What is the formation and harm of tornadoes?

Tornado is a natural weather phenomenon. The difference between sandstorms and tornadoes lies in their mother, size and intensity. Tornado is a strong small-scale air vortex. Sandstorms are usually small in scope and limited in destructive power, lasting for tens of seconds to several minutes. Tornado is a violent whirlwind developed from strong thunderstorm cloud, and strong thunderstorm cloud is its parent. Tornadoes usually occur in thunderstorms. Dust wind is the wind that blows when the ground is unevenly heated under the sun. When the dust roll occurs, the weather should be sunny, the sunshine should be better, the air quality should be high and dry. There is something on the ground that makes the sunlight uneven. Let's learn more about tornadoes together.

How do tornadoes and sandstorms form?

Tornado is the strongest vortex phenomenon in the atmosphere, which often occurs in thunderstorm weather in summer, especially in the afternoon and evening. Although the scope of influence is small, it is extremely destructive.

Tornadoes, a natural phenomenon, are the product of thunderstorms in clouds. Specifically, a tornado is a form in which a small part of the huge energy of a thunderstorm is released in a small area.

The formation of tornadoes can be divided into four stages:

(1) The instability of the atmosphere produces a strong updraft, which is further strengthened due to the influence of the maximum transit airflow in the rapids.

(2) Due to the interaction with the wind with shear speed and direction in the vertical direction, the updraft starts to rotate in the middle of the troposphere, forming a mesoscale cyclone.

(3) With the development and upward extension of mesoscale cyclone to the ground, it becomes thinner and stronger. At the same time, a small area to strengthen cooperation, that is, the primary tornado is formed inside the cyclone, and the same process of producing the cyclone forms the tornado core.

(4) The rotation in the tornado core is different from that in the cyclone, and its intensity is enough to make the tornado extend to the ground. When the developing vortex reaches the ground, the ground air pressure drops sharply and the ground wind speed rises sharply, forming a tornado.

Causes of sandstorm formation

Dust wind is a special rotating convection motion caused by uneven local heating on the ground.

In the process of sandstorm formation, the peripheral air flows to the center through the thin layer near the ground after being heated by the ground, and the rotational energy of the peripheral air is strengthened in the center, forming sandstorm. Its rotational energy is formed by the local concentration of the original rotational energy of thermal bubbles and the transformation of partial potential energy, and its rotational direction is determined by the initial rotational direction of thermal convection bubbles.

Tornadoes have several titles: title 1, multi-vortex tornado.

A tornado system consists of two or more eddies, usually a main vortex and several small eddies, and its shape can be several "trunk" or "wedge tornado" tightly wrapped by debris. These small eddies sometimes cause more damage, so the house should not only bear the wind impact of the main vortex, but also bear the wind impact of the small vortex. Moreover, because there are many eddies, it has a large width and a wide coverage.

2. Lu Longjuan

A tornado is an ordinary tornado. The air pressure in the center of the tornado is very attractive. Attract dust, water vapor and other sundries. Used to describe tornadoes unrelated to mesoscale cyclones. Tornadoes are characterized by relatively weak intensity, short duration, funnel-shaped clouds formed by condensation, and often do not touch the ground. Although the intensity is relatively weak, tornadoes will still bring strong winds and serious damage.

3, waterspout

Tornado, commonly known as "dragon absorbs water", is a strong wind vortex with small range and strong wind force extending from the bottom of thunderstorm cloud to the ground or water surface. A waterspout can be simply defined as a "water tornado", which usually refers to a non-supercell tornado on the water. The hose will overturn the ship and destroy it. When it lands, it will do more harm and take away life.

Dragon suction is a tornado that occasionally happens over warm water. Its upper end is connected with thunderstorm clouds, and its lower end extends directly to the water surface. The air spins rapidly around the axis of the tornado. Attracted by the extremely low air pressure in the center of the tornado, the water flow is sucked into the bottom of the vortex and then becomes a vortex around the axis. What's the matter with dragon absorbing water >>

4.fire tornado

A very rare form of tornado, consisting of tornadoes and flames. The tornado rolled up a flame several meters high and spun like a giant fire dragon. Fire whirlwind, also known as fire monster and fire whirlwind, refers to the rare phenomenon that when a fire occurs, the temperature and thermal gradient of the air meet certain conditions, and the flame forms a vertical vortex and inserts straight into the sky like a whirlwind. Rotating flames mostly occur in jungle fires. The height of the flame varies from 30 to 200 feet, and its duration is limited, usually only a few minutes, but if the wind is strong, it can last longer.

