What aspects does the new energy application technology major include?

classify

Solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, ocean energy, etc.

Special point

Environmental protection and sustainable utilization.

definition

1980 (Geng) The United Nations convened the "New United Nations"

The conference on energy and renewable energy defines new energy as: developing and utilizing traditional renewable energy in a modern way based on new technologies and new materials, replacing fossil energy with inexhaustible renewable energy with limited resources and serious environmental pollution, and focusing on developing solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, hydrogen energy and nuclear energy (atomic energy).

New energy generally refers to renewable energy developed and utilized on the basis of new technologies, including solar energy, biomass energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, wave energy, ocean current energy, tidal energy, and thermal cycle between the ocean surface and the deep layer. In addition, there are hydrogen energy, biogas, alcohol, methanol and so on. The widely used energy sources such as coal, oil, natural gas and water are called conventional energy sources. With the limitation of conventional energy and the increasingly prominent environmental problems, more and more countries pay attention to new energy sources with environmental protection and renewable characteristics.

The new energy sources that can form industries in China mainly include hydropower (mainly small hydropower stations), wind energy, biomass energy, solar energy and geothermal energy. , is a clean energy that can be recycled. Developing new energy industry is not only an effective supplementary means to the whole energy supply system, but also an important measure for environmental governance and ecological protection, and the ultimate energy choice to meet the sustainable development needs of human society.

Generally speaking, conventional energy refers to energy that is technically mature and has been used on a large scale, while new energy usually refers to energy that has not been used on a large scale and is being actively developed. Therefore, coal, oil, natural gas and large and medium-sized hydropower are regarded as conventional energy sources, while solar energy, wind energy, modern biomass energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy and hydrogen energy are regarded as new energy sources. With the progress of technology and the establishment of the concept of sustainable development, the industrial and domestic organic wastes that used to be regarded as garbage have been re-recognized, and have been deeply studied, developed and utilized as a material for the utilization of energy resources. Therefore, the resource utilization of waste can also be regarded as a form of new energy technology.

The energy resources that mankind has just developed and utilized and need further research and development are called new energy sources. Compared with conventional energy, new energy has different contents in different historical periods and scientific and technological levels. In today's society, new energy usually refers to solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, hydrogen energy and so on.

According to the category, it can be divided into: solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, hydrogen energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, small hydropower, chemical energy (such as ether-based fuel), nuclear energy and so on.

general situation

According to the analysis, the energy consumption structure of China has not changed significantly since 200 1 year. Petrochemical energy consumption, especially coal consumption, has always been in a dominant position in primary energy consumption, accounting for more than 90% and 60% respectively.

For the new energy industry, it is considered that this provides the gospel. A comprehensive observation of the China stock market industry also illustrates this point. The price of green energy stocks in China soared, and more idle funds were invested in new energy and environmental protection industries. At the same time, China will surpass Europe and become the largest alternative energy growth market in the world. In this context, the new energy industry should seize this opportunity, actively develop wind power and solar energy, and increase the proportion of new energy.

It is estimated that the solar energy radiated to the earth every year is 65.438+0.78 billion kilowatts, of which 5-65.438+0.000 billion kilowatt hours can be developed and utilized. However, due to the scattered distribution, it can be used very little. Geothermal energy resources refer to the total heat content of rocks and water bodies within 5000 meters below land. Among them, the high-temperature geothermal energy resources within 3 kilometers of the global land and above 150℃ are10.4 million tons of standard coal, and some countries have started commercial development and utilization. The world's wind energy potential is about 350 billion kilowatts, and it is difficult to use it economically because of the intermittent dispersion of wind power. If the technology of energy transmission and storage is greatly improved in the future, the utilization of wind power will increase. Ocean energy includes tidal energy, wave energy, seawater temperature difference energy and so on, and its theoretical reserves are very considerable. Limited by the technical level, it is still in the small-scale research stage. At present, because the utilization technology of new energy is still immature, it only accounts for a small part of the total energy needed in the world, and its future development prospects are great.

trait

1) is rich in resources and generally has the characteristics of regeneration, which can be used by human beings forever; For example, it is estimated that the wind resource that can be developed and utilized on land is 253GW, but only 0.57GW was developed and utilized in 2003, and it is expected to reach 4GW by 20 10, and 20GW by 2020. The application of solar photovoltaic grid-connected and off-grid is expected to increase from 0.03GW to 1 2 GW by 2020.

