Is raspberry plump red suitable for planting in South China?

Section 1 History and Present Situation of Red Raspberry Cultivation

Raspberry, commonly known as marin or tray, belongs to Rubus of Rosaceae and is an eco-economic shrub species for soil and water conservation. Internationally known as the "third generation fruit". The so-called third-generation fruit is a kind of fruit with good flavor and taste, rich nutrition and dietotherapy and health care function. (The first generation of fruits include pears, apples, oranges, peaches, plums, apricots and grapes. ; The second generation fruits are kiwi fruit, strawberry, hawthorn and so on; The third generation fruits are raspberries, blueberries, Tang Di, seabuckthorn and so on. Raspberry has been widely planted in Europe and America for a long time and has formed a perfect industrialization chain. It is difficult to verify the cultivation time of raspberries in China, but the time when raspberries entered Heilongjiang Province is recorded. The Middle East Railway was completed and opened to traffic on 1903. Raspberry entered Harbin, Maoershan, Yibanpo, Shitouhezi and Hengdaohezi along the Middle East Railway with Russian expatriates. At that time, the planting area was small, and the fruit was only used for fresh food and making a small amount of jam. At present, the planting area of raspberries in Heilongjiang Province is still the largest in China. In 2005, the planting area of raspberries reached 15000 mu, with an annual output of 5000 tons. Mainly distributed in Shitouhezi, Shangzhi, Lianghe, Yibo, Changshou, Yan Ma and other towns.

The nutritional value and dietotherapy and health care function of raspberries in the second quarter

1. Nutritional value of raspberry: Raspberry has high economic value and plays an important role in food nutrition. Various nutrients contained in fruits are easily absorbed by human body, which can promote the absorption and digestion of substances (the role of enzymes), improve metabolism and enhance human body's disease resistance. Foreign research shows that raspberry food, especially fresh fruit, is the best diet food at present, and it is called "ruby". According to the analysis, every 100g fresh raspberry contains 83-88g water, 0.8-3g protein, 5.3-6.8g sugar, 2-4g cellulose, 0.8-3g organic acid, 0.3- 1.6g pectin and 2 1 sodium. It also contains carotene, vitamin B 1, B2, B5, vitamin P, vitamin E, vitamin C and so on. Among them, vitamin P and vitamin C are the most. Every100g of fruit contains vitamin P526-7500mg and vitamin C16-62mg.

Second, the medicinal and health value and other functions of raspberries

Raspberry contains a variety of medicinal ingredients, mainly the following.

1, tannic acid: Red raspberry berries contain 100 g and 5-2 mg tannic acid. Tannic acid is a phenolic compound containing benzene rings, which can effectively resist and kill carcinogens. Low content of tannic acid can slow down the growth of cancer cells, while high content can kill cancer cells. In addition, it has antibacterial and antiviral effects. Tannic acid has special killing effect on colon cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer and pancreatic cancer cells.

2. Superoxide dismutase (SOD): It is an anti-aging substance. Raspberry is an excellent source of plant SOD (usually extracted from animal blood, which is very expensive). Extracting SOD from it to make pure enzyme has high economic benefits.

3. Anthocyanin: containing anthocyanin 30-60mg/ 100g. The existence of anthocyanins not only makes raspberry fruit color pleasant, but also has anti-aging effect.

4. Phospholipids: Raspberry seeds contain 2 or 7% phospholipids, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and moisturizing effects. Can be used in cosmetics such as toothpaste, shampoo and lipstick.

5. Flavonoids: Flavonoids contain 4,4-5,9 mg/100g, which have the functions of anti-aging, reducing blood fat, preventing arteriosclerosis, resisting tumor and enhancing immunity.

6. Salicylic acid: containing 2-2, 5g/100g of salicylic acid, it can be used as an antiperspirant to treat colds, flu, pharyngitis and fever. Root soaking wine can be used as medicine, nourishing tendons and promoting blood circulation, and eliminating redness and swelling. Frying raspberry stems and leaves with water can wash hemorrhoids.