5, gust front tornado

It is a small vertical rotating airflow associated with gust front and downburst. Because they are not strictly related to clouds, it is still controversial whether they belong to tornadoes. When the fast-moving dry and cold airflow overflowed by thunderstorm flows through the static warm and wet airflow at the overflow edge, it will cause the rotation effect (which can be explained by "cirrus cloud"). If the wind shear in the lower level is strong enough, this rotation will be horizontal (or oblique) and affect the ground, and the final result will be gust. The rotation direction of gust coil is not fixed, which can be clockwise or counterclockwise.

Tornadoes are classified into 0-5 enhanced Fujita grades, referred to as EF grades, according to their damage degrees, which was proposed by Dr. Fujita Tetsuya of the University of Chicago at 197 1.

EF0 level

The wind speed is 65-85mph, about105-137 km/h. Although it is weak, it is still enough to blow off branches, roll up lighter fragments and break glass, and some chimneys will be blown off. (The probability of occurrence is extremely high, 53.5%)

EF 1 grade

The wind speed is 86- 1 10mph per hour, which is about138-177 km/h. They can blow away the roof and overturn the prefabricated houses, and some lighter cars will be blown over or scraped off the road. (High probability of occurrence, 3 1.6%)

EF2 level

The wind speed is111135 mph, which is about178-217 km/h. They can blow out the heavy licorice bags for hundreds of meters and uproot a big tree. Trucks can scrape the road. (The probability of occurrence is moderately low, 10.7%)

EF3 level

The wind speed is 136- 165mph, which is about 218-266 km/h. They can blow down a heavy truck, blow trees off the ground, destroy more than half of the houses and derail the train. (Low probability of occurrence, 3.4%)

EF4 level

The wind speed 166-200mph, about 267-322 km/h, they can blow a car away, raze a solid house to the ground, and blow trees to hundreds of meters high. (The probability of occurrence is very low, 0.7%)

EF5 grade

When the wind speed of EF5 exceeds 200mph per hour, that is, it exceeds 322km/h, houses are completely destroyed, cars are all blown off, asphalt on the road surface is also scraped off, and trucks, trains and trains are all off the ground. (The probability of occurrence is low or high, 20%-45%)

Tornado shape

In addition, tornadoes can be divided into four shapes:

Chimney tornado: The outline is straight, thick and medium in intensity, generally around EF2—EF4.

Rope tornado: slender, with curved outline and weak intensity, generally near EF0—EF2.

Wedge tornado: The length is relatively wide, reaching 1.5km, the width exceeds the height, and the intensity is relatively strong, generally around EF4—EF5.

Shuanglong tornado: two tornadoes, one thick and one thin, with uncertain intensity.

The difference between sandstorm and tornado titles: Tornado comes in rainy days, and sandstorm comes in sunny days.

Sandstorm and tornado, a word difference. In life, because they are all small cyclones with certain destructive power, they all rotate like pillars, so many people think that they are the same and there is no difference.

In fact, sandstorms and tornadoes are completely different things, with different conditions and harm. To put it simply, tornadoes come in rainy days, and sandstorms come in sunny days.

Tornado is a violent whirlwind developed from strong thunderstorm clouds, and its shape is like a funnel hanging from the sky or like a nose. Strong thunderstorm clouds are its mother, and tornadoes are usually thunderstorms.

The appearance of dust wind is related to factors such as low air humidity and uneven ground heating by solar radiation. It is the wind blown by uneven ground heating under the sun, and it appears in broad daylight.

Tornadoes and sandstorms are different in size.

Tornadoes are usually several meters to one kilometer wide, connecting the sky above and the ground below. They are tall, powerful and full of momentum.

Compared with tornadoes, the intensity of sandstorms is relatively small, its diameter is generally several meters to more than ten meters, and the visible height is generally several tens of meters, and some can reach one or two hundred meters.

Size determines life. The life span of tornadoes ranges from a few minutes to an hour, while the life span of sandstorms ranges from less than one minute to several minutes, and it is extremely rare to exceed ten minutes.

Sandstorms are far less destructive than tornadoes.

Sandstorms generally appear on land, mostly in grasslands, deserts and other places, with a small scope and limited destructive power. Most sandstorms are small, rolling leaves and dust around the ground several times and then disappearing without a trace. In fact, during the daytime in summer, the probability of sandstorm is not low. Especially in the dry northern region, this is a normal weather phenomenon.

