Factors affecting soil erosion

Question 1: What are the factors that affect the degree of soil erosion? Temperature-biological factors that affect water cycle and hydrology (precipitation, surface runoff, glaciers, snow, etc.). Microbial decomposition-animal and plant loose soil-plant rooting-human production activities, farming, etc. )

Lighting-Solar radiation affects temperature.

What else is man-made, the degree of pollution and so on. Degree of desertification. .

And topography-mountain plain, loess plateau, Qinghai-Tibet plain, soil type, frozen soil, red soil, black soil and cultivated soil (fertility).

There are also atmospheric movements, weathering and erosion.

Question 2: What are the factors that affect soil erosion? The factors affecting soil erosion can be divided into two categories: natural factors and human factors.

Natural factors are the premise of the occurrence and development of soil erosion, which are mainly manifested as follows:

1. precipitation; Generally speaking, the greater the precipitation, the more soil erosion;

2. topography; Terrain is an important factor affecting soil erosion, and the size, length and shape of slope will affect soil erosion. The steeper the slope, the greater the surface runoff velocity and the more serious the soil erosion.

3. soil; Soil is the main object of erosion, so the characteristics of water permeability, erosion resistance and erosion resistance of soil itself will also have a great impact on soil erosion. Generally speaking, the looser the soil, the easier it is to be eroded;

4. Vegetation; Vegetation destruction makes the soil lose its natural protective barrier and becomes the leading factor to accelerate soil erosion. The larger the vegetation coverage area, the smaller the soil erosion, and vice versa.

Man-made factors are the main reasons for aggravating soil erosion, which are mainly manifested as vegetation destruction (such as indiscriminate reclamation and overgrazing) and sloping farmland reclamation (such as land reclamation on steep slopes, farming along slopes and overgrazing), or failure to take necessary preventive measures due to mining and road construction.

The influencing factors of soil erosion are basically the same as soil erosion.

The causes of soil erosion are natural and man-made.

(1) Natural factors. There are mainly four aspects: topography, rainfall, soil (ground material composition) and vegetation.

(1) terrain. The steeper the slope of the ground, the faster the surface runoff speed and the stronger the erosivity to the soil. The greater the slope, the more surface runoff collected and the stronger the scouring force.

② Rainfall. The rainfall that causes soil erosion is usually rainstorm. Only when the rainfall intensity exceeds the soil infiltration intensity will surface runoff be generated and the surface will be eroded.

(3) The composition of ground materials.

④ Vegetation. Forest and grass vegetation with a certain canopy density can protect the soil from erosion. The higher the canopy density, the stronger the soil and water conservation capacity.

(2) Human factors. The unreasonable use of land by human beings has destroyed the ground vegetation and stable terrain, resulting in serious soil erosion.

(1) destroy vegetation

② Unreasonable farming system

③ Mining

Question 3: What are the influencing factors of soil erosion? Soil erosion refers to the damage and loss of water and soil resources caused by external forces such as water, gravity and wind. Soil erosion refers to the whole process of soil, soil parent material and other ground components being destroyed, denuded, transported and deposited under the action of water power, wind power, freeze-thaw and gravity, that is, soil loss in soil erosion. Narrow sense of soil erosion refers to the erosion process of soil and its parent material layer. Soil erosion in a broad sense includes not only hydraulic erosion, wind erosion, freeze-thaw erosion, gravity erosion and chemical erosion, but also soil leaching and collapse, and the objects of erosion are not limited to soil, but also soil, debris and soft rock under the soil. The word soil erosion has long been widely used in China. Since the word soil erosion was introduced into China, it has been used as a synonym for soil erosion in a broad sense. At present, the understanding of soil erosion is basically consistent with soil erosion, also known as soil erosion. However, due to the great differences between different places and the different purposes and scope of the study, we should pay attention to their similarities and differences when using synonyms. Under the natural conditions of geological period, the continuous erosion process of land surface is carried out without human influence, which is geological erosion or ancient erosion, also known as natural erosion. Its occurrence and development depend on the changes of natural factors at that time, such as tectonic movement, glacier activity, climate change, gravity and so on. Ancient erosion formed modern basic topography and waterway network. The phenomenon of soil erosion caused by production activities after the emergence of human beings is called modern erosion, which is developed on the terrain shaped by ancient erosion, including normal erosion and accelerated erosion. Normal erosion is very slow and difficult to find. Normal erosion does not destroy soil, and its erosion amount is less than or close to the quality formed in the process of soil formation. There is a temporary balance between the erosion of surface soil and the formation of new soil layer. Normal erosion generally occurs in dense forests, grasslands or farmland with good soil conservation measures. Accelerated erosion is caused by human deforestation, steep slope farming, overgrazing, road construction and mining. The amount of erosion is greater than the mass of matter formed in the process of soil formation. It is often called soil erosion or soil erosion, that is, accelerated erosion. When the soil erosion rate does not exceed its soil formation rate, the soil will not degrade and can be used indefinitely. It is estimated that it takes 300~ 1000 years to form a 25mm thick topsoil without disturbance, and 30 years for some disturbed soils.

