Both the ruling party and the opposition party hate Wang Zhen, but he can't help it, because Zhu Qizhen, England, where he was born, is very popular. Of course, not everyone has no choice but to win Wang Zhen. At present, among the entourage of British and Chinese ministers, Zhang Fu, a British public, has the highest status and prestige. Kuang naturally thought of looking for a four-dynasty veteran and asking him to check and balance.

Zhang Yu, the father of the British government, was already a famous figure when the Yuan Dynasty ruled the Central Plains. He was a council member of the Yuan Dynasty, equivalent to the highest military and political official. After the Yuan Dynasty desert was destroyed, Zhang Yu lived in the desert with the Mongolian royal family "Cong Mobei" for eighteen years, but he missed his homeland. Eighteen years of martial arts, abandoning high officials and generous salaries, and returning thousands of miles. He was under the command of Prince Judy who was stationed in Beiping at that time. Rebecca later launched a hard battle and achieved great success. The biggest contributors are Counselor Yao and Commander Zhang Yu. But Zhang Yu's "but failed to conquer, he died" died heroically in Dongchang World War I and saved Judy. The battle of Dongchang was also the most painful failure in Judy's life. At that time, Judy was surrounded by confederate troops. He left-clicked and right-clicked, but he never rushed out of the enemy line. General Judy Zhu Neng heard the news and led Mongolian cavalry to the rescue. He fought hard and fought his way out, and finally rushed into the Confederate army to protect Judy from the enemy. Zhang Yu didn't know that Judy had escaped, so he led a great army to rescue Judy behind enemy lines. Being outnumbered, he killed dozens of people and died in the South Army at the age of 58. Judy wept bitterly. After she acceded to the throne, Changyu was made king of all kings and later became king of Hejian.

Zhang's father is Zhang Yu's eldest son, but his power is not as prominent as his father's, but depends entirely on his own talents. Zhang Fu followed his father Zhang Yu and was in the army since childhood. He has a long history of war. He is clever and brave. He is one of the few outstanding young generals who have made great contributions. After Judy ascended the throne, Zhang Fu was named Amber and Lu Feng was named Time Shift. Yongle entered Fengxin Town for three years and added 300 stones. Zhang Yisheng's most outstanding achievement is to recruit Annan on the battlefield.

Annan was a part of China in the Han and Tang Dynasties and became independent in the Five Dynasties. Nominally, he still belongs to China. After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, made Chen in southern Anhui king. Since then, every new king's accession to the throne requires the official approval of the Ming Dynasty. During Yongle period, Annan's infighting intensified. The Chen family of former Annan Wang was destroyed and Hu came to power. Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, took the lead and officially recognized the status of the new Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Unexpectedly, the situation on the flat ground has changed again. At that time, Chen Tianping, the grandson of Chen Boer Rixuan, moved to the Ming Dynasty and cried to Judy, the founding father of the Ming Dynasty: "Thieves invaded Siming Mansion, seized its land, peeped into its heart, and really wanted to fight for it. Violence and extortion, cruel legal and sexual punishment, and people's worries and dissatisfaction. Your majesty is worthy of heaven and earth. The world is rich and everything is lost. Uneasy, hanging sin, ups and downs are inevitable. This is a long-term hope and a great wish of ministers. " These words full of feelings and emotions deeply touched Judy, the founding father of the Ming Dynasty, but Judy couldn't confirm the true identity of Chen Tianping, so when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent messengers to congratulate him, he sat down and called Chen Tianping. Annan's envoys are "all shocked or have admirers", so there is no doubt about Chen Tianping's position in Wang Si. Judy, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, finally decided to send someone to condemn the Tang King to help Chen Tianping revive the country. Surprisingly, Thng wrote a letter in good faith, expressing his willingness to return the throne to Chen Tianping. Judy believed this and sent someone to escort Chen Tianping home. Han laid an ambush in advance and killed Chen Tianping in front of the Ming guards. Judy, the founding father of the Ming Dynasty, was very angry and decided to send troops to attack Annan. At that time, the Ming army was led by the famous Zhang Fu, and Annan was in Suiping. The Ming court changed Annan to the handover place, and officially set up a yamen in Annan, and sent people to manage it.

