Know little about geology

1. Seek enough geographical knowledge.

Japan, a long and narrow island country, is called "the country of volcanic earthquakes". Its symbol is Mount Fuji, which is also called "Holy Mountain" by the Japanese. The throat of the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean-Malacca Strait: full length 1080 km; There is a Tambora volcano in the northern part of Sumbawa Island east of Java Island in Indonesia. When 18 15 broke out, the energy released was 80 million times that of the American atomic bomb against Japan, which was the most violent volcanic eruption known to mankind. Angkor Wat, a world cultural heritage, is the pride of the Cambodian people, and is as famous as the Taj Mahal. Museum of language and race; Religious kaleidoscope-India; The rain pole of the world-begging for help; India's "Silicon Valley"-Bangalore; "Little India" Mumbai; Hindu holy city-varanasi; The symbol of eternal love-Taj Mahal; Caspian Sea, the largest lake in the world; The disappearing lake-Aral Sea; The country of platinum-Uzbekistan; The lowest land point in the world-the Dead Sea; Persian Gulf, the world's oil treasure house; Holy land-Mecca; Holy city Jerusalem! People who have attended junior high school may know that the earth has a history of 4.6 billion years, and many people may also understand the basic process and principle of stratum formation.

In addition, in recent years, people are familiar with the terms "Cambrian", "Jurassic", "Cretaceous" and "Quaternary", but how these terms came from is probably just a vague impression for many people. We all know that the age of the earth is divided into some units according to the age of strata, which can facilitate us to express the evolution of the earth and life. People are used to dividing the whole 4.6 billion years into two big units according to biological conditions. Those times when creatures are invisible or difficult to see are called Phanerozoic, while those times when a certain amount of creatures can be seen are called Phanerozoic.

The upper limit of Phanerozoic is the origin of the earth, but its lower limit is not an absolutely accurate number. Generally speaking, it can be pushed back to 600 million years ago, and some of it can be pushed back to 570 million years ago. It has been called Phanerozoic since 600 million or 570 million years ago.

Zhou Xia is divided into several generations. Generally speaking, there are five generations: Archean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic.

Archean generally refers to the period of formation and chemical evolution of the earth, which can be 4.6 billion years ago to 3.8 billion years ago or 3.4 billion years ago. The reason why this figure has a difference of hundreds of millions of years is that there are still many uncertainties in the oldest life or traces of life that we can grasp at present. Proterozoic followed Archean, and its lower limit was generally set before the explosion of Precambrian life, which is currently between 570 million and 600 million years ago.

Archaean and Proterozoic were named 1863 by American Luo Gang, which means that the biological world is too old and the biological world is sub-old. The period from CAMBRIAN to 230 million years ago was Paleozoic. The name was formulated by an Englishman, Sedvik, based on Luo Gang's ancient biological meaning. It happened on 1838.

From 230 million years ago to 65 million years ago, it was Mesozoic, and after 65 million years, it was Cenozoic. These two generations were named by Philip, an Englishman, in 184 1, which means that the biological world is moderately old and close to modern times.

(see attached table) The following units are regarded as disciplines. Let's start with the oldest.

The oldest era is called the Sinian, which was named by an American named grip in China in 1922. At that time, grip was active in Zhejiang and Anhui. According to the ancient Indians, he named China the place of sunrise. It started at 18 or1900 million years ago and ended at 570 million years ago.

Life in this period was mainly bacteria and cyanobacteria, and eukaryotes and invertebrates began to appear in the later period. During the period of 1936, Cedwick conducted research in Wales, western England. In the era of Roman rule, the North Wales Mountain was once called Cambrian Mountain, so Sedvik called this period Cambrian.

Thirty-three years later, another British geologist, Lapzi, discovered a stratum in the same area. This stratum is different from Silurian discovered before Cambrian. It is between the above two floors and obviously belongs to a different representative period, so he called this period Ordovician according to a famous nation who lived here in ancient times. The name of Silurian came into being before Cambrian and Ordovician, about 1835. Mo Sun Qi also studied in the west of England, and the meaning of his name comes from the name of another ancient Welsh native.

1839, Mohs and Sedvik named a group of marine rock formations in Devon, which was translated into "clay basin" in Chinese. The name Carboniferous may have appeared at the earliest. 1822, while studying British geology, Cornebil and Philip discovered a set of stable coal-bearing strata, which was formed in a very spectacular coal-making period, so they were named after coal.

