Geographical emphasis under the seventh grade of People's Education Press.

natural environment

1, Asia is located in the northern hemisphere and the eastern hemisphere; It borders the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Indian Ocean in the south.

2. Asia is bounded by Urals, Caspian Sea, Caucasus, Black Sea and Turkish Strait in the northwest, Bering Strait and North America in the northeast, Suez Canal and Africa in the southwest, and Oceania across the sea in the south.

3. Asia is the largest continent in the world, with the widest latitude and the farthest distance from east to west. Asia has the highest mountain in the world-Mount Everest, the largest lake-Caspian Sea, the lowest location-Dead Sea, and the highest plateau-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

4. The topography of Asia is high in the middle and low around, mainly plateaus and mountains; The river flows radially to the surrounding ocean. Observing from P4' s Topographic Map of Asia, we can use the following methods to explain the topographic features of Asia: the change of color (elevation), the distribution of topographic areas and the flow direction of rivers.

5. Asian climate characteristics: complex and diverse, temperate continental climate is widely distributed, and monsoon climate is remarkable. According to the P7 diagram of "Monthly Temperature or Precipitation in Four Asian Places in One Year", the main factors affecting the climate in Asia are latitude position and land and sea position. In addition, the complex terrain has a great influence on the climate in Asia.

cultural context

6. Asia is the most populous continent in the world. Of the 11countries (Indian, Bangladeshi, China, USA, Japanese, Russian, Mexican (Nigerian)) with a population of over1billion, 6 are located in Asia. Asia has a large population, which puts heavy pressure on resources and environment (P 13 Causality Diagram).

7. The origin of human beings is formed by natural causes: a suitable temperate or tropical climate, abundant water sources and fertile land.

8. Asia's economic development is unbalanced, and developed countries such as Japan, Singapore and Israel; Most countries belong to developing countries. Developed countries give priority to the development of the tertiary industry, while backward countries give priority to the development of the primary industry.

Chapter VII Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

Japan

9. Japan is an island country in the northwest Pacific Ocean, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the east and facing China, South Korea, North Korea and Russia across the Sea of Japan in the west. It is mainly composed of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. Because it is located between the Pacific plate and the Eurasian plate, there are many earthquake volcanoes in Japan.

10, the advantages of Japan's economic development: advanced science and technology, sufficient labor force, many island countries and many good ports.

Disadvantages: it is a small country with small territory (small domestic market) and poor resources.

With the rapid economic development, Japan's demand for industrial raw materials and fuels is increasing, domestic supply is insufficient, and its dependence on foreign countries is becoming more and more serious. Japan imported a large number of raw materials and fuels such as coal and iron ore from abroad, and processed the imported raw materials with its own favorable conditions, making a large number of industrial products for export, forming an economy dominated by processing trade.

1 1. Japanese industries are mainly distributed along the Pacific coast and the Seto Inland Sea coast. The main reasons are: there are many cities and a large population in coastal areas, which are the largest consumption places in China; The port conditions are superior, which facilitates the import of raw materials and the export of products; The price of land reclamation along the coast is low; Moreover, the factory is close to the dock, which is conducive to improving the economic benefits of industry. (P23)

Southeast Asia

12, Southeast Asia is located in the southeast of Asia, including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. Indo-China Peninsula has a tropical monsoon climate-high temperature all year round and obvious rainy season in dry season; The climate of Malay archipelago is mainly tropical rain forest-it is hot and rainy all year round. The hot and humid climate makes Southeast Asia the largest producer of tropical cash crops such as rubber, oil palm, coconut and banana. (P29 figure

13. The geographical position of Southeast Asia is very important: Southeast Asia is located at the "crossroads" between Asia and Oceania, between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Located between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island, Malacca Strait is the only place to sail eastward from Europe and Africa to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia, and it is an important sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. (P27 "Malacca Strait Route" map)

14. The topographical feature of Southeast Asia is that mountains and rivers are staggered and distributed in columns. Alluvial plains are formed on both sides of the river, where the terrain is flat, the soil is fertile, the development history is long and the population is dense, so the big cities in Indochina Peninsula are mainly distributed along the river and in the estuary delta. (P3 1 Figure 7.28)

15, Southeast Asia's rich tropical natural landscape, many beautiful beaches and islands, as well as many places of interest and unique customs, have become rich tourism resources in this region. Such as: Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar, Borobudur in Indonesia, Angkor Wat in Cambodia, Halong Bay in Vietnam, etc.

Yindu

16, the terrain of India is high in the north and low in the south. The northern part is the southern slope of the Himalayas, the middle part is the alluvial plain formed by Ganges River and Indus River, and the southern part is the Low Deccan Plateau (P35 Topographic Map of India).