Third, raspberry processed products

Raspberry fruit can not only be eaten fresh, but also be processed into various foods. If fruit juice, jelly, fruit wine, jam, canned food and refreshing drinks are used, it can also be processed into raspberry cake, raspberry yogurt, raspberry ice cream and raspberry chocolate (generally high-end consumer goods imported from abroad and only sold in supermarkets in big cities). Quick-frozen fruit can maintain good flavor and is a best-selling product in the international market. In addition, natural edible pigments, anthocyanins, tannins, superoxide dismutase and phospholipids can be extracted.

Raspberry has the characteristics of simple cultivation, easy propagation, early fruiting, one-year cultivation and many years of benefit. Planting for two years can bear fruit, and the yield per mu can reach 1000- 1500 kg in the third year.

Section III Raspberry Production Prospects in Our City

First, the advantages of developing raspberry production in our city

Advantages of climatic conditions: During the raspberry growing season, our city has abundant sunshine, long sunshine time, abundant rainfall and large temperature difference between day and night, which is very beneficial to the formation and accumulation of organic matter in fruit. Therefore, our raspberry fruit has good flavor, good taste and rich nutrition, which is very popular with foreign businessmen.

2, cheap labor advantage: raspberry production is

Labor-intensive industries, countries all over the world

The outstanding problem of raspberry production is fruit harvesting.

The labor cost is too high. Due to the labor force

The cost is too high, and raspberries in Europe and America are the main producers.

There is a downward trend in this area. we can

In order to give full play to the advantages of cheap labor, use low

Cost, excellent quality and participation in the international market.

Competition, as soon as possible to form export.

Industry.

one

two

I advantages of developing raspberry production in our city (continued)

3. Advantages of policy environment: Governments at all levels, from central to local, attach great importance to agricultural and rural work and increase farmers' income, and have formulated many preferential policies. Our city will also develop berry industry as one of the six leading industries to support its development. The development of raspberry industry is the most important thing. Through striving, the raspberry industry development project area was established, and the capital investment in the project area was increased. Including investment in seedlings, investment in scientific and technological training, investment in infrastructure construction and so on.

4. Price advantage: At present, there is a great demand for red berries in the international market, and the price is also very high. The export price of quick-frozen fruits is 1600- 1700 USD/ton, which makes great profits for fruit farmers and enterprises. We can enter the international market through foreign trade or direct export.

I advantages of developing raspberry production in our city (continued)

5. Advantages of enterprise processing (industrialization): In recent years, our city has increased investment and introduced five raspberry quick-freezing processing enterprises (Changshou Long Yuan Company Quick-freezing Factory, Shihezi Chunbai Quick-freezing Factory, Shihezi Gao Tai Quick-freezing Factory, Lianghe Xiangmei Food Co., Ltd. Quick-freezing Factory and Luye Company Quick-freezing Factory). The completion and commissioning of these enterprises have effectively promoted the development of raspberry industry. In 2005, the production area of raspberries in our city exceeded 10,000 mu for the first time. We should seize the good opportunity that the current international market of raspberries is in short supply, expand the scale as soon as possible, improve the quality and increase the benefits.

Second, the development direction of raspberry industry in our city

To develop raspberry industry, we must take the road of leading enterprises and base industrialization. Because we farmers have neither processing ability nor market experience, we have to rely on large companies and enterprises to drive them. Make full use of farmers' land and labor advantages, be responsible for planting and harvesting, and the company is responsible for purchasing and processing. The production mode of company plus farmers is the best operation mode of raspberry production in our city at present.

Chapter II Biological Characteristics of Raspberry Section I Botanical Characteristics of Raspberry

Raspberry is a tillering shrub, which is between shrub and semi-shrub. Unlike shrubs, its aboveground branches do not last more than two years. There are also differences between raspberries and semi-shrubs. In those days, almost all the stems of semi-shrubs died. The whole plant cluster of raspberry consists of roots of underground parts and stems, leaves, buds, inflorescences and fruits of aboveground parts.

First, the roots of raspberries

The root system of raspberry consists of adventitious roots (also called evil roots) and lateral roots from new stems. Lateral roots are distributed in the soil within the range of 15-40 cm, with a long growth period of about 10 years and a thickness of 1-2 cm, which starts from light brown and gradually turns into dark brown. Fibrous roots are mainly planted on adventitious roots produced by new stems, and there are fewer fibrous roots on lateral roots. The roots of red berries are mostly distributed in the range of 5-40 cm in soil.

