How to manage pear trees every month and how to control pests and diseases every month?

Pear tree has strong adaptability, long life, high yield and economic life of 30 to 80 years. It has medicinal effects such as helping digestion, moistening lung and clearing heart-fire, relieving cough and resolving phlegm, and can also be made into wine, pear paste, pear juice, dried pear and canned pear.

The technical points of pear cultivation and management are introduced as follows:

(1) Sandy loam with sufficient sunlight, deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil, good water permeability and water retention is the most suitable terrain and soil selection.

(two) the selection of purchased seedlings requires pure varieties, suitable for local planting, no pests and diseases, neat seedlings and good quality.

(3) Planting time and method In areas with warm winter and high soil moisture, it can be planted in autumn. Starting from defoliation, seedlings can also be transplanted with soil before defoliation. Autumn seedlings heal quickly and take root early, so autumn seedlings have high survival rate and vigorous growth. When planting, first make a hole and put the base fertilizer, then put the seedlings into the hole, cover them with soil, and then gently lift them by hand, in order to make the roots fully contact with the soil and increase the survival rate, then step on the soil and cover them tightly, and build a mound at the foot of the tree to increase water retention.

(4) Weeding in spring and autumn every year requires deep ploughing in pear orchards, improving ventilation conditions, curing soil and enhancing water retention, which is beneficial to root expansion and absorption of mineral nutrients. Deep turning method can be used with a hand shovel, and the depth is not less than 20 cm. After deep ploughing, intertillage and weeding should be done in time to make the soil loose and the grass clean.

(5) Pruning: when the seedling pear tree grows to 80 cm, topping should be carried out to promote the pear tree to produce more lateral branches. The branches of the first layer should be pulled in four directions, southeast and northwest, and then the branches of the second layer should be 50 ~ 60cm away from the first layer, and the branches should be pulled to the gap of the first layer. When pruning, the direction of the cut bud should be toward the empty side of the branch, so that the cut bud can grow into a branch, thus making the pear tree grow into a branch. And often prune those branches that grow quickly from top to top, but short branches on the trunk can't be pruned because they are branches that will bear fruit later. After 2 ~ 6 years of pruning, the crown of young trees should be controlled within 3 meters for fruit picking.

(6) flower protection and fruit protection, flower thinning and fruit bagging technology The trees grew vigorously the year before, which was the basis for flower protection and fruit protection in that year. The flower buds of pear trees began to form in the middle of June of the previous year, and the quality of flower buds depends on the management from June of the previous year to before defoliation. If the management is good, the nutrient supply is sufficient, the leaves fall late, the flower buds grow well, the bud quality is high, it is easy to bear fruit and bear good fruit; On the contrary, poor management, serious pests and diseases, early defoliation and poor bud quality; What's more, in autumn, flowers bloom and fall, new leaves grow, and secondary growth occurs. The storage nutrients of trees are insufficient, flower buds are stunted, flowers bloom poorly, and the results are not good. Even so, young fruits are stunted and it is not easy to form high-quality big fruits. Therefore, the key to protect flowers and fruits is the meticulous management centered on leaf protection in the previous year.

1, protect flowers and fruits?

Flowers and fruits are generally caused by poor management, such as insufficient nutrition, excessive rain or serious pests and diseases, so the fundamental measures to protect flowers and fruits are to strengthen the management of soil, fertilizer and water and the prevention and control of pests and diseases. Spraying 0.2% ~ 0.5% boric acid or 800 ~ 1000 times acetic acid (acid content 30%, vinegar essence) at flowering stage has certain effect.

2, thinning flowers and fruits

In order to prevent pear trees from bearing too much fruit in the first year and too little fruit in the second year, it is necessary to sparse flowers and fruits. First, the thinning of flowers should be weak and strong, the thinning should be long (long in the bud at the top of the fruit branch) and short (short in the bud at the top of the fruit branch), and the thinning of axils (bud) should be top (bud), dense and sparse. In order to prevent the occurrence of strong seedlings, the top of the crown and the thick and upright large and medium branches can be pressed with fruits instead of thinning flowers. Second, when thinning fruit, weak trees and many fruit trees are thinned early, prosperous trees and few fruit trees are thinned late, weak branches in the inner chamber, more sparse and less left, strong branches around, more left and less sparse. Keep big fruits, small fruits, good fruits, fine pests and deformed fruits, fine marginal fruits, fine central fruits, fine fruits close to the backbone branches, and fine fruits far from the backbone branches.

