Review outline for grade 8.

The first chapter looks at China from the world.

(1) Territorial and administrative divisions

1. location

Hemispheric position of China: Eastern Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere.

Land and Sea Location of China: East Asia and the West Coast of the Pacific Ocean.

Latitude and longitude of China: The territory of China spans nearly 50 degrees from north to south, mostly in temperate zone, with a few in tropical zone and no frigid zone. China's east-west span is more than 60 degrees longitude, and the time difference between the easternmost Wusuli River (East Zone 9) and the westernmost Pamirs Plateau (East Zone 5) is more than 4 hours.

The superiority of China's position:

Latitude: Most of China's territory is located in the north temperate zone, and a small part is in the tropics, which is rich in heat. The difference of nearly 50 latitudes between the north and the south makes the climate in China very different, which provides favorable conditions for China to develop a variety of agricultural economies.

Geographical location of land and sea: China is adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the east, which makes the eastern region deeply influenced by the ocean and has more precipitation, which is beneficial to agricultural production and the development of marine resources and marine undertakings. And because there are many excellent harbors, it is conducive to the development of maritime traffic and exchanges with other countries. In the west of Asia and Europe, the land transportation is convenient, and the Eurasian continental bridge has been opened, which can directly communicate with other countries.

2. Vast territory

China has a vast territory, with a total area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world, which is almost equivalent to the whole area of Europe. The four ends of China's territory are: the easternmost end is at the intersection of the central lines of the main waterways of Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers (135? E), the westernmost point is near the Pamirs (73? E), the distance from east to west is about 5000 kilometers, and the southern end is in Zengmu shoal (4? N), the northernmost point is on the center line of Heilongjiang main channel north of Mohe River (53? Yes, the distance between north and south is about 5500 kilometers.

The east-west span is large. When the Wusuli River in the east is full of sunshine, the westernmost Pamirs is still starry night, and the two places are very different.

The north-south span is large. When Hainan Island entered the spring ploughing season, Heilongjiang was still a world of ice and snow. There are seasonal differences.

3. Borders and neighbouring countries

China has a land border of more than 20,000 kilometers, and there are 14 countries adjacent to China. It borders North Korea in the east, Russia and Mongolia in the north, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan in the northwest and southwest. The south borders Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar.

The coastline of Chinese mainland is18,000 kilometers long, with the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea bordering from north to south. China's territorial sea refers to the sea area extending from the coastal baseline to 12 nautical mile. Bohai Sea and Qiongzhou Strait are the inland seas of China. There are more than 5,000 large and small islands along the coast, such as Taiwan Province Island (the largest island), Hainan Island, Zhoushan Islands (the largest island) and South China Sea Islands. Our neighbors across the sea are: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia.

4. Administrative divisions

At present, China's administrative regions are basically divided into provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), counties (autonomous counties) and townships (towns). Provincial administrative units include 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions.

(2) Population and nationality

1. China is the most populous country in the world.

China has a population of about 65.438+29.5 million (2000), accounting for 22% (654.38+0/5) of the world's total population, making it the most populous country in the world. The population distribution of China is roughly bounded by Heihe-Tengchong, with more in the southeast and less in the northwest.

2. Overseas Chinese

There are more than 30 million overseas Chinese in China, which are distributed all over the world. The origin of overseas Chinese is Guangdong and Fujian provinces, and many places in these two provinces have always been called hometown of overseas Chinese.

3. Control the population growth rate and improve the quality of the population.

China's population is characterized by a large population base and rapid population growth. Therefore, the implementation of family planning is still a basic national policy of our country. Controlling population speed and improving population quality are still urgent tasks to accelerate the realization of the four modernizations.

4. A multi-ethnic socialist country

China is a unified multi-ethnic socialist country. There are 56 nationalities in China. The Han nationality has the largest population, accounting for about 92% of the national population. The other 55 ethnic groups have a small population and are collectively referred to as ethnic minorities. The largest population among ethnic minorities is Zhuang, with more than150,000. There are Manchu, Hui, Miao, Uygur, Yi, Tujia, Mongolian and Tibetan with a population of more than 4 million. Han nationality is distributed all over the country, mainly in the east and middle; Ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast border areas. In short, the distribution characteristics of all ethnic groups are large mixed communities and small settlements.