Third, the leaves of raspberries.

Rubus leaves are pinnately compound leaves, consisting of 3-5 leaflets. The leaves are elliptic-lanceolate, and the top leaflets are broadly elliptic. The leaf margin is serrated, the leaf surface is green, the back of the leaf is gray, and there are fine white hairs. The petiole is 5- 10 cm long and has small spines.

Fourth, the flowers and fruits of raspberries.

The flower buds of raspberries are mixed buds, which are planted in the axils of new stems and leaves in the same year, differentiate in late August, and grow longer fruiting branches in the next year. The fruiting branches are inflorescences per axil, and inflorescences are racemes. The flowers of raspberries belong to hermaphroditism, and the seed setting rate is high. The initial flowering period is in mid-June, which lasts 10- 15 days. There are 5 petals, white, slightly smaller than sepals. The fruit of raspberry is planted on protruding receptacle, and each receptacle has an ovary and a terminal column. Mature carpels are small drupe-like, that is, aggregate fruit or multi-carpels, and the receptacle is concave into the kernel. The skin is shiny, the fruit is soft and juicy, and it is not resistant to storage and transportation.

Growth period (phenology) of raspberries in the second quarter

Raspberry cultivated in our province, like other deciduous fruit trees, can be divided into six periods: cold-proof release period, germination period, basal branch growth period, flowering period, fruit maturity period and dormancy period.

Section III Requirements of Raspberry Growth on Environment

The growth and development of raspberries, like other plants, cannot be separated from suitable environmental conditions such as water, light, temperature and soil.

1, water: Raspberry is a shallow-rooted plant, which is very sensitive to water, and the demand for water is different at different growth stages. After lifting the cold in spring, sufficient water is needed to promote the growth of branches, leaves and inflorescences. The maximum water content of soil should be above 70%; Excessive watering at flowering stage will reduce the ground temperature and affect normal pollination; Harvest from fruit expansion to maturity is the period when raspberries need water most, and the soil water content is required to be above 80%. After the fruit is harvested, it is the vigorous growth period of basic branches, and the soil water content is required to be above 60% to promote branch maturity and flower bud differentiation; Too much water or too long duration will cause soil hardening, poor ventilation, root rot and whole plant death.

2. Light: Raspberry is very sensitive to light, with sufficient light, vigorous growth, thick leaves, dark color, well-developed flower buds, high sugar content and excellent fruit quality. On the contrary, it will lead to late flowering, small fruit, poor quality and poor lignification of branches. Therefore, it is necessary to reasonably determine the cultivation mode and framework, and choose plots with good ventilation and light transmission conditions to meet the normal growth and development of plants.

Section III Requirements of Raspberry Growth on Environmental Conditions (Continued)

3. Temperature: Raspberries like temperature, and the roots begin to germinate at the depth of 10 cm, and 10 is the suitable temperature for germination. Buds in bud can tolerate below zero.

The low temperature of 2-5 degrees, the low temperature climate after spreading leaves will cause a large number of leaves to freeze. Therefore, it is appropriate to remove cold in late April, the growth period is longer than 1 10 days, and the effective accumulated temperature is 2 100-2500 degrees.

4. Soil: 80% of raspberry roots are distributed in the range of 20-30 cm on the soil surface, so the soil can be planted as long as it is not sticky. Heavy saline-alkali land and land with too much thin sand and gravel in soil layer are not suitable for planting. The slopes in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas are not more than 15 degrees, and slopes with sunny leeward, abundant snow in winter, sufficient rainfall in summer and fertile soil can be planted. In the plain area, drainage can't be done in low-lying areas, and the groundwater level is higher than 1 m, which is not suitable for planting.