During Yongle period, soldiers of Ming army were very healthy. Although Annan was afraid of Zhang Fu's prestige, he rejoined the Ming Dynasty. However, due to historical reasons, Annan did not get the support of the people. After that, he almost never broke the ice and the war lasted for 30 years. This greatly restricted the military strength of the Ming Dynasty, and the huge military expenditure became a heavy burden of the Ming Dynasty. After Zhu Zhanji ascended the throne in Ming Dynasty, the problem of Annan became more and more serious, and the Ming army repeatedly fought and lost in Annan. In this case, Xuanzong finally decided to give up Annan and completely abandon this historical burden. This move caused great controversy at that time, and there were many opponents. But in fact, it saves a lot of manpower and financial resources and lightens the burden of Ming people. ]

When Zhang Qian visited Annan, Judy, the founding father, gave a banquet in Fengtian Hall and wrote "Taiping Southern Song Dynasty" in her own handwriting. Zhang Fujin was made Duke of England with a history of 3,000 stones. After Zhu Gaochi, the eldest son, succeeded to Emperor Renzong of Ming Dynasty, Zhang Fu was entrusted with the affairs of the commander-in-chief of China's army and was promoted to the most popular name, enjoying high prestige at home and abroad. During the reign of Injong in Zhu Gaochi, he appointed wise men, dealt with them lightly and stopped unjust imprisonment. "Being in power for one year, managing people and doing good deeds will not win a book." However, Injong was emperor for only nine months and died in Qin 'an Hall. Crown Prince Zhu Zhanji inherited the throne of Ming Xuanzong, a famous cricket emperor in history.

In the first year of Xuande, Zhu, the uncle of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, was ready to rebel. Zhu fought side by side with Zhang Fu, a British public servant, died heroically in the battle to overcome difficulties and forged a profound friendship. Before the start of the army, Zhu's cronies and confidants secretly entered Beijing, wooing the British father Zhang Wei as the mole. So Zhang Fu tied Mei Qing up and sent him to North Korea, letting Xuanzong lead his own army to suppress the rebellion. In autumn and August of the first year of Xuande, Zhu Zhanji personally received orders from Zhang Fuling. Under Zhu's strong offensive and psychological pressure, he was forced to surrender out of the city. Zhang Fu added 300 stones to his works, serving the emperor every day and planning military affairs, with a huge army. In the fourth year of Xuande, Guanglu rose to the left.

There were many talented people in Xuanzong era, including Sanyang, Yi and Xia Yuanji. Wu has a British official, Zhang Fu, and a local official, Yu Qian and others. His politics is relatively clear, his society is relatively stable, and the people live and work in peace and contentment. The economy has also developed. Before/124240/, there was a prosperous situation of "benevolent politics as the mainstay, supplemented by propaganda", which was also the heyday of the Ming Dynasty for more than 270 years.

Unfortunately, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty died after ten years, and Crown Prince Zhu Qizhen ascended the throne as an English Sect of the Ming Dynasty. At that time, the officials and ministers were dead, and the oldest and most respected elders were British, except for "Sanyang". Therefore, Zhang Fu is very important. He often makes decisions on major military affairs and important government affairs. When Zhu Qizhen, the general manager, was a prince, Wang Zhen, the eunuch, waited on him day and night. After Emperor Yingzong ascended the throne, Wang Zhen was appointed as the eunuch of Reese and was honored as a "teacher". Wang Zhen gradually came to power. He was good at government affairs and domineering. Many ministers of civil and military affairs are afraid of him. Only Zhang Fu, an Englishman, respects his position because of his fame. He didn't look down on Wang Zhen, and he didn't dare to argue with him. This made Wang Zhen hate Zhang Fu. Later, he found an opportunity to impeach Zhang Fu and arrested him. However, because Zhang Fu is an old scholar, Wang Zhen dare not resist. He just ordered twenty people to humiliate Zhang Fu. This punishment is beating the imperial court, which is a major feature of Ming politics. We will have a special chapter in the future. Empress Zhang listened and quickly ordered the staff to stop, but it was too late. After Zhang Fu entered the palace, Zhang Taihou was very angry and called Zhang Fu, Yang Pu and others into the palace. At that time, Yingzong was present, standing in the east and several ministers standing in the west. The queen mother pointed to the ministers and said to Yingzong: "These ministers are all elders of the previous dynasty. They were ordered by the late emperor to help you govern the country. All national politics must be discussed with them. " Warn Yingzong not to let Wang Zhen interfere in state affairs again. Yingzong obviously agreed, but he didn't want to hear it. On the contrary, he became more and more fond of Wang Zhen, which led to increasingly corrupt politics and the gradual abolition of armaments.