2) The energy density is low, and more space is needed for development and utilization;

3) no carbon or low carbon content, which has little impact on the environment;

4) wide distribution, which is beneficial to small-scale decentralized utilization;

5) intermittent supply, which fluctuates greatly, is not conducive to continuous energy supply;

6) Except hydropower, the development and utilization cost of renewable energy is higher than that of fossil energy.

Solar energy/solar energy

Solar energy generally refers to the radiant energy of sunlight. The main utilization forms of solar energy are photothermal conversion, photoelectric conversion and photochemical conversion. In a broad sense, solar energy is the source of a lot of energy on the earth, such as wind energy, chemical energy, water potential energy and other forms of energy caused or transformed by solar energy. The methods of using solar energy mainly include: solar cells, which convert the energy contained in sunlight into electric energy through photoelectric conversion; Solar water heaters use the heat of sunlight to heat water and use hot water to generate electricity. Solar energy is clean and environmentally friendly, without any pollution, with high utilization value and no shortage of energy. Its advantages determine its irreplaceable position in energy substitution.

Solar photovoltaic

Photovoltaic panel module is a kind of power generation device that generates direct current under sunlight, and it is composed of thin solid photovoltaic cells made almost entirely of semiconductor materials (such as silicon). Because there are no moving parts, it can run for a long time without any loss. Simple photovoltaic cells can provide energy for watches and computers, while more complex photovoltaic systems can illuminate houses and supply power to the power grid. Photovoltaic panel modules can be made into different shapes, and the modules can generate more electricity when connected. Photovoltaic panels are used on roofs and building surfaces, and even as a part of windows, skylights or shielding devices. These photovoltaic facilities are usually called photovoltaic systems attached to buildings.

Major domestic solar cell manufacturers are experiencing a rare "rainy day". Due to the export of more than 95% production capacity and excessive dependence on the European market, domestic solar cell companies have been disturbed by many negative factors in recent months: the European debt crisis, the sharp fall of the euro and the reduction of solar subsidies in Europe. This series of unfavorable factors shows that domestic solar cell manufacturers have both immediate worries and long-term worries. However, resourceful domestic enterprises are trying to control business risks from both cost and demand. In 2009, the domestic solar cell production capacity was about 2.4 million kilowatts, but the domestic installed capacity of solar power generation was only 6.5438+200,000 kilowatts, and 95% of the production capacity was exported, of which Europe was the most important market. In the past few years, Europe has been the focus of solar photovoltaic power generation in the world. In 2009, Germany, Spain, Italy and Czech Republic added more than 4.2 million kilowatts of installed capacity, accounting for more than 60% of the world. Since the beginning of the year, debt crisis broke out in Greece, Spain and other euro zone countries, and the exchange rate of the euro plummeted. The exchange rate of the euro against the US dollar fell by more than 12%, and domestic solar cell manufacturers suffered serious losses.

Solar photothermal

Modern solar thermal technology gathers sunlight and uses its energy to produce hot water, steam and water.

Trough solar photothermal

Electricity. In addition to using appropriate technology to collect solar energy, buildings can also use the light and heat of the sun by adding appropriate equipment in the design, such as giant south-facing windows or building materials that can absorb and slowly release solar heat.

Sunshine combined energy

Plants use sunlight for photosynthesis to synthesize organic matter. Therefore, plant photosynthesis can be simulated artificially, and a large number of organic substances needed by human beings can be synthesized, thus improving the utilization efficiency of solar energy.

nuclear power

brief introduction

Nuclear energy is the energy released by the nucleus by transforming its mass, which accords with Albert Einstein's equation e = MC 2; Where E= energy, m= mass and c= constant of light speed. There are three main forms of nuclear energy release:

nuclear power plant

A. Nuclear fission energy

The so-called nuclear fission energy is the energy released by the fission of some heavy nuclei (such as uranium -235 and plutonium -239).

B. Nuclear fusion energy

Two or more hydrogen nuclei (such as hydrogen isotopes-deuterium and tritium) combine to form a heavier nucleus, and the reaction in which mass defects simultaneously release huge energy is called nuclear fusion reaction, and the released energy is called nuclear fusion energy.

C. Nuclear decay

Nuclear decay is a natural and much slower form of fission, which is difficult to use because of its slow energy release.

Defects of nuclear energy

(1) The resource utilization rate is low.