Chapter III Introduction of Excellent Raspberry Varieties

1, Ferdud: This variety was introduced from Hungary, and it is the main cultivated variety in Hungary. It is characterized by robust growth and long base branches, with an average length of 3-7 meters and a maximum length of 4-7 meters. Each fruiting branch has more than 30 inflorescences with an average length of 52 cm. The fruit is round and red, with an average single fruit weight of 4 1g and a maximum fruit weight of 5,7g. The average sugar content of fresh fruit is 12 and 9%. Strong disease resistance and cold resistance. This variety is a single-season variety, and the yield per mu can reach 1 100 kg.

2. Willamette

This variety was introduced from the United States and is now the main cultivated variety in the United States. This plant is strong and straight. Berries are precocious and the harvest time is concentrated. The fruit is large, with an average weight of 3 or 6 grams, dark red and nearly round. Suitable for various processing purposes, with high and stable output. It is still the main variety of frozen raspberries in international trade. The soil is required to be well drained and suitable for mountain farming.

3. Toulamine

Introduced from Canada, this variety is the largest fruit-shaped raspberry in the world. This plant grows vigorously and stands upright. Berries mature late and have a long harvest period. The fruit is cylindrical and bright red, with an average fruit weight of 5 or 4 grams. Excellent flavor, hard fruit, excellent quality of fresh food, long shelf life, suitable for quick freezing, fruit juice, jam and other processing, drought and disease resistance, suitable for mountain planting.

Chapter IV High-yield Cultivation Techniques of Raspberry

The first section raspberry garden construction technology

1. Selection of Raspberry Orchard: Raspberry is a perennial fruit tree with underground roots and annual rotation of above-ground fruiting branches. It likes light and warmth. In the plain area, we should choose enough plots with gentle terrain, deep soil layer, loose soil, high natural fertility, convenient irrigation and convenient transportation to build gardens. To build a garden in hilly and mountainous areas, it is best to choose the middle and lower part of Dongpo or Southeast Slope. Generally, on the slope of 5-8 degrees, raspberries are planted in gardens along horizontal strips (within the Hengshan line), and then a trapezoidal horizontal annular ridge with a height of 30 cm, an upper side width of 20 cm and a lower side width of 50 cm is built between the two planting strips to maintain water and soil. If the slope is 8- 15 degrees, it is necessary to build horizontal strip terraces, and terraces with a width of 2-8 meters and less than 2 meters are not suitable for raspberry gardens.

First, the choice of raspberry garden (continued)

Stubble requirements: Raspberry should not choose tomato, potato, eggplant or strawberry as the previous crop plots, because there may be fungi causing verticillium wilt in the soil of these plots, which may infect raspberries. Broad-leaved weeds, especially Chenopodiaceae (gray vegetables) and some Solanaceae (black star) weeds, will also increase the incidence of verticillium wilt. If the previous crop of raspberry orchard is grassland, there are likely to be pests such as scarab or Japanese beetle in the soil, which will harm the roots of raspberry. Raspberry orchards cannot be built on plots where herbicides have been used recently (18-36 months), and can only be built after the validity of herbicides. If there are wild raspberry species (mountain discs) in the raspberry orchard and nearby areas, all the wild raspberries in the planting area and within 200 meters from the orchard should be cut off or removed to maintain the purity of the cultivated species. In addition, when you build a garden, you must choose a place with convenient transportation, and there is a refrigeration processing factory nearby. To develop raspberry industry, we can choose the production mode of enterprises plus farmers, and determine the base scale according to the processing capacity and export quantity of enterprises.

Second, soil preparation and fertilization (soil preparation)

Before planting raspberries, soil disinfection is a very important measure, especially when planting raspberries in wasteland, there are many pests and diseases, especially nodules and nematodes. At present, there are no effective pesticides and effective application methods to control soil diseases and insect pests. Therefore, it is more effective to carry out careful soil preparation 1-2 years before planting raspberries, including deep ploughing and sowing green manure to completely eliminate weeds. It is more effective than disinfecting the soil with pesticides. Dig into the soil 20-30 cm deep before planting, and dig planting holes according to the row spacing of planting plants when planting. Planted on the flat land, north-south, plant spacing 1. 5m, row spacing 2. 5m. Hengshan Mountain is planted on sloping land, with plant spacing of 1, plant spacing of 50m and row spacing of 3m. For plots with fertile soil, the hole depth is 20cm, and for plots with poor soil, the hole depth should reach 30cm and the width should reach 40cm. Apply organic fertilizer 10- 15kg to each hole, mix it with topsoil and apply it at the same time. Fertile plots can be used more, playing the role of drought resistance, waterlogging tolerance and high yield.