After being handcuffed, the mentality of Zhang Fu, a British civil servant, has changed greatly. This is not because he inherited his father's flesh-and-blood hero, but because he clearly saw the attitude of Yingzong: in the eyes of the young emperor, their "five permanent members" are obviously far less important than the eunuch "mentor" Wang Zhen. Since then, "Sanyang" and Zhang Taihou have passed away, and Zhang's father is helpless. From then on, all he did to Wang Zhen was to let go.

So, when the Ministry of War Shang Shu Kuang _, came to you in some way to explain that Zhang Fu had to deal with it, it was embarrassing. In addition to doing something old, he has another worry. He is seventy-five years old and his own son is dead. At the age of 67, he gave birth to a son named Mao. The word "Shuo" has many interpretations, and Zhang expresses his joy with "Shuo, Yun and Huai". Over the years, Zhang Fu has been able to keep Wang Zhen idle, but he thinks his son Zhang Mao is still young. If he is Wang Zhen's enemy, once he dies, Wang Zhen will definitely get back at his youngest son. Zhang galloped on the battlefield for many years, and everything was determined to go his own way. At the moment, he can't help but sigh. History records: "Help the elderly, don't dare to make any noise."

Father's puffed-up expression on Yso was somewhat understood, so he had to go out. He couldn't see Yingzong and asked Fu not to touch Yingzong. There is no other way of thinking. He can only get together with Wang Zuo and other officials. These imperial envoys have mixed feelings, including anger, chagrin and regret. Just before the war, Cao Naixian, a great cabinet scholar, conspired with some ministers to assassinate Wang Zhen, and then dissuaded Britain from going to war with China. However, the governors were all afraid of Wang Zhen's strength, and no one dared to respond to Cao Nai's suggestion, which made his plan difficult to implement. Now, I really regret it.

Kuang _ and others vaguely predicted the coming of a fierce battle, which was also expected by the British public Zhang Fu. However, everyone did not expect that the coming misfortune was beyond everyone's expectation, which not only shook the whole world, but also almost shook the national foundation of the Ming Dynasty.

That night, the Ming army camped in Bao Min, and their morale was low. Ying and his party live in Langshan, Tongbao.

/kloc-at dawn in August of 0/4, the Mongolian Vara army came from the main road and surrounded Mutubao. Yingzong woke up in Zhu Qizhen and wanted to continue marching, only to find that the Walla army had surrounded the civil fortress from all sides, and it was too late for the Ming army to retreat. The more unfortunate news is yet to come. Due to the lack of drinking water, the Ming army had to dig. But because of the high terrain and dry weather, it dug more than 20 feet underground, and there was still no drop of water. There is a river to the south of Tubo 15, which has been occupied by the Walla army. After a long battle, the Ming army was abandoned, hungry and nervous.

/kloc-On the evening of August, the Wara army began to attack from Magukou near Mutubao. Du Ming ordered Guo Mao to lead the troops to resist and refused to fight all night. However, with the passage of time, the following Wa troops kept arriving, and more and more Wa troops surrounded the folk fortress, putting the Ming army at a disadvantage.

The next day, Mid-Autumn Festival, the traditional Mid-Autumn Festival in the Central Plains, failed to reunite with my family and lived in fear. The Walla army found that the storm could not work quickly, so it pretended to retreat, hoping to lure the Ming army into the war. At this time, the Ming army has been without water for two days, and the military forces are hungry. When Zhu Qizhen, who was born in England, saw that Vara's army began to retreat, he immediately sent a special envoy to Vara's barracks to make peace. The commander-in-chief of the Walla army just perfunctory, sent envoys with documents to negotiate with the Ming army camp, pretending to agree to make peace with the Ming army. The British Sect did not distinguish between authenticity and falsehood, and immediately ordered Cao Nai, a cabinet university student, to draft a peace document, and sent two officials and Warra messengers to Warra barracks.