Question 4: What are the factors that affect soil erosion? They are divided into natural factors and human factors:

Natural factors include geological conditions such as climate, topography, soil type, vegetation coverage and precipitation.

Human factors are mainly vegetation destruction, sloping farmland reclamation, or soil erosion caused by mining and road construction without taking necessary preventive measures.

Question 5: According to the chart and the knowledge learned, tell me what other factors may affect soil erosion (10) (1). Outstanding features: obvious precipitation in dry and wet seasons (seasonal variation). There is more precipitation in summer half year (165438+1October to April of the following year) and less precipitation in winter half year (May to 65438+1October). (1) reason: in the summer half year (165438+1October to April of the following year), the equatorial depression moved southward, and there was more precipitation. In the winter half year (May-65438+1October), it was controlled by the southeast wind, while in the east it was controlled by the tall one. (2 points) (2) Natural conditions: Brazil has a tropical climate with abundant heat and precipitation; Fertile soil; There are many river valleys and good shading conditions. (3 points) (3) Distribution characteristics: mainly distributed in the southeast coast. (1) Socio-economic reasons: early development; Coastal, convenient shipping; The population is concentrated and the economy is developed (3 points). (1) According to the graphic information, A is located in the Brazilian Plateau and belongs to the tropical grassland climate zone formed by the alternating control of equatorial low pressure area and southeast trade wind area. The summer half year (165438+1October to April of the following year) is affected by the southward shift of equatorial depression, and the winter half year (May-65438+1October) has more precipitation and southeast wind. (2) According to the natural conditions of coffee growing described in the materials, combined with Brazil's geographical position and natural conditions, it can be concluded that Brazil is dominated by tropical climate, with abundant heat, tropical rain forest climate and tropical grassland climate, abundant precipitation, fertile soil, numerous valleys and good shading conditions. (3) Combining knowledge and graphic information, it is easy to get the distribution characteristics of Brazilian cities: mainly distributed in the southeast coast. When analyzing the reasons, it should be noted that this question only requires the analysis of social and economic reasons, and natural reasons do not score. If you make a mistake, it may also affect your score, so be sure to pay attention when answering questions. The main socio-economic reasons for the distribution of Brazilian cities in the southeast coast are the early development of the southeast coast, its proximity to the sea, convenient external contact and concentrated population, making it the most economically developed area in China.

Question 6: What are the factors that affect the degree of soil erosion? The factors affecting soil erosion can be divided into two categories: natural factors and human factors.

Natural factors are the premise of the occurrence and development of soil erosion, which are mainly manifested as follows:

1. precipitation; Generally speaking, the greater the precipitation, the more soil erosion;

2. topography; Terrain is an important factor affecting soil erosion, and the size, length and shape of slope will affect soil erosion. The steeper the slope, the greater the surface runoff velocity and the more serious the soil erosion.