3. Bagging technology

Bagging is generally completed 20 ~ 45 days after flowering. Fruit bagging can effectively improve the external color and raise the price, especially make the fruit point small and shallow, and the color is even. It can also reduce diseases and insect pests, wind damage and fruit cracking, keep the surface of fruit clean, reduce pesticide residues and improve the safety of fruit; At the same time, it can also delay picking, prolong the service life of shelves, and improve storage resistance and market competitiveness. The results showed that the pesticide residue per kilogram of unpackaged fruit was 0.46 mg, while bagged fruit was only 0.09 mg. According to the experiment in Horticulture Station of Tonglu Agricultural Technology Extension Center, the rotting rate of bagged fruits was only 0.83% after cold storage 145 days, while that of non-bagged fruits was 14.55%. However, we must pay attention to the quality of bagging. When bagging, you must first open the bag mouth, hold the bottom of the bag with your left hand, open the whole fruit bag, let the ventilation outlet at the bottom of the bag open, and then put the fruit on it, so that the pear fruit is placed in the middle bag to prevent the fruit surface from sticking to the paper bag. Then use a folding fan to tie the bag mouth tightly, and use fine hemp skin, bamboo shell silk, palm leaves, fine iron wire, staples and so on to tie the strong bag mouth tightly. So that the mouth of the bag does not form a funnel shape, and rainwater and pesticides are prevented from flowing into the bag.

(7) Fertilizing urea is to promote leaves, and compound fertilizer is to promote roots, flowers and fruits. So topdressing should be done four times a year. When topdressing, ditches should be dug around the shadow of trees when the sun shines on the top, and fertilizer should be applied and covered in the ditches.

1. Urea is applied for the first time before flowering. If human excrement or decomposed cake fertilizer is used, it should be applied about half a month in advance. Fertilization before flowering can improve fruit setting rate and promote the growth of branches and leaves. The main purpose of weak trees and young trees is to promote the growth of branches and leaves, and urea can be applied alone, but it is not suitable for early-bearing trees and adult flourishing trees to apply urea alone.

2. The second time is to apply fertilizer once when the fruit grows rapidly, mainly urea and compound fertilizer;

3. The third time is to apply urea before fruit picking to restore tree vigor and prevent early defoliation;

4. The fourth time is after fruit picking in autumn and before defoliation, urea and compound fertilizer, such as farmyard manure, are mainly applied. However, due to the labor force, fertilization must be applied in May-June and September-65438+10 every year.

(eight) pest control

Before the buds germinate (from late February to early March), the mixture of sodium pentachlorophenol with Baume of 5O and 0.2% sulfur was sprayed for disinfection. Spraying 1500 times 70% thiophanate-methyl (or 1000 times M-45) 7000 times 25% Aketai water dispersible granules before inflorescence separation to control scab, black spot, pear aphid, pear stem bee, pear big and other pests and diseases.

2. After flowering in April, spraying 50% carbendazim 800 times solution (or 10% water dispersible granule 6000 times solution) and 22.6% wanchongling 1000 times solution (or Lefuling 2000 times solution) to control scab, black spot, pear stem bee, pear aphid and pear leaves. If rust is found, that is, orange spots with needle tip size appear on the leaves, spraying 600-800 times of 15% triadimefon can prevent pear rust. If it is not cured, spray it again after half a month.

In March and May, control pear psylla, pear net stinkbug, star caterpillar, small pear moth, scale insect, black spot and ring rot. Be given priority and use drugs in time. One is to use 1000 times 22.6% wanchongling (or 6000 times Actax or 1000 times chlorpyrifos), 800 times 70% thiophanate methyl and 0.2-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate (foliar spraying) for control. Take the medicine once every 10 day when serious pests and diseases occur.

4. In June, 65,438+0,000 times the enemy killed 65,438+0,000 times the great hero (or smelly bug benefiting essence) and 800 times the 50% bactericide (or thiophanate-methyl) was used to control stickleback moth, pear net stinkbug, pear psylla, black spot and ring rot. If pear leaf gall mite is found, kill it with 800 times chloroform. Spraying 2% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate on leaves to enhance disease resistance. Take the medicine once every 10 day when the condition is serious.

In May and July, the problem of high efficiency and low toxicity should be considered in pest control. Generally, Wisdom Fofo Agbo 2000 times or 800- 1 000 is the pesticide for killing insects, and 1:3:200 bordeaux mixture 250 times or 25% carbendazim is the pesticide for preventing diseases. At the same time, we should consider the time of application. Generally, pesticides should be sprayed half a month before fruit picking. If the pear leaf gall mite is seriously harmful, attention should be paid to the use of acaricide. In areas where psyllids occur seriously, in order to strengthen the control of psyllids, 1000 times of stink bug psyllids or 800 times of Dagong or 6000 times of Aketai 25% water dispersible granules are generally used.

6. Pest control is the same as in July. Pay attention to catch larvae, eggs and larvae of Cerambycidae in late August to reduce the wintering base. In late August, weeds under the trunk are easy to attract overwintering eggs, so it is necessary to strengthen field cleaning, weeding and covering moisture.

7.65438+ 10-February of the following year, scraping to remove eggs, pruning to remove diseased branches and leaves, and burning; Trunks with serious ring rot should be scraped off and coated with quicklime or a mixture of lime and sulfur with a concentration of 3-5 Baume. Under normal circumstances, diseases are caused by insects, so when spraying drugs, the drugs for treating diseases and killing insects should be combined and sprayed together, and the drugs used each time cannot be repeated. If there are pests and diseases, cut them off and burn them.

(9) harvesting fruits under the conditions of high temperature, dryness and strong sunshine. Pear is highly resistant to storage and transportation because of its high temperature and strong respiration, so it is best to harvest the fruit in the early morning or cloudy day.