Tornado is the strongest vortex phenomenon in the atmosphere, which often occurs in thunderstorm weather in summer, especially in the afternoon and evening. Although the scope of influence is small, it is extremely destructive. Tornadoes often uproot trees, overturn vehicles and destroy buildings. It often destroys crops and tens of thousands of fruit trees instantly, disrupts traffic, collapses houses and loses people's lives and economy.

Although the sandstorm is small, it should not be underestimated.

Different sizes have different powers. Tornadoes are the most violent cyclones near the ground on earth. The weakest tornado wind force is also 1 1, and the strong tornado wind force can reach100-200m per second, which is enough to destroy all buildings and is extremely destructive. In contrast, sandstorms are much less windy and less destructive. However, due to the sudden arrival and departure of sandstorms, it is easy to lead to tragedy if ignored.

Where does the dust wind usually haunt? Dust wind is common in desert, Gobi, dry river beach and other areas, especially in the hot afternoon of spring and summer. During the day, the ground is heated by the sun, which makes the air near the ground unstable, thus forming dust wind.

The damage of tornado is Title Title 1, with great destructive power.

The tornado struck suddenly and violently, and the wind force produced was the strongest on the ground. In the United States, the number of deaths caused by tornadoes is second only to lightning every year. Its damage to buildings is also quite serious, often devastating.

2. Damage to economic property.

Tornadoes often pull up trees, overturn vehicles, destroy buildings and so on. They often destroy crops and tens of thousands of fruit trees instantly, interrupt traffic, collapse houses, and cause human and animal lives and economic losses.

3, endangering people's lives and health.

Sudden encounter with a tornado or being swept away by a tornado may cause casualties. It is possible to blow down high-altitude facilities and buildings, which may easily cause casualties. Such as various factories, sheds, dangerous houses, billboards, iron towers, street lamps, etc. When tornadoes come, they are easily damaged.

Tornado prevention measures cannot accurately detect tornadoes.

The time from the occurrence to the dissipation of tornado is very short, and the action area is very small. The existing detection instruments are not sensitive enough to accurately observe the tornado. Relatively speaking, Doppler radar is an effective and commonly used observation instrument. Doppler radar aims at the microwave beam emitted by the tornado, and the microwave signal is reflected by the debris and raindrops in the tornado and then received by the radar.

preventive measure

Pay attention to media reports. For example, radio, television, etc.

Identify tornado clouds. In addition to the general characteristics of cumulonimbus clouds, tornado clouds will appear at the bottom of clouds, and when funnel clouds extend downward from the bottom of clouds, tornadoes will appear.

How to save yourself in the event of a tornado title1 Houses with basements: Avoid all windows, enter the basement immediately, and hide under a solid table or workbench. Never hide near heavy objects, lest the tornado destroy the structure of the house and cause these heavy objects to collapse on you.

2. Houses or apartments without basements: Avoid all windows and immediately enter small houses in the middle, such as toilets, closets or the lowest internal aisle. Face down, put your hands on your head and squat on the floor as much as possible. Cover your body with a thick cushion (such as a mattress or blanket) to prevent falling debris from hurting your body.

3. Office building, hospital, nursing home or skyscraper: immediately enter the center of the building and close the windowless area. Avoid windows as much as possible. The inner staircase corridor is the best refuge. Because in an emergency, they can also enter other parts of the building. Be sure to avoid the elevator, because if there is a power failure, you may be trapped in the elevator.

4. Mobile home (trailer): During the tornado, remember not to stay in the mobile home for any reason. There is a greater chance of survival outside the mobile home than inside. If there is a tornado shelter in your neighborhood, or there are strong buildings nearby, please try to get in.

5, schools and other collective places: follow the rules of pre-drill, obey the command of the person in charge, orderly enter the aisle or room inside the teaching building, hide under the table, and protect your head with your hands. Remember to avoid windows and large and spacious rooms, such as gymnasiums or auditoriums.

6. Car or truck: If a tornado is approaching and you are driving on the road, please drive as perpendicular as possible to the tornado route and stay away from the tornado. If it is impossible, leave your car in a safe place on the side of the road and you will enter the nearby buildings as soon as possible.

7. Outdoor: If there is a building nearby, please enter immediately. If not, lie flat on the ground, face down and cover your head with your hands. Remember not to lie near cars or trees, lest they be blown down by a tornado and hit you.

8. Shopping Mall: Don't panic. Avoid the window as soon as possible and enter the toilet, storage room or other closed places inside the mall.

9. Church or cinema: Don't panic. Enter the internal bathroom or corridor as soon as possible. Face down, hands on your head, squatting on the ground. Hide under the chair for further protection if necessary.

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