The name Permian was translated from images by scientists in China. Originally named in 184 1, Mozambique named it Permian according to the local Perm state (Ufa Plateau in Ural Mountains). Later, it was discovered in Germany that the strata in this period were obviously dolomitic limestone above and red rock below, which was the basis for China's later translation into Permian.

These are the six periods of Paleozoic. Mesozoic is divided into three periods.

The first is Triassic, named after Albert in southwest Germany. There are three completely different strata here, hence the name. This happened on 1834. There is a Jura Mountain at the junction of Germany and Switzerland. Blainville discovered that there are very obvious stratigraphic characteristics around 1829, so it was named after the mountain. If Smith, an Englishman, first named it at 1820, it would definitely not be the Jurassic, because the ammonites he studied in Britain at that time happened at this time.

Two years later, in 1822, de Harrow discovered that white sediments containing a lot of calcium were exposed on the cliffs on both sides of the English Channel, which was the chalk soil used to make chalk at that time, so it was named Cretaceous. It should be pointed out that the strata in this period were not all white in most parts of the world, for example, in China, they were mostly purple-red strata.

Lyle once called Paleozoic Eogene, Mesozoic Eogene and Cenozoic Eogene. 1829, when studying the geology of some French areas, De Noalte Ye divided them into Quaternary according to Weilner's stratification scheme, thus giving birth to new life.

2. Information about Earth knowledge

4.6 billion years ago, the earth was born. The evolution of the earth can be roughly divided into three stages.

The first stage is the formation of the earth's sphere, and its time limit is about 4600 ~ 4200ma ago. The earth when it was born 4.6 billion years ago is very different from the earth in 2 1 century. According to scientists' inference, at the beginning of the earth's formation, it was a hot ball composed of hot liquid substances (mainly magma). With the passage of time, the temperature of the earth's surface has been decreasing, and the solid core has gradually formed. Dense matter moves toward the center of the earth, and less dense matter (rocks, etc.). ) floats on the surface of the earth, thus forming the earth whose surface is mainly composed of rocks.

The second stage is Archean and Proterozoic. Its time limit is 4200-543Ma. The earth constantly releases energy, and the steam, carbon dioxide and other gases released by the continuous eruption of high-temperature magma constitute a very thin early atmosphere-primitive atmosphere. With the increase of water vapor in the primitive atmosphere, more and more water vapor condenses into small water droplets, and then gathers into rainwater and falls to the surface. In this way, the primitive ocean was formed.

The third stage is Phanerozoic, with a time limit of 543Ma. Phanerozoic lasted relatively short, but during this period, biology flourished, geological evolution was very rapid, and geological processes were rich and colorful. In addition, geological bodies are distributed all over the world and widely preserved, which makes it possible to observe and study them well, become the main research object of geological science and lay the basic theory and knowledge of geology.

Extended data

The earth is one of the eight planets in the solar system, ranking third in the order from near to far from the sun. It is also the earth-like planet with the largest diameter, mass and density in the solar system, with a distance of1.500 million kilometers from the sun. The earth rotates from west to east and revolves around the sun at the same time. At present, there is a natural satellite-the moon, which forms a celestial system-the earth-moon system. It originated from the primitive solar nebula 4.6 billion years ago.

The equatorial radius of the earth is 6378. 137 km, the polar radius is 6356.752 km, the average radius is about 637 1 km, and the equatorial circumference is about 40076 km. It is an irregular oval sphere with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator. The surface area of the earth is 5 1 100 million square kilometers, of which 7 1% is ocean and 29% is land. Seen from space, the earth looks blue.

There are core, mantle and shell structures inside the earth, and hydrosphere, atmosphere and magnetic field outside the earth. The earth is the only known celestial body with life in the universe at present, and it is the home of millions of creatures, including human beings.

References:

Sogou encyclopedia-earth

3. What are the common sense of geological disaster emergency?

Concept of geological disasters: Landslides, collapses, mudslides, ground collapses, ground fissures, ground subsidence and other disasters related to geological processes caused by natural factors or human activities are called geological disasters.