(3) topography

1, the topographic features of China.

The topography of China is complex and diverse, including five kinds of topography: plain, plateau, mountain, hill and basin. The mountainous area is vast, accounting for about 2/3 of the national area. The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, which is roughly distributed in three steps. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the southwest, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters, is the first step. Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain is the second step between the west and the first step, with an altitude of 1000m-2000m, which is mainly composed of plateaus and basins. East of the second step is the third step below 500 meters above sea level, mainly hills and plains.

The complex and diverse terrain forms a complex and diverse climate; China's topography is high in the west and low in the east, which is ladder-shaped, which is conducive to the supply of deep moist air and a lot of water vapor; Make the river roll eastward and communicate with east-west traffic; The river flows from the higher steps to the lower steps, and the current is swift, generating huge water energy.

2. Distribution of main mountain ranges

Three lines from east to west: Tianshan-Yinshan-Yanshan from north to south; Kunlun Mountain-Qinling Mountains; Himalaya-Nanling. Northeast-southwest strike three rows: Daxing 'anling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain from west to east; Changbai Mountain-Wuyishan; Mountainous areas of Taiwan Province Province.

There are two north-south trends: Helan Mountain and Hengduan Mountain. There are three northwest-southeast directions: Altai Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Xiaoxing 'anling Mountain. Mount Everest, the main peak of the Himalayas at the junction of China and Nepal, is 8844.43 meters above sea level; It is the highest mountain in the world.

3. Plateau, plains, basins and hills

Characteristics and distribution of the four plateaus: The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in the southwest of China, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters. It is the largest plateau in China and the highest in the world. It is characterized by high mountains, continuous snow-capped mountains, extensive glaciers, numerous lakes, vast grasslands and abundant water resources. Inner Mongolia Plateau is located in the north of China, including most parts of Inner Mongolia and parts of Gansu, Ningxia and Hebei, with an altitude of about 1000 meters, making it the second largest plateau in China. Its characteristics: the ground is open and flat, and the terrain is not undulating; Many grasslands and deserts. The Loess Plateau is located between 1000 m and 2000 m above sea level. The ground is covered with loose loess layer, which is the most extensive and deepest area in Huangshi in the world. Serious soil erosion, thousands of ditches and canyons. Karst terrain in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is widely distributed, with rugged mountains.

Distribution and characteristics of great basin: Sichuan Basin is located in the east of Sichuan, which is called "red basin" and "purple basin" because of the wide distribution of purple sand shale. It is the lowest-lying basin in China: Tarim Basin is located in the south of Xinjiang, the largest inland basin in China, and Taklimakan Desert in the middle is the largest desert in China. The Qaidam Basin is located in the northwest of Qinghai Province, mostly in Gobi and desert, with marshes and salt lakes in the east. It is a typical inland plateau basin with the highest terrain in China.

Distribution and characteristics of the three plains: Northeast Plain, which is the largest plain in China with an altitude of more than 200 meters, is famous for its fertile black soil. North China Plain is the second largest plain in China, with low terrain and thousands of miles of fields. The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is located along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with low terrain, dense river networks and numerous lakes.

Main hills: Liaodong hills, Shandong hills (warm temperate zone), southeast hills (subtropical zone), etc.

(4) Climate

Length temperature and temperature zone

China belongs to the monsoon climate zone, and the temperature distribution in winter and summer is very different. The characteristics of temperature distribution are: the temperature is generally low in winter, hot in the south and cold in the north, and the temperature difference between north and south is large, exceeding 50OC. The main reasons are: the sun shines directly in the southern hemisphere in winter, and the northern hemisphere gets less solar energy; Latitude influence: winter winds prevail in winter. In summer, the temperature in most parts of the country (except the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) is generally high, and the temperature difference between north and south is not large. The main reasons are as follows: in summer, the sun shines directly in the northern hemisphere, and the northern hemisphere gets more heat; Summer monsoon prevails in summer, and the temperature in most parts of China rises to the highest value; In summer, the higher the height of the sun, the higher the latitude and the longer the day, which slows down the difference between the north and the south in receiving solar light and heat.