Third, select and use excellent varieties.

After several years of experiments and argumentation, it is determined that the varieties of red berries currently promoted in our city are Ferdud in Hungary, Vilami in the United States and Tolami in Canada. These varieties are the most popular varieties in international trade of red berries at present.

Fourth, use strong seedlings.

The survival rate of raspberry planting and the growth of young trees depend largely on the quality of seedlings, so the use of strong seedlings is the material basis of raspberry planting. We should choose strong seedlings with developed roots, stout stems (stem diameter 1 cm or more and branch length of 40 cm or more), no damage and no pests.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) planting time and method

Raspberry planting can be divided into two periods: spring planting is generally in late April and autumn planting is in early June. Spring sowing is adopted in most areas of our city. When planting, 3-4 plants should be planted in each hole (at least 65,438+0-2 plants can be planted, but the garden is slow), and 500-600 plants should be planted in triangular or square holes, with a spacing of 5-7 cm. The root system should be spread in the hole, and the planting depth should be leveled according to the original growth surface of the seedling. Then soil should be cultivated and compacted, and a little soil should be cultivated at the base of the seedlings after irrigation.

Sixth, the management of planting in that year.

In order to shorten the seedling stage after planting and improve the survival rate, the following field management should be strengthened in the first year after planting raspberry: 1 to keep the soil moist. Always check the soil moisture after planting, and irrigate in time when the water is insufficient. Don't irrigate too much, just moisten the roots. Water every 3-5 days in dry season. Prevent water accumulation in planting ditches in rainy season, which affects soil permeability and causes root rot. Under the condition of high temperature in summer, water accumulated in the soil for more than ten hours can lead to the suffocation and death of young absorbing roots of raspberries. In addition, in order to prevent soil hardening and weeds from growing wildly, intertillage weeding should be carried out according to the growth of soil and weeds, and weeding should be shallow rather than deep, so as not to damage roots and adventitious buds.

Six, planting year management (continued)

2. Bundle topdressing. The first-class stem is about 60 cm long and easy to bend. When lying on the ground, it must be tied with a vertical frame. When the soil fertility is low, the primary stem grows slowly and cannot form strong stem plants, which affects the fruit in the second year. Fertilize once in May and June, with 20-30 grams of urea per plant applied in a lump, 20 cm away from the trunk, and applied in the root zone in an annular ditch. After application, water and loosen the soil to keep moisture.

Six, planting year management (continued)

3. Intercropping. Raspberry can be intercropped with dwarf crops, such as adzuki beans, green adzuki beans, onions, garlic and vegetables. This can make full use of the land without affecting the normal growth of plants. However, it should be noted that soybean should not be intercropped, because soybean seed dressing and weeding and sealing drugs have the most serious impact on raspberries, even devastating damage. In addition, do not intercrop raspberries in the planting line, so as not to affect the normal growth of raspberries. Excessive intercropping inhibited the growth of raspberries and prolonged the time to enter the high-yield period by 1-2 years.

Management of intransitive verbs planted in the same year (continued)

4, wintering and cold protection. Before winter, the stems (branches) of that year should be buried underground to prevent cold. Generally, it is in the middle and late period of 10. Before burying the soil, fill it with water. The whole plant should be flat on the shallow ditch ground, padded with pillow soil, with the flat tip facing south and the mountain facing the hillside. When bending plants, be careful not to break or split them, and pile the soil tightly to avoid ventilation. The soil should not be removed too early or too late in the spring of the following year, and it should be removed from the shelf after the late frost.

The second part is the field management technology of raspberry orchard.

First, get rid of the cold. It is usually carried out in the middle and late April. All localities can master it according to local climatic conditions, but it must be carried out after the late frost. Remove the cold-proof objects first, then remove the cold-proof soil on both sides of the branches and the floating soil on the upper part, gently lift the tip, and be careful not to touch the buds and damage the branches. When removing soil, the floating soil at the base of branches must be removed to avoid the root moving up and shorten the life of the cluster.