17. At present, India's population ranks second in the world, with a high natural population growth rate and rapid population growth. Although India is rich in resources, compared with the world average, there is a certain gap in per capita resources, per capita steel and per capita grain. Excessive population growth will have a negative impact on India's resources, environment and economic development. Combining China's experience and Indian national conditions, we can make the following suggestions to them: family planning, population control; Improve social security and provide for the aged; Improve national quality and change traditional ideas; Encourage fewer children, and the policy is tilted towards families with fewer children.

18. Most parts of India are located in the tropics and subtropics, with the tropical monsoon climate as the main climate, and the precipitation is extremely unstable: the southwest monsoon sometimes comes early, retreats late, and the wind is strong, resulting in flooding; On the contrary, it will form a drought. (Figures 7.39 and 7.40 on page 37)

19, India's traditional industries are generally distributed in the origin of raw materials: the iron and steel industry in the northeast-there are abundant coal, iron and manganese mines nearby; The hemp textile industry in Calcutta-the jute producing area nearby; Mumbai cotton textile industry-cotton producing area is nearby.

The capital-New Delhi; Bangalore-high-tech industry. (Figure 7.43 on page 40)

Russia

20. Russia is a country spanning the Eurasian continent, with an area of about170,000 square kilometers, and is the largest country in the world. Despite its large area in Asia, it is a traditional European country. Its political center and economic center, most of its population is distributed in Europe.

2 1. Most parts of Russia are flat, and the terrain areas are Eastern European Plain (Urals Mountains), Western Siberian Plain (Yenisei River), Central Siberian Plateau (Lena River) and Eastern Siberian Mountain from west to east. The Volga River is Russia's "mother river" and the longest river in Europe. It flows into the Caspian Sea and is an inland river. (P4 1 Figure 7.45)

22. The latitude of Russia is high, and the Arctic Circle passes through the north-central part. Most areas belong to temperate continental climate-less precipitation, long and cold winters and short and warm summers (P43 Figure 7.46).

23. Russia is rich in natural resources, especially coal, oil and natural gas, which are mainly distributed in the interior of Russia, so Russian industry is also mainly distributed in the interior. Russian industry is dominated by heavy industry, while light industry is relatively backward.

24. Russia is long and narrow from east to west, and trans-siberian railway connects the two parts. Russia's passenger transport is mainly roads and railways, and freight transport is mainly pipelines and railways.

Important cities: capital-Moscow, port-St. Petersburg (Baltic Sea), Murmansk (Arctic Ocean), Vladivostok (Pacific Ocean) (P46 Figure 7.50).

Chapter VIII Other Countries and Regions in the Eastern Hemisphere

Middle East

25. The Middle East lies between two oceans (Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean), three continents (Asia, Africa and Europe) and five seas (Caspian Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and Arabian Sea), and has been the main transportation route between east and west since ancient times. In particular, the Suez Canal, which connects the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, shortens the distance from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean by 8000 to 10000 km. The Turkish Strait, which connects the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, is called the gateway of the Black Sea, and both of them are important passages for world maritime traffic. (P5 1 Figure 8.3)

26. The Middle East is the region with the largest oil reserves and the largest oil production and export volume in the world. Middle East oil is mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas. The main oil producers are "Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait". The oil here is mainly exported through three sea routes: ① Persian Gulf-Arabian Sea-Indian Ocean-Red Sea-Suez Canal-Mediterranean Sea-Pacific Ocean-Western Europe and the United States; ② Persian Gulf-Arabian Sea-Indian Ocean-Cape of Good Hope-Atlantic Ocean-Western Europe and the United States; ③ Persian Gulf-Arabian Sea-Indian Ocean-Malacca Strait-South China Sea-East China Sea-Japan. (P53 Question 3, P52 Figure 8.4)

27. The Middle East is dominated by tropical and subtropical desert climate and temperate continental climate, with dry climate, scarce precipitation and lack of water resources. The competition for water resources has also become one of the reasons for the turmoil in the Middle East.

28. The inhabitants of the Middle East are mainly Arabs, and most of them believe in Islam. Islam, Christianity and Judaism all regard Jerusalem as the holy city.

Western Europe

29. Western Europe refers to the western half of Europe, bordering the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Mediterranean Sea in the south and the Atlantic Ocean in the west, and most of the areas are located between 40 and 60 degrees north latitude. The terrain is high in the north and south and low in the middle, which is conducive to the humid airflow from the Atlantic Ocean extending inland, which makes the climate of Western Europe deeply influenced by the Atlantic Ocean, forming a typical temperate maritime climate-warm in winter and cool in summer, with low temperature all year round; There is more precipitation and the seasonal distribution is even. (P63 Figure 8.22) The weather in this climate is cloudy, with short sunshine time and more water vapor in the air, which is beneficial to the growth of succulent grass. Pastures in western Europe are called "green gold", and animal husbandry plays an important role in agriculture.