3. soil; Soil is the main object of erosion, so the characteristics of water permeability, erosion resistance and erosion resistance of soil itself will also have a great impact on soil erosion. Generally speaking, the looser the soil, the easier it is to be eroded;

4. Vegetation; Vegetation destruction makes the soil lose its natural protective barrier and becomes the leading factor to accelerate soil erosion. The larger the vegetation coverage area, the smaller the soil erosion, and vice versa.

Man-made factors are the main reasons for aggravating soil erosion, which are mainly manifested as vegetation destruction (such as indiscriminate reclamation and overgrazing) and sloping farmland reclamation (such as land reclamation on steep slopes, farming along slopes and overgrazing), or failure to take necessary preventive measures due to mining and road construction.

The influencing factors of soil erosion are basically the same as soil erosion.

The causes of soil erosion are natural and man-made.

(1) Natural factors. There are mainly four aspects: topography, rainfall, soil (ground material composition) and vegetation.

(1) terrain. The steeper the slope of the ground, the faster the surface runoff speed and the stronger the erosivity to the soil. The greater the slope, the more surface runoff collected and the stronger the scouring force.

② Rainfall. The rainfall that causes soil erosion is usually rainstorm. Only when the rainfall intensity exceeds the soil infiltration intensity will surface runoff be generated and the surface will be eroded.

(3) The composition of ground materials.

④ Vegetation. Forest and grass vegetation with a certain canopy density can protect the soil from erosion. The higher the canopy density, the stronger the soil and water conservation capacity.

(2) Human factors. The unreasonable use of land by human beings has destroyed the ground vegetation and stable terrain, resulting in serious soil erosion.

(1) destroy vegetation

② Unreasonable farming system

③ Mining

Question 7: What disasters will soil erosion bring to mankind?

1 Destroy land and devour farmland.

2 reduce soil fertility and aggravate the development of drought.

3 siltation raises the riverbed and intensifies the flood disaster.

4 silting up lakes, affecting development and utilization.

Soil erosion: the process in which soil and its parent materials are destroyed, denuded, transported and deposited under the action of external forces such as water power, wind power, gravity and freezing and thawing.

Soil erosion: the destruction and loss of soil and water resources and soil productivity under the action of external forces such as water power, gravity and wind, including surface erosion and soil erosion of land.

Soil and water conservation: prevent soil erosion, rationally protect, improve and utilize water and soil resources in sandy areas and hilly areas, and maintain and improve soil productivity, so as to give full play to the economic and social benefits of water and soil resources and establish a good ecological environment. Hydraulic erosion: the whole process of soil, soil parent material and other ground components being destroyed, denuded, transported and deposited under the action of raindrops splashing, surface runoff scouring and water infiltration.

Raindrop splash erosion: the phenomenon that soil structure and soil particles are displaced by raindrop splash erosion.

Mixed erosion: refers to a special type of erosion under the action of water impulse and gravity, often called debris flow. Glacier erosion is a series of phenomena caused by mechanical destruction of earth and stone on the surface of glacier sports team.

Surface erosion: When the rainfall on the slope can't be completely absorbed by the soil, water accumulates on the surface and forms surface runoff due to gravity. The initial surface runoff is dispersed, and the dispersed surface runoff washes away the surface soil particles.

Gully erosion: On the basis of surface erosion, especially gully surface erosion is further developed. The scattered surface runoff is gradually concentrated due to the influence of the surface, and the water with fixed flow path is called concentrated surface runoff or stream. Concentrated surface runoff washes the surface, cuts into the surface, takes away soil, parent material and broken bedrock, and forms gullies. Wind-blown sand flow: the mixed flow of air flow and solid particles it carries.

Desertification: Land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas caused by various factors, including climate change and human activities.

Sediment discharge; It is the amount of sand transported by air flow through unit width or area in unit time.

Sandstorm: The strong wind makes the ground dust, the air is turbid, and the horizontal visibility is less than1000 m.