The coldest place in winter is Mohe Town, and the hottest place in summer is Turpan (Huozhou). Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing are known as the "three furnaces" in China.

Active accumulated temperature and growth period: Generally speaking, the active accumulated temperature in all parts of China gradually decreases from south to north. The number of times crops can mature is also reduced, and the growing period is also shortened.

2. Precipitation and dry and wet areas (difference between east and west)

The distribution characteristics and causes of annual precipitation: the regional distribution of precipitation: the distribution is extremely uneven, and the general trend is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland. The place with the most precipitation in China is Huoshaoliao in Taiwan Province Province, and the place with the least precipitation is Toksun in Turpan Basin.

Cause of formation: China is close to the sea in the southeast and goes deep into Eurasia in the northwest. The summer monsoon, which can bring a lot of precipitation in summer, is blocked by heavy mountains, and the road is getting farther and farther, and its influence is gradually decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland.

Seasonal variation of precipitation The seasonal distribution of precipitation in different parts of China is very uneven, and precipitation in most parts of the country is concentrated in May 5- 10/0 (summer and autumn). The precipitation in this period generally accounts for 80% of the whole year. As far as different areas in the north and south are concerned, the rainy season in the south starts early and ends late (long rainy season, long river flood season), while the rainy season in the north starts late and ends early (short rainy season, short river flood season).

Cause of formation: This time-varying feature of precipitation in China is inseparable from the movement of rain belt caused by the movement of monsoon center. In May, the warm and humid air from the north met the cold air from the south in Nanling, and the rain belt lingered, and the rainy season in South China began. In June, the rain belt moved to the Yangtze River valley with the front, and swayed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River for about a month, with continuous rainfall. This is the season when plums are ripe, which is called the rainy season in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In July and August, the rain belt advanced with the front in North China and Northeast China, and the precipitation in North China increased obviously. In September, the cold air force in the north increased, and the rain belt quickly withdrew to the south of the Yangtze River with the front. Coupled with the cooperation of typhoon and rain, there is still more rain in South China at this time.

Division of dry and wet areas in China; According to the relationship between precipitation and evaporation, China can be divided into four types of dry and wet areas from the southeast coast to the northwest inland.

3. Main features of climate in China.

The diversity of climate types and the remarkable continental monsoon climate are two major features of China's climate. The monsoon climate is characterized by northerly winds in winter, cold and dry; The south wind blows in summer, which is warm and humid.

Monsoon and the formation of monsoon: Monsoon refers to the wind with the opposite direction as the season changes. The difference between land and sea (heat) is the main reason for the formation of China monsoon.

Monsoon area and non-monsoon area: traditionally, the area that is obviously affected by summer monsoon in China is called monsoon area; Areas that are not obviously affected by the summer monsoon are called non-monsoon areas. The boundary is roughly as follows: the east and south of Daxinganling-Yinshan-Helan Mountain-Bayankara-Gangdise Mountain are monsoon areas.

4. The main factors affecting the climate in China.

There are latitude position, land and sea position and topography. The temperature is mainly affected by latitude position, and there is a big difference between north and south; Precipitation is mainly affected by the location of land and sea (monsoon), with great difference between east and west; Topography refers to the influence of topography and the trend of mountains. The diversity of topography makes the climate in China complex and diverse.

5. Advantages and disadvantages of climate and its influence on agricultural production.

The main advantages of China's climate are: the complex and diverse climate is conducive to the growth of many plants and crops, providing China with rich animal and plant resources; China has a vast monsoon climate zone, and the same period of rain and heat is conducive to the growth and maturity of crops, trees and pastures. The high temperature in summer expands the northern boundary of warm crops, and China is the northernmost country in the northern boundary of rice growth. The main disadvantages of China's climate are: influenced by monsoon intensity, the precipitation varies greatly every year, which is prone to floods and droughts; The disastrous weather caused by cold wave, frost and typhoon endangers the harvest of crops.

