How to quickly master the geography knowledge of the first volume of senior one? Can you tell me once?

Usually practice more and accumulate more.

Section 1 The Earth and the Globe

1. The shape of the earth: an irregular sphere with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator.

2. The size of the earth: the average radius is 637 1km, the maximum circumference is 40000km, and the surface area is 5 1 100 million square kilometers.

3. Evidence that the earth is a sphere: (1) Magellan sailed around the world P2 (2) Eclipse ③ The ship approached from a distance, and saw the mast first and then the hull P4 (4) Satellite photos of the earth (5) But you can expand your vision by going up a flight of stairs, etc.

4. The difference between warp and weft (see P5-P7)

Weft warp (also called warp)

Define a circle perpendicular to the earth axis and around the earth, a semicircle connecting the north and south poles and intersecting the latitude vertically.

The shape is circular and semi-circular.

The length gradually shortens by an equal length from the equator to the pole.

Indicate the direction, east-west direction, north-south direction

This relationship is parallel and cross.

5. Longitude and Latitude (see P6-P7)

Longitude (meridian) latitude

The starting point of dividing 0 meridian (prime meridian) and 0 latitude (equator)

Division method: east longitude (E) to east, west longitude (north latitude (N) to north, south latitude (S) to south latitude (W 0))

The numerical value increases from longitude 0 to east-west direction, and from latitude 0 to north-south direction.

The numerical range is 0- 180 (180 W and 180 E overlap) 0-90 (90 n (north pole) 90 S (south pole)).

Expression degree +w or e value +n or s

The hemisphere of the axis of variation number is divided into 20 W, with 160 E in the east and the northern hemisphere at the equator in the west.

South of the equator in the old hemisphere (20 W-0-160 E) is the southern hemisphere.

From west 20 W to east160 e is

Western Hemisphere (20 w-180-160 e) Another: Meridian coil-a circle composed of two opposite meridians (that is, two meridians with a longitude difference of180).

Example 1

1. Write the coordinates of A and B (A: 15 W, 15 SB: 75 E, 0).

Solution: ① Determine the longitude and latitude: the horizontal and vertical longitude in the linear latitude and longitude net; Look at the relationship between lines in other latitude and longitude networks. The lines that intersect or will eventually intersect are longitude lines, and parallel lines are always parallel.

(2) judging east-west longitude and north-south latitude: those with 0 can be directly judged, e is in the east of 0 longitude, w is in the west of 0 longitude, n is in the north of 0 latitude, and s is in the south of 0 latitude; The latitude and longitude network without 0 longitude or latitude is judged according to the increasing direction of the numerical value-the numerical value increases to east longitude (E), west longitude (W), north latitude (N) and south latitude (S). "Note: the starting point of judgment should be determined according to the latitude and longitude distance of this map."

2. Determine the hemispheric positions of A and B (A: Eastern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere B: Boundary between Eastern Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere)

① Judging the northern and southern hemispheres according to latitude. The letter after latitude is n, which means northern hemisphere, and S, which means southern hemisphere. It is on the equator, without the north and south poles, and it is located at the junction of the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. ② There are two ways to judge the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere according to longitude. One is the number axis method, which draws the number axis divided by the hemisphere (as above), marks the point to be judged at the corresponding position of the number axis, and then reads the position of the hemisphere. The second numerical method, most of the east longitude is in the eastern hemisphere, and the east longitude is >; 160 in the western hemisphere; Most of the western classics are in the western hemisphere, and the western classics

3.A is in the direction of B (A is in the southwest of B)

Solution: ① Judging the east-west direction according to the longitude: the east longitude in the east is bigger, and the west longitude in the west is bigger (for example, A is in the east and B is in the west; C 1 10 W D 50 W, then c is in Xiding and in the east; E 10 E is 40 W, then e is in the east and in the west; When the east longitude of two places and one place is in the west longitude, we should pay special attention to whether the sum of the longitudes of the two places exceeds 180. If it exceeds 180, the east longitude is in the west and the west longitude is in the east. For example, Geng 100 W Xin 100 E, Geng is in the east and Xin is in the west.) ② Determine the north-south direction according to the latitude.

Example 2

1. mark the longitude of c and d.

Thinking to solve the problem: Seen from the middle North Pole (N), this picture is a top view of the North Pole.

From north to south, it is known that the rotation direction of the earth in the figure is counterclockwise (visible in the figure

Mark directions with a pencil to help answer questions. The longitude of a is 0,

The longitude of B is 180, which means that the longitude of C and D is 90. From a to c

The value increases with the direction of the earth's rotation, that is, to the east.