At this time, Wang Zhen naively thought that peace would be achieved. He couldn't wait to order the Ming army to leave the camp and go to Baonan River to get water. The Ming army was hungry and cold. After hearing the order to move to the camp, they immediately rushed out of the moat on the edge of the camp, causing confusion. The Walla army, which had been secretly scouting, took the opportunity to attack and immediately sent soldiers to attack the Ming army from all directions. They rushed into the sheep like tigers, screamed and rushed over, bravely cut down the Ming army, and shouted "put down the gun, don't kill!" "The army was caught off guard and was in flight. Ming soldiers abandoned the vanguard, fled hastily, were crowded, trampled on each other, lost control, and left the dead.

Arrows were like rain, and the Royal Guards around British-born Zhu Qizhen were shot like hedgehogs. Most of these arrows should have been sold by Wang Zhen to Valla at a high price in the past. Yingzong hurried to break through with Qin Bing on horseback, but failed. When he saw that his failure was overwhelming, he panicked and didn't know what to do. He just dismounted and sat cross-legged. There is only one trusted eunuch named Xining.

At this moment, a Vala soldier came over and saw Zhu Qizhen's armor, which was born in England, was different and shining. He wants to take it off. British people living in Zhu Qizhen will not be eliminated by nature. Vala's soldiers were furious and wanted to kill Yingzong. Just then, an elderly Wala leader came up and said, "This man has an abnormal attitude and seems to be different from ordinary people." Therefore, British-born Zhu Qizhen was captured and sent to the camp of the leader of Walla, Wang Sai. When the King of Tournament questioned Yingzong, Yingzong asked, "Are you here first? Do you agree with your son? Is publishing king? Is it King Datong? " King of Competition magazine was greatly surprised after listening to it. He rode quickly to meet the first man and said, "My men caught a man with a strange attitude. It may be Daming Tian Zi. " First of all, please check with two Ming envoys who came to make peace. Only then did they know that the prisoner was indeed the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, which surprised Vala.

Later, the trusted eunuch surrendered and told the leader of Varachia the actual situation of the Ming Dynasty. This man later became a threat to the Ming Dynasty.

In the melee, there were more than 50 ministers accompanying the British Sect, including the British government, Taining Hou Chenying, Xu Jingyuan, Ministry of War Shangshu, Ministry of Finance Shangshu, Cabinet Bachelor Cao Nai, Zhang Yi, Assistant Minister of Justice Ding Xuan, Assistant Minister of Ministry of Industry Deng Pei, etc. Only Xiao Weizhen, the right temple of Dali Temple, and Yang Shan, the left assistant minister, etc. Escape in the chaos. Shan Yang, there is a wonderful play behind him.

Wang Zhen, a recognized criminal, was killed by his own people, not by the enemy. In the chaos of the war between the two armies, Wang Zhen panicked, and his former high spirits disappeared. In the process of escape, Wang Zhen happened to meet Fan Zhong, the general of Ming army. Fan zhongzheng is full of anger. When he saw Wang Zhen, he said angrily, "Wang Zhen is the only person who should be responsible for the emperor's misfortune." If a soldier is killed or injured and their life is ruined, why doesn't he make trouble for himself? "I am a thief in the world!" Wang Zhenyong knocked Wang Zhen on the head and died on the spot. Wang Zhen's brother Wang Lin also died in the chaos.

Although the "traitor" Wang Zhen was killed, the defeat of the Ming army was inevitable. Fan Zhongyan rushed to the enemy, killed dozens of people and finally died in an accidental battle.

The soldiers of the Ming army fled everywhere, climbed mountains and valleys, starved for days, were naked, and dumped their bodies for hundreds of miles. It's terrible. The Ming army "has more than 200,000 mules and horses, and the clothes and equipment are the first." The emperor was captured, and more than half of the 500,000 troops were killed or injured. This is the famous "civilization revolution" in history.

A few months later, the Ming army cleared the battlefield around the civil fort and seized more than 9,000 helmets, 5,000 collars, muskets 1 1000, 2,800 firearms, 800 guns and 0/8 barrels of gunpowder/kloc-0. It can be seen that the Ming army suffered heavy losses in this war.