The most harmful sudden geological disasters are debris flow, landslide and collapse. How to identify some common geological disasters in flood season: (1) How to identify possible collapse bodies? The possible collapse is mainly determined according to the topography and geological structure characteristics of the slope.

Usually, the slope that may collapse has the following macroscopic characteristics: ① The slope is greater than 45 degrees, and the height difference is large, or the slope bends and stands at the mountain pass, or it is a concave steep slope; (2) The cracks in the slope are developed, especially the steep cracks perpendicular to and parallel to the extension direction of the slope, and the cracks cutting the slope are about to penetrate, separating it from the parent body (mountain); (3) There is an open space in front of the slope, or there is a collapse, which indicates that the collapse has occurred and may happen again in the future. A slope with the above characteristics is a possible collapse.

Especially when the tensile crack in the upper part continues to expand and widen, the speed suddenly increases, and small-scale falling continues, which indicates that it is about to collapse and is in a state of explosive. (2) How to identify whether the landslide is stable? In the field, the stability of landslide can be roughly judged according to some external signs and characteristics from a macro perspective.

The old landslide with stable accumulation layer has the following characteristics: ① the back wall is high, covered with trees, and no scratches can be found, which is very stable; ② The landslide platform is wide, huge and flat, with dense soil and no subsidence; ③ The front slope of the landslide is gentle, the soil is dense, the trees are covered, and there is no loose collapse. The front edge facing the river has traces of being washed by the river; ④ At present, the river is far away from the landslide tongue, and even there are floodplains and terraces outside the tongue; ⑤ The natural scouring ditches on both sides of the landslide cut deeply, even reaching the bedrock; ⑥ There is clear spring water flowing out at the bottom of landslide tongue.

Unstable landslides generally have the following signs: ① The overall slope of the landslide is steep, with a long extension time and uneven slope; (2) There is a landslide platform, which is small in area, not gently descending and uneven; ③ There are springs, wetlands and new gullies on the surface of the landslide; ④ There is uneven local platform on the landslide surface, which is uneven; ⑤ The front of landslide is loose, and small-scale collapse occurs from time to time, which is in danger of being washed away by river water; There are no tall and straight trees on the landslide. (3) What are the general conditions for the formation of debris flow? Generally speaking, the formation of debris flow should meet the following three conditions at the same time: steep terrain, easy to collect water; Abundant loose matter; There is a lot of water in a short time.

How to save yourself when encountering mudslides: ① When hiking along the valley, once encountering heavy rain, you should quickly move to a safe highland nearby, try to stay away from the valley as far as possible, and don't stay at the bottom of the valley for too long; (2) Pay attention to the surrounding environment, and pay special attention to whether you hear the thunder coming from the distant valley. If you hear it, you should be on high alert, which is likely to be a sign of debris flow coming; (3) After the debris flow is found, immediately climb along the vertical direction of the debris flow to the slopes on both sides. Climb as high as possible. The faster you run, the better. Never go downstream of the mudslide. How to save yourself when encountering a landslide: ① After the landslide stops, don't go home immediately to check the situation.

Because landslides will happen continuously, they will rush home, thus being harmed by the second landslide. Only when the landslide has passed, and your home is far away from the landslide, can you enter it after confirming that it is in good condition and safe; (2) Clear and dredge in time to keep rivers and ditches unobstructed.

Do a good job of drainage in landslide areas, and cut down dangerous trees and tall trees that may be dumped at any time according to specific conditions; ③ The steep slope of the highway should be excavated to prevent the collapse and landslide along the highway; (4) To rescue the people and things buried by the landslide, the water at the rear edge of the landslide should be drained, and excavation should be started from the side of the landslide, so as to save people first and then save things.

4. What are the common geographical knowledge?

1. Names of seven continents and their order by region: Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctica and Europe.

2. Major mineral resources in the world: the three major minerals in the world, focusing on coal, iron and oil. Russian, Pakistani, China, Australian, Indian, Canadian and American, these seven countries have large iron ore reserves.

In Eurasia and North America, coal mines are well distributed. Oil is relatively concentrated, with more than half in the Middle East.

3. Names of ten countries with a population of over 100 million: No other country in the Antarctic Ocean has a population of over 100 million. China and the United States, India, Russia and Pakistan, Japan and Nepal plus Bangladesh.