(2) The nuclear waste produced after the reaction has become a potential factor endangering the biosphere, and its final treatment technology has not been completely solved.

(3) The safety of the reactor needs constant monitoring and improvement.

(4) The constraint of nuclear non-proliferation, that is, the plutonium -239 produced by nuclear power plant reactors is controlled.

(5) The investment cost of nuclear power construction is still higher than that of conventional energy generation, and the investment risk is greater.

ocean energy

brief introduction

Ocean energy refers to all kinds of renewable energy contained in seawater, including tidal energy, wave energy, ocean current energy, seawater temperature difference energy, seawater salinity difference energy and so on.

ocean energy

These energy sources have the advantages of being renewable and not polluting the environment, and are strategic new energy sources that need to be developed and utilized urgently.

Ocean energy characteristics

1. The ocean energy reserves in the total ocean water body are huge, but the energy per unit volume, unit area and unit length is very small. In other words, if you want to get great energy, you must get it from a lot of seawater.

2. Ocean energy is renewable. Ocean energy comes from solar radiation energy and gravity between celestial bodies. As long as the sun, the moon and other celestial bodies are with the earth, this energy will be regenerated and inexhaustible.

3. Ocean energy can be divided into stable energy and unstable energy. The stable ones are temperature difference energy, salinity difference energy and ocean current energy. Unstable energy can be divided into regular energy and irregular energy. There are unstable but regularly changing tidal energy and tidal current energy. According to the changing rules of tides and tidal currents, people compile daily and hourly tidal and tidal current forecasts in various places to predict the tidal magnitude and tidal current intensity at all times in the future. Tidal power stations and tidal power stations can arrange power generation and operation according to the forecast table. What is unstable and irregular is wave energy.

Ocean energy belongs to clean energy, that is, once developed, it has little impact on environmental pollution.

Wave power generation

According to scientists' calculations, waves on the earth contain as much as 90 trillion degrees of electric energy. Maritime navigation buoys and lighthouses have always been illuminated by electric power generated by wave generators. Large wave generator sets have also come out. China is also conducting research and experiments in wave power generation, and has made a power generation device for navigation lights. In the future, there will be a wave power plant in every ocean in China. Wave energy will make great contribution to China electric power industry.

tidal power generation

According to the estimation of the World Electricity Congress, by 2020, the tidal power generation in the world will reach10.3-0.3 billion kilowatts. The largest tidal power station in the world is the Longs Estuary Power Station on the English Channel in northern France, with a power generation capacity of 240,000 kilowatts, which has been in operation for more than 30 years. China has built Jiangxia Tidal Power Station in Zhejiang Province, with a total capacity of 3000 kilowatts.

wind energy

brief introduction

Wind energy flows under the radiation of the sun. Compared with other energy sources, wind energy has obvious advantages. Its reserves are 10 times that of hydropower, and it is widely distributed and never exhausted, especially suitable for islands and remote areas with inconvenient transportation and far from the main power grid. The most common utilization form of wind energy is wind power generation. There are two ideas of wind power generation, horizontal axis fan and vertical axis fan. Horizontal axis fan is widely used and is the mainstream model of wind power generation.

wind power generation

It is the most common form of using wind energy for contemporary people. Since Denmark developed wind turbines at the end of 19, people realized that oil and other energy sources would be exhausted, so they paid attention to the development of wind energy and used it to do other things.

1977, the Federal Republic of Germany built the world's largest power windmill in blom Porte, a famous wind valley in Schleswig-Holstein. The windmill is150m high, each blade is 40m long and weighs18t. It is made of glass fiber reinforced plastic.

By the end of 2009, the global cumulative installed capacity had reached 65.438+0.59 billion kilowatts, and the newly added installed capacity in 2009 exceeded 30 million kilowatts, up 36.5438+0.9% year-on-year. From the perspective of cumulative installed capacity, the cumulative installed capacity of the United States is 3510.6 million kilowatts, ranking first; China is 2665438+ ten thousand kilowatts, ranking second in the world.

biomass energy

brief introduction

Biomass energy comes from biomass, and it is also a form of energy in which solar energy is stored in organisms in the form of chemical energy. It comes directly or indirectly from the photosynthesis of plants. Biomass energy is stored solar energy and the only renewable carbon source, which can be converted into conventional solid, liquid or gas fuels. Biomass energy resources on the earth are abundant and harmless. The earth produces 173 billion tons of matter through photosynthesis every year, which contains energy equivalent to 10-20 times of the world's total energy consumption, but the utilization rate is less than 3%.