In this war, the Ming army fought with 500,000 troops and 20,000 Dovala soldiers, but all of them were wiped out, which is rare in the history of Chinese and foreign wars. There is no doubt that this was an accident, with both strategic and tactical mistakes. Changes in civil engineering have more serious consequences. The elite of the Ming army was wiped out, and many people died in the battle. The British people were captured in Zhu Qizhen, and the government and people shook up and down. Since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Ming Dynasty has suffered an unprecedented serious crisis.

The change of the civil fort was regarded as a great shame by the Ming court and became a turning point in the history of the Ming Dynasty. Since then, it was considered dangerous and unwise to attack Mongolia directly, which led to the adjustment of border defense policy and the large-scale construction of the Great Wall in the late Ming Dynasty.

It is the last Great Wall of Ming Dynasty in the history of China, and it is also the largest, longest lasting, strongest and best equipped Great Wall. It starts from Yalu River in Liaodong in the east and reaches Jiayuguan in Gansu in the west. It spans 9 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions including Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu, with a total length of more than 6,300 kilometers. It runs through the vast Yuan Ye, the vast desert and the towering snow-capped mountains, just like a giant dragon dancing on the vast land in northern China. According to the calculation, if you build a wall with a height of five meters and a thickness of one meter with the masonry and earthwork of the Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty, you can circle the earth more than once.

Before the civil fort incident, in order to defend the northern border, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, began to repair the damaged Great Wall. Zhu Jun _ When he was in Ming Huidi, the Great Wall was built in Datong, also known as the "polar edge"; In the tenth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, "moat was built, Anlingbao was slender, Westminster Abbey was built, and deep ditches were built with stone walls to consolidate defense"; Before the fall of Zhu Qizhen, 22 trestles and smoke piers were built from Longguan, Hebei Province to the north of Jixian County via Dushikou to strengthen the landscape. However, these are basically patch projects.

After the civil fort incident, the Ming court began to build the Great Wall on a large scale. In the third year of Chenghua, the Ming court mobilized soldiers and civilians to build a section of the Great Wall from Shanhaiguan in the east to Yanmenguan in the west, connecting Shanhaiguan, xifengkou, Gubeikou, Juyongguan and Daomaguan. In order to prevent Mongolia from using the empty gorge hillside path to infiltrate into the customs. In the seventh year of Chenghua, Governor Yanshui, who was in charge of border defense in northern Shaanxi, led the army and the people. From Qingshuiying in the east to Huamachi in the west, the total length is about 1700 Li. There are 1 1 castles and hundreds of beacon towers. This project is so big that it was completed in a short time. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall under the jurisdiction of Fu Xuan Town and Datong Town was more than 65,438+0,000 miles long, with 363 towers. During Mu's reign, Qi Jiguang, a famous military strategist, organized manpower to rebuild the Great Wall from Shanhaiguan to Changping in three years, and established an enemy army of 1007. Since then, the northern frontier defense of the Ming Dynasty has been greatly strengthened.

It can be said that in the history of more than 200 years in the Ming Dynasty, the construction and consolidation of the Great Wall almost never stopped. The Ming Great Wall is a huge project. It is so great that no dynasty has been able to compare with it since Qin Huang and Wu Han. Compared with the past, the engineering technology of the Ming dynasty has also been greatly improved, the structure is more solid, and the defense function is greatly enhanced. It can be said that the Great Wall, which began in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, was built by Qin Shihuang, but it was not until the Ming Dynasty that construction began. The Great Wall that people see today is the remains of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty.

Regrettably, the Great Wall built by the Ming court with huge manpower and material resources did not achieve the expected results. This phenomenon is not a man-made factor, but is determined by the social situation, military system and strategic thinking at that time. Only from the military point of view, the Ming Dynasty needed to guard the Fandori border, and the military and horses were bound to be scattered, while the Mongolian army was usually caught off guard and unprepared. At that time, due to the limited means of communication, the Ming army could not accurately predict the time and place of the Mongolian attack. Even if they are always vigilant and prepared for danger in times of peace, it is difficult to effectively block and defend against large-scale sudden attacks.