4. Names of the five Central Asian countries: Hajita even reaches my shoulder, and Uzbekistan is close to the Aral Sea. On the shores of Caspian Sea, Turkmenistan and five Central Asian countries depend on each other.

5. Knowledge summary of Central Asia: Central Asia is far from the sea, so it is difficult for Leng Xia to get hot precipitation in winter. Vegetation has grassland and desert, and there is Kaku desert in the southwest.

The eastern and southeastern areas are relatively high, between the boundaries of Tianshan Mill. The north and west are hills and plains, and the largest are Haqiu and Tulan.

Most rivers flow inward, and the amount of water in Siram decreases. The Caspian Sea is the largest sea in the world, and the Aral Sea is in crisis.

The output of cotton fields in earthen warehouses increased, and fortifications were built in the Kaku Canal. The Irtysh River flows out, flows through the Three Kingdoms and crosses northward.

The cotton production base is second only to China and the United States, thus spreading the reputation of "Platinum Country". Many ethnic groups believe in Tashkent, the largest city.

6. Name of seven countries in Central America: (1) There are seven countries in Central America, namely Belize. Spain, Hong, Nepal, Colombia and Panama are famous for their banana coffee.

(2) The seven countries of China and the United States will always remember the danger of flood (Sa), mud (Ni), brothers and fathers (Ba) leaving (Belize). 7. Great Lakes of North America: (1) Great Lakes of North America, Sumihuian.

(2) The Great Lakes of North America are connected in groups. Under the action of glaciers, lakes were formed.

There are four in the United States and Canada, and the middle is clear. Erie, Ontario, Sotheby's and Lake Huron.

Another kind of beauty is unique, called "Michigan". The total area of the five lakes ranks first in the world.

Fresh water resources are abundant, which is especially beneficial to shipping. 8. American agricultural belt and its distribution: American agricultural belt, winter wheat in the middle and spring wheat in the north.

Great Lakes region and northeast China, typical dairy farming belt. The southern region has good conditions and has become a concentrated corn belt.

In the plain area of the lower reaches of Mihe River, cotton is as white as the sea. In the western mountainous plateau area, both animal husbandry and agriculture need irrigation.

9. Geographical location of West Asia and North Africa: Asia, Europe and Africa are closely linked, bordering all corners of the country. The Silk Road connects things, and the transportation by sea, land and air is very convenient.

Adjacent to the oil region of the Persian Gulf and the northwest end of the Caspian Strait. Suez, the North-South Canal, a short voyage between three continents and two oceans.

10. Climatic characteristics of Latin America: Most of "Latin America" lives in low latitudes, and the tropical climate is dominant. With plenty of heat and precipitation, the word "warm and wet" is subtle.

There are differences on both sides of "Anshan", and the seasons are opposite from north to south. 1 1. Summary of Australian knowledge: South Australia is an equatorial country with a vast territory and a sparsely populated area.

The water in the central plains flows by itself, and it is not terrible for animals to get old. Riding on a sheep's back and taking a mine car, the capital is located in Canberra.

12. China provincial administrative regions: (1) Three North, Guangdong, Guangdong, Ningshan, Five Rivers and Four Southern Tibet, Meng Chuan. Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Guifu, Ji 'an and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan provinces.

(2) Two lakes, two rivers and two mountains, five rivers and two ning, green, Shaanxi and Gansu. Yunnan and Guizhou are hidden in the north of Sichuan, and they are blessed with Ji 'an in the Taiwan Province Strait.

1315 ethnic minorities with more than 200,000 people: Baibu Hui in Mongolia, Hani and Yao in Manchu. Zhuang nationality has a population of 1000 million, and there are Dong nationality and Dong nationality on the land.

14. Mountains in China: (1) There are three horizontal east-west trends, namely Yin Tian in the north, Qin Kun in the middle and Nanling in Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong and Jiangxi. There are three peaks in the northeast and southwest. Wu Xuefeng is in Taihang Mountain in Xing 'an, distributed in the eastern mountainous area of Taiwan Province Province, with Changbai Mountain and Wuyishan in the middle.

The arc-shaped mountains are magnificent, and the Himalayas are like Wolong. (2) There are six mountains in the east-west direction, with mountains in the south and mountains in the south. Liuxi fault of the north-south horizontal river; Sanpaishan in the northeast and southwest, Taihang Wu Xuefeng in Xing 'an, Dongtai Bay Province in Changbai Wuyi; Northwest-southeast Qilian Mountains, with mountainous terrain in China.