30. In order to further strengthen the political and economic ties between European countries, a regional international organization, the European Union (EU), was established in Western Europe. At present, it has 25 member States.

3 1. manufacturing is the main industry in western Europe, and there are a large number of people engaged in manufacturing. The proportion of people engaged in manufacturing industry in developing countries is low, and the per capita GDP is low.

32. Tourism in Western Europe is prosperous, such as the scenery of Nordic fjords, sunny beaches along the Mediterranean coast and skiing in the Alps (natural scenery); Eiffel Tower in Paris, Parthenon in Athens, Tower Bridge in London (with a long history); Spanish bullfighting (unique custom) (P65 Figure 8.24)

Sub-Saharan Africa

33. Sub-Saharan Africa lies south of the largest desert in the world. This is the hometown of black people, and this area is also called "black Africa". Due to long-term colonial rule, many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have formed a "single commodity economy"-an economy that relies on the production of one or several primary products and is at a disadvantage in international trade.

34. Due to the rapid population growth and the economy dominated by primary products in sub-Saharan Africa, there is a food shortage in this region. In order to solve the food problem, the current practices in this area are as follows: ① deforestation for land reclamation → ecological destruction and natural disasters intensified; ② Overgrazing → grassland degradation; ③ Overexploitation of grassland → desertification. The same result of these practices led to the decline of land fertility, which further aggravated the food shortage. The correct measures should be: controlling population growth and improving population quality; Protect the ecological environment and mitigate natural disasters; Vigorously develop grain production. (Learning Guidance P63 14)

Australia

35. Because Australia has been isolated from the sea for a long time, the environment is single and the evolution of animals is slow, so there are many endemic animals, such as kangaroos, koalas, platypus and emus. Known as the World Museum of Living Fossils.

Before World War II, Australia was mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, and was known as a country "riding on the back of sheep". The main products exported to Lu are: wool, wheat and beef; After World War II, this country, which is dominated by industry and mining, was called "riding a mine car", exporting iron ore and coal mines. At present, the leading industry in Australia is the service industry.

Chapter IX Countries in the Western Hemisphere

United States of America

37. The American flag has 50 stars, representing 50 states, and 13 red and white stripes, representing 13 British colonies at the time of American independence. The 48 states in the United States are located in the north temperate zone, surrounded by the sea on three sides, and are adjacent to Canada and Mexico in the north and south respectively (P82 Figure 9.5).

38. The salient features of agricultural production in the United States are: specialization of regional production (P85 Figure 9.9) and mechanization of production process. Agricultural production efficiency is very high. The factors affecting agricultural production are natural factors-climate, topography and soil, and social factors-population, technology and economic development.

39. Advantages of agricultural specialization in the United States: it is convenient to use agricultural machinery on a large scale, make full use of natural conditions, and popularize agricultural technology.

40. The role of American high-tech in promoting economic growth: promoting sustained economic growth, increasing employment, increasing income, etc. (page 87)

4 1. Thinking: Why has the United States become a world economic power? The reference of American economic development to China.

How can developed and developing countries better protect the environment while developing their economies?

Beixi beverage

42. Brazil is the largest and most populous country in Latin America. Most of them are located in the tropics, facing the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It is a vast tropical country. Among tropical cash crops, the output of coffee, sugarcane and citrus ranks first in the world.

43. More than half of Brazilians are white, followed by mixed-race people. Portuguese is widely used.

44. Brazil's industry and agriculture are mainly distributed in the southeast coast (with convenient maritime transportation, European colonists first arrived here; Low terrain, warm and humid climate)

45. Brazil has the largest tropical rain forest in the world, which has a great impact on the global environment (P95 Figure 9.25). People all over the world want Brazil to protect its tropical rain forest. (Learning Guidance P75-76 Material Question)

Chapter 10 Polar Regions

46、

Antarctic arctic

In the middle of the land and sea situation is the Antarctic continent, surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. In the middle is the Arctic Ocean, surrounded by lands and islands in Asia, Europe and North America.

The climate is cold and dry, windy all year round, but the Antarctic is not cold.

Resources: minerals, glaciers, marine life, mineral resources of primitive natural environment.

Represents animals, penguins and polar bears.

47. The best time for Antarctic expedition is from June 165438+ 10 to March of the following year. China has successively built the Great Wall in Antarctica.