Section two, field management technology of raspberry orchard (continued)

Second, tie it to the shelf. After 5- 10 days, most branches began to sprout and spread their leaves. Bud stems after leaf spreading are tender, and it is easy to be knocked off if tied too late, which will reduce production, so it must be tied in time (before germination). The frame material can be wooden poles or cement columns. The mast height from the ground is 1, 3- 1, 4 m. The flat pole is in the east of the flora, and the oblique pole is on the uphill of the flora. The spacing between wooden poles is 4-5m, and the spacing between cement poles is 8- 10m. Tie the branches so that they are evenly distributed on the poles to form a fan. The flat end is in the east and the inclined end is on the hillside. They should be firmly tied to prevent the wind from moving.

Section two, management technology of raspberry orchard (continued)

Third, pruning. Raspberry has strong vitality, and a large number of basal branches are produced at the base of fruiting branches every year, and the annual elongation can reach 2-5 meters. If it is not pruned properly, it will easily lead to closed shelf surface, insufficient illumination, small fruit, poor quality, low yield, poor maturity of base branches and late flower bud differentiation, so it is necessary to prune reasonably. Pruning is divided into spring pruning, summer pruning and autumn pruning.

1, spring cutting: from late April to mid-May, put the branches on the shelf after they are tied, and before the leaves are displayed, it should not be too late. In spring, the temperature is high and the branches grow fast. After pruning, most branches spread their leaves, consuming the nutrition of fruiting branches. Raspberry spring shears are also called fruiting branches. Include removing diseased branches, removing injured branches and cutting short branches. The method is to cut off diseased branches, damaged branches, frozen branches and drained branches with scissors or a knife. Then, according to the strength of branches, it is appropriate to cut 8- 12 branches per cluster. Cut the tip of the kidnapped branch short, counting from the ground, leaving 160 cm. The length of the part outside the crossbar should not exceed 25 cm, otherwise the fruit branches will droop easily in the fruit ripening stage, which is not convenient for management and fruit picking, and is also vulnerable to wind damage.

Three, raspberry pruning technology (continued)

2. Summer pruning: after all the basic branches germinate in early June, it will be carried out when the branches are extended to 30-40 cm. During this period, the basal branches grow vigorously and consume a lot of nutrients and water. If it is not pruned in time, it is easy to cause the lower fruiting branches of raspberries to fall off flowers and fruits, the leaves fall off early, the ventilation and light transmission in the cluster are poor, the mature fruits rot, the base branches grow weakly, and the flower buds differentiate poorly in autumn. Therefore, summer pruning plays an important role in the growth and yield of raspberry basic branches. The principle of pruning is to remove the strong and keep the weak, and keep the strong branches of 12- 16 in each cluster, and make the branches in the cluster evenly distributed, and cut off all the others. The closer the pruned branches are to the ground, the better, and at the same time, it is necessary to avoid damaging the remaining branches.

Three, raspberry pruning technology (continued)

3. Autumn pruning: First, cut off the fruiting mother branches, and then cut short the basic branches of the current year. A. cut off the fruiting mother branch. After harvesting in the middle and late August, the fruiting branches began to dry up. In order to promote the lignification of basic branches, the mother branches must be cut off in time. Remove the branches before pruning, then cut them off, and pay attention to protect the new branches of the year. The pruning position should not be higher than 5cm above the ground, so as not to affect the cold protection of buried soil and the upward movement of the base of the plant cluster, so as to prolong the economic life of raspberries. B, when the basic branch is short, that is, shooting. It is a short cut at the top of the base branch after cutting off the bearing mother branch. Short cutting can promote the full lignification of branches and further differentiation of flower buds, and is also convenient for cold protection. Short cutting period should not be too early, branches appear too early, and flower buds germinate in autumn, which consumes a lot of nutrition. Shortening should be carried out in the middle and late September. Short cutting can accelerate the lignification of branches and concentrate nutrition, thus enhancing the disease resistance and cold resistance of plants. It is advisable to leave 180-200 cm branches off the ground when cutting short, and cut off all the rest. After cutting, gather the plants together with ropes or branches to prevent the plants from scattering, lodging and rubbing against each other to damage the epidermis, but not too tightly, so as not to affect ventilation and light transmission.