(5) Rivers and lakes

1. External flow area and internal flow area

Rivers that directly or indirectly flow into the ocean are called outflow rivers. The drainage area of the outflow river is called outflow area. A river that eventually does not flow into the ocean and flows into an inland lake or disappears halfway is called an inland river. The basin of the inland river is called the internal flow area.

The outflow river and its hydrological characteristics: with the Qinling-Huaihe River as the boundary, there are obvious differences in hydrological characteristics between the north and the south: the outflow river in the south has large discharge, small seasonal variation of water level, long flood season, small sediment concentration and no ice age; Except for a few rivers such as Heilongjiang in the north, the river flow is small, the water level changes greatly in seasons, the flood season is short and the sediment concentration is large. The reason is that there is heavy precipitation, long rainy season, lush plants, low sediment content in rivers, and the winter temperature is above 0OC. The north is just the opposite.

Main inland rivers and their hydrological characteristics: China inland rivers are mainly distributed in the northwest, and Tarim River is the largest inland river in China. Melting water from alpine snow and ice is the main water source of inland rivers, so the hydrological characteristics of rivers are closely related to seasons.

2. Yangtze River

The Yangtze River is the largest river in China, and its source is Tuotuo River. It originated in the southeast of Gladding, the main peak of Tanggula in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with a total length of 6,300 kilometers. It flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Chongqing, Tibet, Yunnan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shanghai 1 1 provinces and autonomous regions, and flows into the East China Sea. From Xuefeng in Dandong to Yichang in Hubei, there are many canyons in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, with rapid water flow, large drop and rich hydraulic resources. The famous Three Gorges of the Yangtze River (Qutang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge and Xiling Gorge) is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. From Yichang to Hukou, Jiangxi, it is the middle reaches. This section of the Yangtze River is curved, with many lakes and tributaries. From below the mouth of the lake to the mouth of the Yangtze River as the downstream, there are few tributaries in this section, the river is wide and deep, and the river section is affected by tides, and the water level fluctuates regularly. The Yangtze River has been the main artery of China's east-west shipping since ancient times, and the Yangtze River route has a large volume of traffic. With the advantages of less investment and low cost, the hydropower resources of the Yangtze River account for one-third of the country, which is known as the "golden waterway".

3. Yellow River

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China, which originates from the northern foot of Bayankala in Tibet Plateau, flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong and other nine provinces (Qingsi Ganning, Inner Mongolia, from Shaanxi to Shanxi, then to Henan and Shandong) and flows into Bohai Sea. From the northern foot of Bayan Kara to Hekou Town, Inner Mongolia, the Qinghai section in the upper reaches is clear and slow. There are many canyons in Gansu section of eastern Qinghai Province, where the water becomes turbid and the water quantity increases. In the Ding Meng section east of Qingtongxia, the water flow is stable and the water volume is reduced. Hekou Town to Yujin, Henan Province is the middle reaches, and has accepted dozens of tributaries, such as Fen and Wei, with rapid water depth and large sediment concentration. Below Jin Meng is the downstream, which flows through the plain. The river is wide and the water is slow, and the sediment is deposited as an "overground river". Every year in late autumn and early winter, the ice dam often blocks the water flow in the upper and lower reaches of the Yellow River (from low latitude to high latitude), and it was flooded almost every year before liberation because the ice dam burst its banks. Sediment is the key to harness the Yellow River.

4. Lake

There are many lakes in China, with more than 2,000 natural lakes. The main freshwater lakes are Poyang Lake in Jiangxi, Dongting Lake in Hunan, Taihu Lake and Hongze Lake in Jiangsu and Chaohu Lake in Anhui. Qinghai Lake, located in Qinghai Province, is the largest lake and the largest saltwater lake in China. Namco, located in central Tibet, is the second largest saltwater lake and the highest lake in China.