Big, so c is 90 degrees east longitude. The values from a to d also increase, but

The direction of increase is opposite to the direction of rotation, that is, it increases to the west, so d is 90 W west longitude.

2.A is in the direction of B (A is in the northwest of B)

Find the direction of A in B, that is, the direction of A relative to B, where A is the point to be determined and B is the reference point. The way to solve the problem is: ① to judge the east-west direction: from the reference point to the point to be determined, if the traveling direction is the same as the rotating direction, the point to be determined is in the east of the reference point, and vice versa; ② to judge the north-south direction: the direction near the North Pole (N) is the north, and the direction near the South Pole (S) is the south.

1. the movement of the earth

The movement of the earth is rotation and revolution.

The direction is from west to east and from west to east.

The sun revolves around the central axis of the earth.

The cycle is one day (about 24 hours) and one year (365 or 366 days).

The phenomenon of alternating time difference between day and night, the change of day and night length and the change of seasons

The reason is that the earth is an opaque sphere, and the axis rotating around the sun forms an included angle of 66. 5 and orbit.

Note: Time difference-the farther east the location, the earlier the time.

The rotation direction of the earth is from west to east. Looking down at the North Pole, the earth's rotation is counterclockwise, while looking down at the South Pole, the earth's rotation is clockwise, that is, north and south are opposite.

2. Variation of the height of the sun at noon in a year.

Changes in the length of a day in a year.

3. Four seasons knowledge induction (see the left figure below)

Date latitude of direct sunlight, length of day and night in the northern hemisphere, solar terms, seasons in the northern hemisphere

A3.2 10 divides vernal equinox in March, April and May equally.

B6.22 23.5 n Long days and short nights, summer solstice, summer 6, 7 and 8.

C 9.23 0 is equally divided 9, 10, 1 1.

D 12.22 23.5 S day is short and night is long. Winter solstice and winter 12, 1 2.

4. Division of five regions (see the figure below)

Temperature zone range, climate characteristics and special geographical phenomena

The tropic of Capricorn (23.5 degrees south latitude-23.5 degrees north latitude) has direct sunshine and hot weather all year round.

There are four different seasons (23.5° s-66.5° s) between the Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle in the south temperate zone.

There is no obvious seasonal variation between the Tropic of Cancer in the north temperate zone and the Arctic Circle (23.5° N-66.5° N).

In the south cold region (66.5° s-90° s) between the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole, it is extremely cold all year round.

In the northern cold region between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole (66.5° N-90° N), it is extremely cold all year round, and it is extremely day and night.

5. Division of high, middle and low latitudes: 0-30 is low latitude, 30-60 is middle latitude and 60-90 is high latitude. Section 3 Map

1 map: the geographical things in a large area, such as a province, a country or even the whole world, are reduced in a certain proportion and represented on the plane with different symbols and colors.

2. Three elements of a map: scale, direction and legend.

(1) A formula of scale: scale = distance on the map/distance on the ground (scale is the degree to which the distance on the map is smaller than the distance on the ground).

B Scale: Scale is a fraction. The smaller the denominator, the larger the scale, and the smaller the field range, the more detailed the content.

The larger the denominator, the smaller the scale, the larger the scope of the field and the simpler the content.

C means: text- 1cm on the map means the site distance of 40km.

Number-1:400000 (1km =1000m =100000cm) Linear-(five zeros are removed from centimeters, and five zeros are added to centimeters).

(2) Orientation: A generally adopts the orientation of upper north, lower south, left west and right east.

B points to the calibration direction: the direction indicated by the arrow is due north. The method is to translate the pointing marker to the reference point, and then determine the direction.

C latitude and longitude network orientation: longitude indicates the north-south direction, and latitude indicates the east-west direction.

(3) Legends and notes: Legends-symbols used to represent geographical things on maps (remember the legends commonly used in P 14).

Notes-words used to describe the names of geographical objects and numbers used to describe the height and depth of mountains.

3. Topographic map (1) Contour Topographic map: A map in which contour lines are used to represent ground undulations.

⑵ Layered color topographic map: You can clearly see the height of the ground and the ups and downs of the seabed.

⑶ Topographic profile: It can visually represent the steep slope of the terrain along a certain direction on the ground.

4. Altitude: the vertical distance above sea level at a certain point on the ground.

Relative height: the vertical distance from one point to another, that is, the altitude difference between the two places.

5. Contour line: connect points with the same altitude on the map.

6. Judgment of contour topographic map (see P 16 and P 17)

Mountain A. Peak: The contour line is a closed curve, and the numerical value is high inside and low outside.