According to the types of external forces causing soil erosion, it can be divided into mixed biochemistry of hydraulic gravity and wind-induced freezing and thawing glaciers. According to the occurrence time, it can be divided into ancient erosion and modern erosion, and according to the occurrence speed, it can be divided into accelerated erosion and normal erosion. According to the composition of solid matter, it can be divided into mud-rock flow and mud flow. According to the nature of debris flow, sparse debris flow and viscous debris flow are divided into glacial rainfall soil erosion types. Division principle: 1 indicates that the soil erosion type and intensity in the same area should be basically the same. 2. The main factors affecting soil erosion in the same area, such as natural conditions and socio-economic conditions, are basically the same. The governance direction, measures and land use in the same area are basically similar. 4. Taking natural boundaries as the main factor, giving due consideration to the continuity of nature and region.

Question 8: How to classify soil erosion? 2. 1.2 Classification of soil erosion intensity

(1) Allowable standard of soil erosion

Allowable soil erosion refers to the maximum soil erosion that can maintain soil fertility and keep land productivity basically stable in a long period of time.

As China is a vast country with different natural conditions and soil formation rates in different regions, the standard stipulates the allowable soil loss of main erosion types in China:

Allowable soil loss in erosive areas

Et/(km？ A)]

1 ooo Northwest Loess Plateau

Northeast black soil region 200

North Rocky Mountain Area 200

South red soil hilly region 500

Southwest Rocky Mountain Area 500

(2) Classification of hydraulic erosion intensity

Average erosion modulus of intensity classification [t/(km? A)]

Slight erosion 1 5 000

(3) Classification of wind erosion intensity

Wind erosion intensity is classified according to three indexes: vegetation coverage, annual hydrazine erosion thickness and erosion modulus.

Intensity Grading Vegetation Coverage Annual Wind Erosion Thickness Erosion Modulus

()(ram) [t/(km .？ A)]

Micron value > 70 100 > 1 5 000

In addition, there are grading standards such as surface erosion, gully erosion and gravity erosion.

Yes, I won't go into details here.

Grading standard of soil erosion intensity:

"Water" and "soil" are two main bodies of soil erosion, which is ultimately the repeated erosion of the surface and the loss of water. The quantitative index to evaluate the degree of soil erosion, that is, the grading standard of soil erosion intensity, should include the intensity indexes of two soil erosion subjects at the same time. At present, the grading standard of soil erosion intensity adopted in China is not only confusing the two different concepts of soil erosion and soil erosion, but also one-sided, inaccurate and not serious. It is necessary to revise and improve the grading standard of soil erosion intensity. The author thinks that the soil erosion intensity grading standard should reflect the intensity grading standard with two loss subjects at the same time, and both of them are indispensable.

Some people in our country are used to calling soil erosion as soil erosion, equating the two, confusing these two completely different concepts, and causing confusion to accurately understand and understand the meaning of soil erosion. Therefore, it is necessary to understand their differences and connections. The author has explained the definition of soil erosion, so what is soil erosion? Soil erosion refers to the process of destruction, denudation, movement and deposition of soil, soil-forming parent materials, debris, loose rock strata and other ground components under the action of external forces such as water power, wind power, freeze-thaw and gravity. Obviously, soil erosion and soil loss are two different concepts, and their difference is not only in the literal sense, but also in the subject of erosion or loss. The main body of soil erosion includes "water" and "soil"

Soil erosion only refers to the subject of "soil". Similarly, soil erosion is closely related to soil erosion. Soil erosion is a specific form of soil erosion, including soil erosion. It can also be said that soil erosion is soil erosion in a narrow sense. Soil erosion and soil erosion can be regarded as relatively independent concepts, but soil erosion can never be called soil erosion.

With the passage of time, with the continuous development and progress of human civilization, culture and technology, and with the deepening of human understanding, the connotations of many words and terms are constantly extending, expanding, deepening and evolving, that is, generalized. The broad vocabulary and terms have changed greatly from the original intention, even quite different. Soil erosion is a very widely used term. With the rapid development of soil and water conservation, this term has been generalized. Therefore, we should understand its connotation from a broad perspective. If we only talk about words literally or narrowly understand their meaning, it will lead people to a dead end instead of >>