(vi) Resources in China.

1. The general characteristics of China's natural resources are: the total amount is large and the per capita is insufficient.

2. Land resources: The utilization types of land resources include cultivated land, woodland, grassland and construction land, with the former three being agricultural land and the latter being non-agricultural land. China has a vast territory, rich land resources and complete types of utilization, which provides favorable conditions for the all-round development of agriculture; In China, however, the per capita arable land is small, and the proportion of various land use types is unreasonable (the proportion of arable land and woodland is small, there are many difficult-to-use land and insufficient reserve land); The process of land use is unreasonable, and the phenomenon of destroying land resources is more serious; Uneven land distribution (cultivated land is mainly distributed in the humid and semi-humid plains in the east, woodland in the humid mountainous areas in the east and grassland in the semi-arid inland areas in the west). Therefore, it is a basic national policy of our country to "cherish and rationally use every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land". June 25th every year is China Land Day.

3. Water resources: China's total water resources are the sixth in the world, and its per capita is only 1/4 of the world's. And the uneven distribution of water resources in time and space (more in the south and less in the north, less in the east and west, more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring) restricts the availability of water resources. Solving the problem of water resources is a problem, on the one hand, building reservoirs, on the other hand, transferring water across basins (South-to-North Water Transfer Project must be mastered) to solve the uneven distribution of time and space. More importantly, it is imperative to save water and prevent water pollution in the process of water resources utilization.

(7) China's economic development.

The gradual development of transportation

Traffic is the vanguard of economic development.

1. Main railway lines

With the opening of 1 Qinghai-Tibet in July 2006, all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China have railways. The north-south trunk lines mainly include: Beijing-Harbin-Beijing-Guangzhou line; Beijing-Shanghai line and Beijing-Kowloon line; Liujiao Line and Baocheng Line. The east-west trunk lines include Binzhou-Suibin Line, Beijing-Qinhuangdao-Bao Jing-Jinglan Line, Longhai-Lanxin Line and Shanghai-Hangzhou-Zhejiang-Jiangxi-Hunan-Guizhou-Guiyang-Kunming Line. The South Xinjiang Railway under construction will extend the Longhai-Lanxin line to Kashgar, the westernmost border city of China, and it is an important passage for China to Central Asia.

2. Understand some transportation hubs, such as Beijing and Zhengzhou, and choose the appropriate transportation mode according to the actual situation.

Develop agriculture according to local conditions

3. Agriculture is the foundation of China's economic development. There are regional differences between East and West, and between North and South. The western region mainly develops animal husbandry, while the eastern region mainly develops planting.

region

Cultivated land type

Crop maturity

Main crops

Qinling-North of Huaihe River

land

One crop a year or three crops every two years?

Wheat, peanuts, beets and cotton

South of Qinling-Huaihe River

paddy field

Two or three seasons a year.

Rice, rape, sugarcane and cotton

The development of agriculture should pay attention to local conditions. In addition to the local topography, climate and other natural conditions, socio-economic conditions are also important factors restricting agricultural development.

China's agricultural development policy: first, improving grain production capacity is the top priority; Secondly, adjust the agricultural structure and develop diversified economy; Third, use agricultural science and technology to develop high-quality, high-yield and efficient agriculture.

From the perspective of regional planning, China's eastern coastal areas should vigorously develop export-oriented agriculture, the central region should establish high-yield and efficient agricultural products bases, and the western region should return farmland to forests and grasslands, and develop ecological agriculture and characteristic agriculture.

Industry is the leading factor of the national economy. China's industries are unevenly distributed, mostly along the main traffic lines (railway lines-Beijing-Harbin, Beijing-Guangzhou, Harbin-Dalian and so on). ), highway lines, rivers-Yangtze River and seaside (central and southern Liaoning, Beijing-Jintang, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, etc. The Yellow River Basin is an important energy development zone in China (upstream hydropower, coal and oil in the middle and lower reaches), and now all regions in China are developing high-tech industries economically.