Four, raspberry intertillage weeding management

A series of cultivation are carried out in the raspberry garden every year. After being put on the shelves, the soil should be carefully leveled and raked, and the principle of "early weeding, small weeding and large weeding" should be adhered to. In early May, combined with the first weeding, weeds and tillers on the ground were eradicated to a depth of about 10 cm to reduce soil water consumption; In mid-June, the second deep ploughing, with a depth of 20 cm, was carried out to cut off underground tillers and reduce nutrient consumption; In late June, if the weather is dry, shallow loosening can be carried out for the third time by irrigation with a depth of 10- 15 cm to protect soil moisture; If the soil is hardened after the fruit is harvested, deep ploughing should be carried out twice with the depth of 15-20cm to ensure the normal growth and development of the root system. Chemical herbicides are not allowed in raspberry gardens to prevent phytotoxicity.

Five, raspberry fertilization technology

Raspberry is a kind of plant with strong tillering and fast growth, which needs a lot of fertilizer. In particular, strengthening the management of fertilizer and water before flowering can ensure a bumper harvest. 1, base fertilizer (base fertilizer): mainly farmyard manure, supplemented by chemical fertilizer, raspberries will be put on the shelves in the first half of May. The method of fertilization is to dig a pit or ditch at a distance of 15-20 cm from the plant base. Apply 2-3 shovels of farmyard manure, nitrogen fertilizer100g to plants over two years old, and then cover them tightly with soil. Fertilization can be carried out around plants, so that the roots can spread around and make full use of the fertility in the soil.

2. Topdressing: Supplementing the deficiency of basal fertilizer, promoting fruit expansion and flower bud differentiation, and improving fruit quality and yield. Topdressing is mainly chemical fertilizer, urea, compound fertilizer, potassium sulfate and so on. Topdressing is generally carried out in two stages: one is the vigorous growth period of fruiting branches before flowering, which requires a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer. 30 grams of nitrogen fertilizer can be ditched at the base of the plant cluster 20 cm, and it should be covered with soil when applied. If the soil is dry, water it immediately after application; Second, at the fruit harvest stage, N, P and K fertilizers were mixed, with 40g applied in each cluster to improve the fruit quality and yield. Be careful not to use potassium chloride or compound fertilizer containing potassium chloride, otherwise it will cause fertilizer damage and brown leaf edge burns.

Six, raspberry water management

Raspberries are drought-tolerant and like water. When the leaves are spreading or the flowering period is too dry, furrow irrigation can be used, and furrow irrigation can be carried out once at a distance of 30 cm from the plant cluster, which can promote orderly germination. In order to improve the yield and quality of fruits, there should be enough water when they are ripe. When the fruit expands to maturity, the temperature is high and the fruit expands quickly, so it should be irrigated in the morning and evening to meet the needs of the plant. After the fruit is harvested in autumn, because the temperature drops, the water demand of plants decreases, and irrigation is generally not needed. Before the cold, if the soil is dry, it can be watered once, which can not only make the soil dense, facilitate the cold protection, improve the cold resistance of the root system, but also prevent the drought in early spring next year. In short, in production practice, we should combine irrigation with fertilization and loosening soil to ensure high quality and high yield.

Pick raspberries.

The fruit maturity of raspberries is different, and the fruit maturity is characterized by the color of the fruit, which turns from white to red. Harvesting can be done in stages. Before harvesting, prepare the fruit box, and the container should not be too big. If it is too large, the fruit will be crushed by gravity and the quality will be reduced. Fruits are usually harvested the next day when they are ripe. The harvest time is after 8: 00 am. Due to the high moisture content, premature harvesting is easy to rot. The harvested fruits should be stored in a cool place to avoid strong light. Because the fruit is tender and juicy, it should not be stored for more than 24 hours. Where there are processing conditions, the fruits should be treated in time after harvesting to avoid unnecessary losses. The harvest can last about a month. If eaten raw for export, it must be harvested with fruit handles; If it is used for processing, it can be harvested without the fruit handle.