B. ridgeline: the contour line protrudes downward.

C. valley: the contour line protrudes upward.

D saddle: between a pair of equal contours.

E. steep cliff: where contour lines overlap.

F. contour lines are densely distributed and the slope is steep; The contour lines are sparsely distributed and the slope is gentle.

Plateau: the altitude is higher than 500m, with steep edges and flat interior.

Plain: The altitude is very low.

Basin: high around and low in the middle.

Hills: low altitude, ups and downs, gentle slopes on land and sea.

Section 1 Mainland and Ocean

1. 7 1% (36 1 100 million km2) of the earth's surface is ocean, while the land area only accounts for 29% (149 million km2). Generally speaking, the earth is divided into seven parts, with uneven distribution of land and sea. Land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, but there is an ocean around the North Pole, mostly distributed in the southern hemisphere, and there is a land around the South Pole.

No matter how we divide the earth into two equal hemispheres, the ocean area is larger than the land area.

3. The sea is the marginal part of the ocean, the ocean is the central part of the ocean, and the strait is a narrow waterway connecting the two oceans.

4. The four oceans are in descending order: Pacific Ocean (with the largest area, the largest number of islands, the highest water temperature and the deepest water body); Atlantic Ocean (shaped like "S"); Indian Ocean; Arctic Ocean (smallest area, largest longitude span and highest latitude)

5. Continental Shelf, Continental Slope and Trench

6. The global land is surrounded by the ocean and divided into many large and small blocks, of which the largest one is called the mainland (six continents: Europe, Asia, South America, North America, Africa, Australia and Antarctica) and the smaller one is called the island. The mainland and its surrounding islands are collectively called the mainland, and the peninsula is the protruding part of the land that extends into the ocean. The largest continent in the world is Eurasia, the smallest continent is Australia, the largest island is Greenland in North America, the largest continent is Asia, and the largest peninsula is Arabia.

7. The global land is divided into seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and the ocean (in descending order). Asia is the largest and Oceania the smallest. The highest average altitude is Antarctica, and the lowest average altitude is Europe. The continents mainly located in the Eastern Hemisphere are Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania and Antarctica, all continents in the Eastern Hemisphere are Africa, and all continents in the Western Hemisphere are South America and North America. The continents mainly located in the northern hemisphere are North America, Asia, Europe and Africa, all continents located in the northern hemisphere are North America and Europe, and all continents located in the southern hemisphere are Antarctica. The ocean surrounded by three continents is the Arctic Ocean, and the continent surrounded by three continents is Antarctica. Antarctica is the continent with the highest latitude and the longest longitude span. The ocean with the highest latitude and the longest longitude span is the Arctic Ocean.

8. Mainland: The dividing line between Asia and Europe is the Urals, ural river, Caucasus and Turkish Strait; The dividing line between Asia and Africa is Suez Canal; The dividing line between North and South America is Panama Canal; The dividing line between Asia and North America is the Bering Strait; The dividing line between North America and Europe is the Danish Strait; The dividing line between South America and Antarctica is the Drake Strait; The dividing line between Europe and Africa is the land and sea changes in the second section of the Strait of Gibraltar.

1. Crustal changes and sea level rise and fall are the main reasons for land and ocean changes. Human activities, such as land reclamation, will also cause changes in land and sea (examples of land and sea changes: marine fossils in the central Himalayas; Ancient river remains on the seabed in eastern China; Dutch embankment)

2. German scientist Wei Gena put forward the continental drift hypothesis. Its view is: 200 million years ago, the continents on the earth were interconnected, and it was surrounded by a piece of Wang Yang. Later, the primitive continent split into several continents and drifted away slowly, gradually forming the distribution of seven continents and four oceans today.

3. The viewpoint of plate tectonics theory: A surface rock stratum is not a whole block, but consists of six plates (Figure P37).

The main plates have been moving.

The crust inside plate C is relatively stable, and the crust at the plate boundary is relatively active.

(Note: Each plate is composed of land and sea, and the Pacific plate is almost entirely composed of sea. )

4. Volcanoes and earthquakes in the world are also concentrated in the areas where plates meet. The two major volcanic seismic belts in the world are the Pacific Rim volcanic seismic belt (the largest) and the Mediterranean-Himalayan volcanic seismic belt.