Build biogas digesters

Biomass energy (also known as bioenergy) uses organic substances (such as plants). ) as a fuel, energy is generated by technologies such as gas collection, gasification (converting solid into gas), combustion and digestion (wet garbage only). As long as it is properly implemented, biomass energy is also a valuable renewable energy, but it depends on how biomass fuel is produced.

Using corn, wheat, sugar and other grains to make gasoline and other energy sources to meet the growing demand, as well as the high price brought by high cost, is being widely publicized all over the world. At present, sweet sorghum and cassava are mainly used as raw materials.

The material resources that provide various abilities and motivations for human production and life are the important material foundation of the national economy. The development and effective utilization of energy and per capita consumption are important signs of production technology and living standards.

Take advantage of the present situation

By the end of 2006, China had built rural household biogas digesters18.7 million, domestic sewage purification biogas digesters1400,000, and more than 2,000 livestock and poultry farms and industrial wastewater biogas projects, with an annual biogas output of about 9 billion cubic meters, providing high-quality living fuel for nearly 80 million rural people.

China has developed various fixed-bed and fluidized-bed gasifiers to produce natural gas from straw, sawdust, rice husk and branches. In 2006, there were more than 800 sets of wood and agricultural products drying equipment and nearly 600 village-level straw gasification centralized gas supply systems, with an annual output of 20 million cubic meters of biomass gas.

American scientists have invented that they can automatically collect energy substances such as microorganisms and protein, and work in various environments. Can automatically collect dead or live animals for transformation, such as mice and other small creatures. For safety reasons, research and production are restricted, and foreign energy substances are extremely inclusive, which may pose a great threat to human life in the future development.

Geothermal energy

The heat source in the earth can come from gravity differentiation, tidal friction, chemical reaction and energy released by radioactive element decay.

Geothermal energy

Radioactive heat energy is the main heat source of the earth. China is rich in geothermal resources and widely distributed. There are 5500 geothermal spots and 45 geothermal fields, and the total geothermal resources are about 3.2 million MW.

hydrogen energy

Advantages of hydrogen energy:

Safety and environmental protection: the molecular weight of hydrogen is 2, which is only114 of that of air. Therefore, when hydrogen leaks into the air, it will automatically escape from the ground and will not form aggregation. Other fuels and gases will gather on the ground, causing flammable and explosive danger. Hydrogen is odorless and non-toxic and will not cause human poisoning. The combustion product is only water, which will not pollute the environment.

High temperature and high energy: 1kg hydrogen has a calorific value of 34000Kcal, which is three times that of gasoline. The temperature of hydrogen-oxygen flame is as high as 2800 degrees, which is higher than that of conventional liquefied gas.

Heat energy concentration: hydrogen-oxygen flame is straight, heat loss is small, and utilization efficiency is high.

Automatic regeneration: Hydrogen energy comes from water and is reduced to water after combustion.

Catalytic characteristics: Hydrogen is an active gas catalyst, which can catalyze the combustion of all solid, liquid and gas fuels when mixed with air. Accelerate the reaction process, promote complete combustion, and achieve the effects of increasing flame temperature, energy saving and emission reduction.

Reduction characteristics: hydrofining of various raw materials.

Variable temperature characteristic: the flame temperature can be adjusted according to the melting point of the heated object.

Wide sources: electrolyzed water can produce hydrogen, which is inexhaustible, and every kilogram of water can produce 1.860 liters of oxyhydrogen gas.

Ready-to-use: advanced automatic control technology is adopted, and the hydrogen-oxygen machine supplies gas according to the requirements set by users, and does not store gas.

Wide application range: suitable for all places where gas is needed.

Disadvantages of hydrogen energy:

(1) has high production cost and needs a lot of electricity;

(2) Difficulties in production and storage: the density of hydrogen is low, it is difficult to liquefy, and high-pressure storage is unsafe.

Ocean infiltration energy

If there are two kinds of salt solutions, one with high salt concentration and the other with low salt concentration, then when the two solutions are put together and separated by osmotic membrane, osmotic pressure will be generated, and water will flow from the low concentration solution to the high concentration solution. What flows in rivers is fresh water, and what exists in the ocean is salt water, and there is also a certain concentration difference between them. At the mouth of a river, the water pressure of fresh water is higher than that of seawater. If a turbine generator is placed in the estuary, the osmotic pressure between fresh water and seawater can drive the turbine to generate electricity.