15. The main stream of the Yangtze River flows through provinces and regions: (1) From the estuary to the upper reaches: Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet and Qinghai to the source. (2) Qinghai-Tibet, Sichuan-Chongqing Cloud, Hunan-Hubei Lake, Jiangxi, Anhui, Suzhou, Shanghai city, entering the East China Sea, 6300, the shipping is busy.

16. The main tributaries of the Yangtze River and the provinces that pour into it: Wu, Min, Ya, Jia, Gan, Yuan and Xiang. Only Hanshui is not called Jiang. Biography of Wu Minya joined the ranks of Han, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Yuan and Hunan.

17. The main stream of the Yellow River flows through provinces and regions: (1) Qingchuan, Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, and enters Henan and Shandong via Shanxi and Shaanxi. (2) It originates in Aomichuan, passes through Jin and Qin in Inner Mongolia, and then enters Bohai Sea. The May 4th Movement * * is slightly shaped like a "few".

18. The tributaries of the Yellow River and the provinces that pour into the Yellow River: Huang, Tao, Fen, Wei, Luo and Qin. The first two Gansu, Weihe Qin, Luo, Qin, Yu and Fenhe Jin.

19. Main river ports in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: Bin (Yibin), Kezhong (Chongqing) and Yichang Hui (Wuhan). Toast (Jiujiang) Wuguo (Wuhu), Nan (Nanjing, Nantong) and Lao Zhang (Zhangjiagang).

20. China coastal opening 14 city: the river and the sea are connected with the three countries, and the sky is clear on Qindao. 2 1. The boundary between monsoon region and non-monsoon region: the monsoon circle of Xing 'an, Yinshan, Helan and Bayangang.

22. Disastrous weather in China: spring drought, summer drought, summer flood, typhoon, hot air and hail. Blizzard, late spring cold, frost and cold wave.

23. National key coal mines: (1) Yimin, Huolin and Yuanbaoshan are in order from north to south in eastern Inner Mongolia. Zhungeer mine is near Shanxi and Shaanxi, and the word "several" of the Yellow River is curved.

Dongsheng and Shenfu are located in the southwest, near the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi. On the right shoulder of the Yellow River in northern Shanxi, Datong Pingshuo is expanding production.

Tiefa is built in northern Liaoning, and Shuangyashan is in eastern Heilongjiang. Yanzhou in southern Shandong is still at war, and Huainan is in central An Wei.

(2) Datong and Pingyang in Shanxi, Hegang and Heilongjiang in Jixi. Yan Lu, Suxu, Anhui, Huaibei, Fengfeng, Kailuan.

Liaoning is rich in six waters, and there is a Pingdingshan in Henan. 24. Petroleum industrial bases in China: Daqing, Fuzhou and Liaohe oil fields in the northeast, Dagang in North China and Zhongyuan.

Shengli, Nanyang and Dongpu, northwest Keke and Lengyumenguan. 25. China nonferrous metal mineral base: Dayu Tungsten, Gejiu Tin and Copper Mine are concentrated in Dexing.

Pingguo aluminum, Zhaoyuan gold, Shuikou lead, zinc and copper. Tin mineral antimony is in mountainous areas, while Tongren produces mercury but not copper.

Baiyunebo rare earth and Jinchang nickel are famous. 26. The number of megacities in China has been skillfully recorded: 4 in Liaoning, 3 in Shandong, and 2 in Heilongjiang, Hebei, Taiwan Province and the Soviet Union.

There are no megacities in Guiqiong and Qingzang Ning in Anhui. Other 2 1 family A city has a population of only one million.

Grassland Steel City is an exception, leaving 20 political centers. 27. Cleverly remember the names of megacities: Shenda Anfuji Qing Zi, two Hakiji Changchun.

Shitangtai Gaobao Jacky, Beijing-Tianjin Huyu Rong Gui Kun. Yangcheng Changning (Nanjing) Hangfugang, Anlan Lanzhou Han (Wuhan) Shahen (Urumqi).

28. Five Mountains in China: (1) East, west, north and south, Taihua is horizontal and loose. (2) The east-west road is too slippery (Taihua) and it is difficult to walk, and the north and south are horizontal (the balance is unchanged).