5. The movement of plates can be divided into two types: stretching, collision and compression. When the plate is under tension, there will be rifts and new oceans on the surface, such as the expansion of the Great Rift Valley in East Africa and the Red Sea. When plates collide, mountains will form on the surface, and the ocean area will shrink or even disappear, such as: the Mediterranean area will shrink (the Eurasian plate and the African plate are squeezed), and the Himalayas (the Eurasian plate and the Indian Ocean plate are squeezed). Chapter iv weather and climate.

The first section changeable weather

1. Comparison of weather and climate

Weather and climate

Concept: short-term atmospheric conditions such as wind and rain, sunny rain, cold and hot. Average weather conditions in a place for many years.

The characteristic time is short; changing

The weather difference in different places at the same time may be very long; Not much change.

Description: Sunny rain, precipitation probability, wind direction, wind force, temperature, precipitation, air pressure and wind force.

Note: Precipitation probability indicates the probability of precipitation. The probability of precipitation is 100%, which means it must be "rainy"; The probability of precipitation is 0, which means it is definitely not raining. Temperature is how hot or cold the atmosphere is. The wind direction is the direction of the wind, which has four basic directions: north, south, west and east. The wind direction is "north", which means the wind comes from the north. Wind force is the intensity of wind, and the scale is 13 (0- 12). The larger the scale, the stronger the wind.

Word sentence: I don't know how many flowers are folded because of the sound of wind and rain at night; Sunrise in the east and rain in the west, but sunny on the road (weather)

Yueyang Leng Xia is hot in winter with four distinct seasons; Long winter without summer (climate)

Storms, flying sand and stones, sunny days and rainy days (weather)

The four seasons are neither cold nor hot, and when it rains, it becomes autumn.

In April, the beauty of the world is exhausted, and peach blossoms bloom in mountain temples (climate)

Wuyuan spring returns late, and weeping willows come to hang silk in February (climate)

2. On the satellite image: green indicates land; Blue represents the ocean; White indicates the cloud area. The whiter the cloud color, the thicker the cloud layer, and the place where the cloud layer is thick is generally a rainy area.

3. Be familiar with the weather symbols commonly used in urban weather forecast charts (see P46 Figure 3.6).

Sometimes two weather symbols will appear next to the name of a city, indicating that the weather will change from one weather condition to another.

4. The air quality is related to the quantity of pollutants in the air, which can be expressed by pollution index. The air is fresh and the pollution index is low, which is beneficial to human health; The polluted air with high pollution index is harmful to human health. (See P48 Figure 3.9 for the corresponding relationship between air quality grade and pollution index and air quality status.) On the one hand, air quality is affected by natural factors, on the other hand, it is affected by human activities. The temperature distribution in the second solar term.

1. The temperature is measured with a thermometer on the shutter. The height of the thermometer is 1.5m above the ground. Unit:℃ (Celsius). Generally, the average daily temperature is eight o'clock, 14 o'clock, 20 o'clock and 2 o'clock.

2. Temperature change: (see P5 1, Figure 3. 12 and 3. 13, you can do the activity question 1.2).

(1) diurnal variation refers to the temperature variation with a period of one day.

Daily temperature range = maximum temperature-minimum temperature.

The highest temperature in a day appears at 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise (the same in the northern and southern hemispheres).

(2) Annual variation refers to the temperature variation with a cycle of one year.

Temperature annual range = highest monthly average temperature-lowest monthly average temperature.

In a year, the temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in July and the lowest in 65438+ 10. In the ocean, it is the highest in August and the lowest in February (contrary to the northern and southern hemispheres: 65438+ 10, the temperature in the central and southern hemisphere is the highest in October and the lowest in July; The ocean is the highest in February and the lowest in August)

3. Temperature distribution law: (see figure 3 of P53.17)

(1) The world temperature is gradually decreasing from low latitude to high latitude (different latitudes).

(2) Compared with latitude, the land temperature is higher than the ocean temperature in summer, but it is the opposite in winter (land and ocean with the same latitude but different).

(3) Compared with latitude, the higher the altitude, the lower the temperature-0.6 degrees Celsius/100 meters (same latitude as land).

(4) The lowest temperature in the world is in the Antarctic, and the highest temperature is in Basra, West Asia.

4. Connecting points with the same temperature into a line is an isotherm. The temperature of all points on the same isotherm is equal.

5. The isotherm is closed. If the center temperature is low, it means it is a low temperature center, and vice versa.

6. Isotherm judgment: (1) Isotherm is dense and the temperature difference is large; Thin isotherm and small temperature difference.

⑵ The isotherm is parallel to latitude, which indicates that the temperature is mainly affected by latitude.