Marine osmotic energy is a very environmentally friendly green energy source, which does not produce garbage or emit carbon dioxide and does not depend on weather conditions. Can be said to be inexhaustible. In waters with high salt concentration, the power generation efficiency of osmotic power stations will be better, such as the Mediterranean Sea, the Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake in Yancheng, China, and the Great Salt Lake in the United States. Of course, there must be fresh water supply near the power plant. Bud mikkelsen, head of Norwegian Energy Group, estimates that the global annual power generation can reach 654.38+0.6 trillion kWh by using ocean penetrating energy.

water-power

Water energy is a kind of renewable energy and clean energy, which refers to the kinetic energy, potential energy, pressure energy and other energy sources of water bodies. Broadly speaking, hydropower resources include

Satellite map of Three Gorges Dam

River energy, tidal energy, wave energy, ocean current energy and other energy resources; In a narrow sense, hydropower resources refer to the hydropower resources of rivers. This is conventional energy, primary energy. Water can not only be directly used by human beings, but also be the carrier of energy. Solar energy promotes the water cycle on the earth and makes it last. The flow of surface water is an important link. Areas with large drop and large flow are rich in hydropower resources. With the decrease of fossil fuels, water energy is a very important and promising alternative resource. Hydroelectric power generation in the world is still in its infancy. Rivers, tides, waves and swells can all be used to generate electricity. It can be decomposed into combustible hydrogen by electrolysis and photochemical decomposition of water molecules, and can be used as a new and multi-purpose energy source to replace the existing mineral energy source. The decomposition process of water molecules is simple and easy, with less investment and quick results. This brings a broad prospect for the comprehensive utilization of water energy. On the earth, water is a liquid substance that can be seen everywhere. Hydrogen fuel prepared by water decomposition device can be used in automobile, aerospace, thermal power generation and other industrial and civil aspects, which greatly alleviates the excessive dependence of human beings on mineral resources.

Present situation and future

In the world, some renewable energy utilization technologies have made great progress and formed a certain scale. Biomass energy, solar energy, wind energy, hydropower and geothermal energy utilization technologies have been applied.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) studied the international electricity demand from 2000 to 2030. The research shows that the annual average growth rate of total electricity generation from renewable energy will be the fastest. According to IEA's research, in the next 30 years, non-hydraulic renewable energy power generation will grow faster than any other fuel power generation, with an annual growth rate of nearly 6%, and its total power generation will increase five times between 2000 and 2030. By 2030, it will provide 4.4% of the world's total electricity, of which biomass energy will account for 80%. For details, please refer to Forward-looking Analysis Report on Development Prospect and Investment Strategic Planning of New Energy Industry in China.

The proportion of renewable energy in primary energy is generally low, on the one hand, it is related to the importance and policies of various countries, on the other hand, it is related to the high technical cost of renewable energy, especially solar energy, biomass energy and wind energy with high technical content. According to IEA's forecast, the cost of renewable energy generation will be greatly reduced in the next 30 years, thus increasing its competitiveness. The cost of renewable energy utilization is related to many factors, so the result of cost prediction is uncertain. However, these forecast results show that the technical cost of renewable energy utilization will decrease.

China government attaches great importance to the research and development of renewable energy. The State Economic and Trade Commission has formulated the tenth five-year plan for the development of new and renewable energy industries.

People's Republic of China (PRC) Renewable Energy Law

People's Republic of China (PRC) Renewable Energy Law was formulated and promulgated, focusing on the development of solar thermal utilization, wind power generation, efficient utilization of biomass energy and geothermal energy utilization. With the strong support of the state, China has made great progress in the fields of wind power generation, ocean energy tidal power generation and solar energy utilization. New energy (or renewable energy is more suitable) mainly includes solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy and biomass energy. After decades of exploration, many experts at home and abroad have said that heat energy, if not vigorously developed, will not only rob the land resources on which human beings depend, but also lead to unhealthy social development; The development of geothermal energy and the use of air conditioners have the same characteristics. For example, large-scale development will inevitably lead to the destruction of the surface soil environment in this area and another change in the ecological environment; Wind energy and solar energy are inexhaustible healthy energy sources on the earth, and will surely become the mainstream of alternative energy sources in the future.