⑶ The isotherm is parallel to the coastline, indicating that the temperature is significantly affected by land and ocean.

(4) The isotherm is a closed curve, and the internal high temperature and external low temperature are basins and lowlands; On the contrary, it is plateau and mountain.

5] Isotherms increase from the north to the southern hemisphere and from the south to the northern hemisphere.

[6] The elevation of isotherm to high latitude indicates that the temperature in this area is higher than that in the same latitude area; The temperature of the low-latitude bulge is lower than that of the same latitude (in summer, the high-latitude bulge of the isotherm is land and the low-latitude bulge is ocean;

If it is winter, the isotherm rises at low latitudes for land and at high latitudes for ocean).

7. Temperature difference between the two places = relative height between the two places/100×0.6℃

The third quarter precipitation and precipitation distribution

1. Rain, snow and hail falling from the atmosphere are collectively called precipitation. The main forms of precipitation during rainfall.

2. Measurement of precipitation: The basic instrument for measurement is the rain gauge, and the unit is mm (millimeter). Generally, it is measured at 8: 00 and 20: 00 every day, and the sum of the measurement results is the daily precipitation. (Note: The daily average temperature is the average of four moments, and the daily precipitation is the sum of two moments. )

3. The monthly precipitation histogram is usually used to represent the seasonal variation of precipitation in a place within one year.

The distribution of precipitation around the world is represented by isoprecipitation line chart.

4. Distribution law of global precipitation: there is more rain and less rain in equatorial region;

Near the Tropic of Cancer, there is little rain on the west coast and much rain on the east coast of the mainland.

The mid-latitude zone is rainy along the coast and less rainy inland;

It is rainy on windward slopes and rainy on leeward slopes in mountainous areas. Section IV: World Climate

1. Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years. The climate of a place has certain characteristics, which generally does not change much.

2. The two major factors of climate: temperature and precipitation.

3. Grasp the main climate types, distribution and climate characteristics in the world (see P58 Figure 3.23).

Distribution pattern of main climate types in the world (taking the northern hemisphere as an example)

The west coast of the mainland, the east coast of the inland

Polar ice sheet climate (little rain all year round)

Polar tundra climate (little rain all year round)

Coniferous forest climate in sub-cold zone (little rain all year round)

Temperate ocean (wet all year round) Temperate continental climate `Temperate monsoon (rainy area in summer)

Mediterranean climate (rainy areas in winter (rainy areas all year round) subtropical monsoon (rainy areas in summer)

Tropical desert climate (rainy area all year round) tropical monsoon climate (rainy area in summer)

Tropical grassland (rainy area in summer)

Tropical rain forest (rainy all year round) 4. Factors affecting climate

(1) Latitude: high latitude, low temperature, low latitude and high temperature; There is more precipitation in low latitudes and less precipitation in high latitudes.

(2) Land and sea: rainy offshore and rainy offshore; The temperature difference near the sea is small, and the temperature difference away from the sea is large.

(3) Terrain: high altitude, low temperature, low altitude and high temperature (the temperature drops by 0.6 degrees Celsius per 100 meters above sea level); The windward slope is rainy and the leeward slope is rainy.

(4) Ocean current: Warm current increases temperature and humidity. Cold current reduces temperature and humidity

(5) Human activities: planting trees, building reservoirs and reducing droughts and floods; The increase of carbon dioxide emission forms the greenhouse effect, the snow melts and the water temperature rises, causing floods.

Climate also affects people's daily life and production activities (especially agricultural production). 5.

Steps are based on the conclusion of factor changes.

① Judge the highest (or lowest) temperature in June, July and August in the northern hemisphere.

12, 1 and February are the months with the highest temperature in the southern hemisphere.

(2) judging that the coldest average temperature and temperature zone in Leng Yue are greater than the most Leng Yue average temperature; 15℃ tropical climate

Subtropical climate and temperate maritime climate, the lowest monthly average temperature is between 0- 15℃

Temperate climate, the lowest monthly average temperature is between-15-0℃

The hottest month < 5℃ cold climate.

(3) Determine the annual distribution of precipitation in a specific climate type. Annual rain tropical rain forest climate >; 2000 mm

The temperate maritime climate is 700- 1000 mm.

Summer rain savanna climate 750-1000 mm.

Tropical monsoon climate1500-2000mm.

Subtropical monsoon climate >: 1000 mm

Temperate temperate continental climate

The temperate monsoon climate is 500-600 mm.

The subtropical Mediterranean climate of winter rain type is 300-1000 mm.

A tropical desert climate with little rain

Cold tundra climate and ice sheet climate