In 2008, in order to accelerate the technical progress of China's wind power equipment manufacturing industry and promote the development of wind power industry, the central government arranged special funds to support the industrialization of wind power equipment. In 2009, the "Solar Roof Plan" was implemented, and the central government arranged special funds to subsidize photovoltaic building application demonstration projects to make up for the initial investment in photovoltaic applications. In the same year, the Interim Measures for the Administration of Financial Subsidies for the Golden Sun Demonstration Project was issued. The project comprehensively adopts financial subsidies, scientific and technological support and market-driven methods to accelerate the industrialization and large-scale development of photovoltaic power generation in China, thus promoting the technological progress of photovoltaic power generation.

In terms of taxation, in September, 2008, the Ministry of Finance of People's Republic of China (PRC) and State Taxation Administration of The People's Republic of China issued the Notice on Issues Concerning the Implementation of the Preferential Catalogue of Enterprise Income Tax for Comprehensive Utilization of Resources. It is pointed out that since June 5438+1 October1day, 2008, enterprises have made income from producing products in the catalogue with listed resources as the main raw materials. When calculating the taxable income, they issued the Notice on Value-added Tax Policies for Products such as Comprehensive Utilization of Resources on February 65438+ of the same year, stipulating that the value-added tax for power generated by wind power generation will be 50%. For those who sell self-produced biodiesel for comprehensive utilization, the VAT policy will be implemented.

Latest market situation

On March 201May 16, 23 ministries and commissions including the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Science and Technology held an inter-ministerial joint meeting on the development of strategic emerging industries. Seven industries, such as energy conservation and environmental protection industry, new generation information technology industry, bio-industry, high-end equipment manufacturing industry, new energy industry, new material industry and new energy automobile industry, have become the key strategic emerging industries in China.

According to the conference information, in 20 14 years, among the emerging industries 18 key industries, the main business income of enterprises above designated size reached 15.9 trillion yuan, and the total profit was nearly10.2 trillion yuan, up by 13.5% and/kloc-respectively. 20 13 in the same period, the main business income of industrial enterprises above designated size only increased by 3.3%, and the profit increased by 1.6%, which was significantly lower than that of emerging industries.

Among the industrial enterprises above designated size in the whole society, the total profit of strategic emerging industries accounts for nearly 19%, and the main business income accounts for nearly 15%. The Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Development of National Strategic Emerging Industries proposes that by 2020, the added value of strategic emerging industries will account for about 15% of GDP. [ 1]

international cooperation

Sino-British nuclear energy cooperation

Britain's nuclear energy development is at the leading level in the world, and it is an ideal partner for nuclear energy enterprises to seek business and technical cooperation. Britain's nuclear system has a huge consumer market, and its development has also been strongly supported by government agencies and policies; At the same time, the nuclear system also has world-leading technical experience and talent base; Moreover, the complete industrial chain and complete supporting service system of British nuclear energy have also created a stable and healthy environment for the development of the industry.

In the climate change bill passed by Britain in 2008, the long-term goal of energy development is stipulated: by 2050, the greenhouse gas emissions of Britain need to be reduced by 80% on the basis of 1990. In order to achieve this goal, Britain is carrying out a huge energy restructuring plan, that is, retiring traditional power plants and starting new energy power generation projects including nuclear energy. The project alliance, which is composed of the British Energy Research Cooperation Organization (ERP), the National Nuclear Laboratory (NNL), the British Engineering and Natural Research Council (EPSRC), the Nuclear Retirement Authority (NDA) and the Energy Technology Research Institute (ETI), issued the "UK Nuclear Fission Energy Technology Roadmap: Preliminary Report". The report points out that Britain must formulate a clear and concrete medium-and long-term development strategy and roadmap for the nuclear system, and assumes that nuclear power will play a greater role if Britain wants to have a safe and low-carbon energy structure by 2050.

At 20 13 10 10/0/2 1 London time, the British government officially approved the plans of China General Nuclear Power Group and China National Nuclear Corporation to invest in new local nuclear power plants, which indicated that China's nuclear power enterprises finally landed in western developed countries as they wished. Previously, the Chinese and British governments signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Strengthening Civil Nuclear Energy Cooperation after the fifth Sino-British Economic and Financial Dialogue (EFD) was held in Beijing on June 5, 20 14+10/October 6+May 5. LordDeighton, Commercial Secretary of the British Treasury, participated in the signing of this memorandum as the representative of the British side, paving the way for the British government to formally approve China's nuclear power enterprises to participate in the construction of Cape hinkley.

Britain has the longest history of civil nuclear power, while China has the fastest development. This kind of cooperation is beneficial to both China and Britain. China has the largest nuclear power equipment manufacturing capacity and the most abundant capital in the world, which is a great driving force for China's nuclear power enterprises to go overseas.

Sino-Russian energy cooperation

Russia is a big country rich in energy resources in the world, and its natural gas reserves and exports, oil production and exports, and coal, uranium, iron, aluminum and other resources are among the highest in the world. As China's largest neighbor, Russia has a mature and solid political relationship with China, and regards China as its main partner. We have the will and ability to cooperate with China in energy, and we also have natural geographical advantages and complementary characteristics. China is a reliable partner in maintaining energy security and sustainable development.

With the rapid development of Sino-Russian relations, the scale of energy cooperation between the two countries has gradually grown from small to large, from simple trade to comprehensive cooperation involving oil, natural gas, nuclear energy, coal, electric power and new energy. The Sino-Russian crude oil pipeline was completed and put into operation in 20110, and Russia transports150,000 tons of oil to China every year. China and Russia are discussing the project of increasing crude oil supply through pipelines. In the next 20 years, this energy artery will transport hundreds of millions of tons of oil to China. Russian oil exports are diversified, and China has a stable onshore oil supply. In addition to pipeline oil supply, the cooperation between the two countries in upstream oil development and downstream refining and chemical industry is also gradually advancing. The Tianwan nuclear power plant project jointly built by China and Russia operates safely and efficiently. The coal-electricity trade between the two countries has increased substantially. In 20 12, China imported 20 million tons of coal and 2.6 billion kwh of electricity. These two figures will increase day by day in the future.

Sino-French nuclear energy cooperation

20 13 On April 25th, CGNPC signed a joint statement on long-term cooperation with Areva and EDF. A series of documents signed by the three companies stipulate that they will jointly develop advanced reactors to promote the overall safety level of the world nuclear power industry. This is the third major nuclear power technical cooperation between China and France in the past 30 years. China and France have cooperated in nuclear power for 30 years. EDF has been involved in the construction and operation of Daya Bay nuclear power project in China since the early 1980s. In this cooperation 30 years later, Mars Road emphasized that EDF is the world's largest nuclear power operator and China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group is the owner of the world's largest nuclear power development plan. It is necessary for them to strengthen nuclear power exchanges and cooperation to achieve mutual benefit and win-win results.

As of April 20 13, CGNPC has 7 nuclear power units in operation, with a total installed capacity of 72 1 10,000 kilowatts, accounting for 53% of the total installed capacity of nuclear power in operation in Chinese mainland. Units under construction 15 units, with a total installed capacity of177,500 kilowatts, accounting for 56% of the total installed capacity of nuclear power under construction in Chinese mainland. [2]

development prospect

China's future new energy development strategy can be divided into three stages: the first stage is to realize the commercialization of some new energy technologies by 20 10. In the second stage, by 2020, a large number of new energy technologies will be commercialized, and new energy will account for more than 18% of the total primary energy. The third stage is to fully realize the commercialization of new energy and replace fossil energy on a large scale, reaching more than 30% of the total energy consumption by 2050.

As one of China's strategic emerging industries, new energy will provide a solid technical support and industrial foundation for the large-scale development and utilization of new energy. [3]

1. Wind energy has maintained a rapid development speed in the world, both in terms of total installed capacity and new installed capacity, and wind energy will usher in a development peak. The on-grid electricity price of wind power is higher than that of thermal power, and it is expected to rationalize the price and promote development.

2. Biomass energy is expected to be popularized in tropical and subtropical areas with rich agricultural resources. The main problem is to reduce the manufacturing cost, and the application of bioethanol, biodiesel and dimethyl ether fuel is worth looking forward to.

3. Solar Energy With the gradual expansion of China's domestic photovoltaic industry and the gradual improvement of technology, the cost of photovoltaic power generation will gradually decrease, and China's domestic photovoltaic production capacity will increase substantially in the future.

4. The environmental pollution and energy shortage of new automobile energy are closely related to the development of automobile industry. The country has vigorously promoted hybrid electric vehicles, and the new energy strategy for automobiles has begun to enter the accelerated implementation stage, with open source and throttling going hand in hand.