How to plant pear trees?

Pear originated in China and is one of the main fruit trees in China. In addition to raw food, it can also be processed into canned food, pear wine, dried pears and preserved pears, which are deeply loved by the masses. Pear trees bear fruit early, usually put into production in 2-3 years, and can enter the full fruit period in 6-7 years. They are adaptable, easy to cultivate, and can be planted in mountains, fields and beaches, with good productivity and basically no annual phenomenon. The yield per mu can be more than 2,000 kg in the full fruit period, and the life span is 20-30 years, and the longest is 80- 10. \x0d\ 1。 Introduction of fine varieties (variety introduction is for reference only) \x0d\( 1) fortunately, it is produced in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is a hybrid of chrysanthemum water and early Tibetan, and the tree is vigorous and semi-open. The fruit is oblate, with an average single fruit weight of 200-250g. The pericarp is yellowish brown and uniform. The pulp is white, thin and crisp, and the juice is sweet, containing 65,438+02% soluble solids. Excellent quality, mature in the middle and late August, high and stable yield, resistance to scab and black spot, and high treatment requirements. \x0d\(2) Geomantic omen: Japanese variety, which was bred by crossing n- 14 (chrysanthemum× yakumo )× yakumo. Strong trees, open posture, strong branches and drooping branches. Axillary buds and short fruit branches are easy to form and have high yield. The fruit is round, with 3-4 furrows, with an average single fruit weight of about 250g. The peel is rusty brown, reddish brown on the sunny side, with rough surface, large pit, yellow-white flesh, crispy meat, sweet juice, soluble solids 12- 13%, good quality, and resistance to scab and black spot, in mid-August. \x0d\(3) Jianshui: 1970 The experimental field of Japanese fruit trees was selected from the descendants of Feng Shui and Ha Xing and named after 1988. The fruit is round and tidy, with an average single fruit weight of about 250g, slightly convex shoulders, calyx ridge, and yellow-green to light brown peel. The flesh is white, the stone is small, the meat is crisp, the sweet juice is rich, the stone cells are few, the quality is excellent, the tree has medium potential, strong branches, early fruit, high and stable yield, and it can attract wealth and pollinate with abundant water, and it will mature in late July. \x0d\(4) New high: Japanese varieties. The average weight of a single fruit is 350-400g, and the fruit is large, nearly round, with yellowish brown skin, crisp meat, sweet flavor, rich juice and good quality. It ripens in the first half of September, with strong storability, early fruiting, high yield, disease resistance and strong adaptability. \x0d\(5) Cuiguan (original code: 8-2): It was bred by crossing Xingshui× 6 (Hangqing× New Century), with strong tree vigor, upright posture, easy flower bud formation, good fruit bearing and high yield. The fruit is round and neat, with an average weight of 250g for single fruit and 650g for large fruit. The skin is dark green with rust spots, the flesh is white, the meat is crisp, similar to Xingshui, the stone is small, juicy, sweet, and contains soluble solids 12- 13%. The flavor and quality are better than Xingshui. Mature at the end of July and early August, resistant to storage and transportation. \x0d\(6) Xiang: It is a hybrid selection of New Century× Sanhua pear, with moderate growth, relatively open posture, tender shoots, reddish brown mature branches and small flower buds, leaf buds and leaves. The fruit is oblong and large, with an average single fruit weight of 280g and large fruit weight of 950 g. The peel is brown and smooth, the pulp is white, the pulp is slightly dense and the juice is sweet, and the soluble solid content is 13- 15%. The core of the fruit is very small, like a small walnut, and the edible rate is as high as 93%. Mid-August is suitable for storage and transportation. \x0d\ II。 Cultivation techniques \x0d\ 1. The establishment of pear orchards \x0d\ Pear orchards can be developed regardless of flat land, hills, mountains and river beaches, but traffic conditions and conditions conducive to irrigation should be considered. After the orchard address is selected, the orchard should be divided into several communities according to the topography, topography, roads, channels, shelterbelts, etc., with a range of 30- 150 mu. On the hilly slope, the long side of the community should be parallel to the isobar as much as possible, which is beneficial to soil and water conservation and easy to handle. \x0d\ Pear trees can be planted from defoliation to germination, and the planting density depends on the terrain and plots. For early high yield, it is best to use planned close planting. At present, the plant spacing is 2×3 meters or 2.5×4 meters. \x0d\ Planting techniques: a. Dig holes at fixed points according to the plant spacing, generally sandy soil, with a width of 80cm and a depth of 50-60 cm; The rice cellar is 80 cm wide and 40-50 cm deep. First put straw, branches or green manure branches, poles, etc. About 30-40cm, and tighten the topsoil, then apply 50-80 kg of organic fertilizer (pig and cow dung) or chaff chicken manure (20 kg) or pure chicken manure (10 kg) for decomposition, and add calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 1-2. B. Before planting, the thick roots of pear seedlings should be cut off and planted for 2-3cm to promote the occurrence of new roots, and the film at the grafting place should be removed to avoid affecting the growth of the main stem. C. When planting, the joint should be 5- 10cm above the ground, the rhizosphere soil should be stable, and water should be poured immediately. In the tuyere area, it is necessary to set up pillars to prevent lodging. \x0d\2。 Soil improvement and fertilization \x0d\ soil deep turning and ripening are the basic methods in pear tree yield-increasing technology. In order to improve the yield, yield and quality of fruit trees, soil must be improved. Deep tillage and soil improvement are generally carried out after fruit harvesting in autumn and before defoliation in winter. Methods include reaming, deep ploughing in the whole garden, staggered or deep ploughing among plants. Generally, the depth of deep tillage is 30-40cm, and it can be carried out every other year if conditions permit. 1, 3, and 5 years, deep furrows with a depth of 2.5 feet and a width of 1.5 feet were dug on both sides of the original cave, and deep furrows were dug on the other side in 2, 4, and 6 years, with the application of base fertilizer. \x0d\ According to the standard of basic fertilizer application, the average 100Kg pear fruit needs at least 100Kg organic fertilizer (pig and sheep manure) and 2.25Kg phosphate fertilizer, which is beneficial to improve the yield and quality. \x0d\ In addition to base fertilizer, topdressing should be applied at the right time during the growth period. Generally, it needs topdressing three times, the first time after flowering, in the middle and late April, to promote the growth of branches and leaves, flower bud differentiation and fruit expansion; The second fruit expansion period is from mid-May to early June. The third fertilization after harvest, from late August to mid-September, can increase leaf color, prolong leaf life and restore tree vigor. \x0d\ Topdressing outside roots can be combined with spraying appropriate amount of fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the usual concentration is 0.3-0.5% of urea (0.2-0.3% at high temperature), 0.5% of calcium superphosphate, 0.3- 1% of potassium sulfate, 0.2-0.3% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 5-0.3% of decomposed human urine. \x0d\3. Matching pollination trees and three thinning techniques \x0d\ Pears are cross-pollinated tree species, most of which are self-pollinated, and the flowering period is basically required to meet the pollinated varieties. The ratio of main cultivated varieties to pollinated varieties is preferably 2: 1 or 1, at least 3: 1. Japanese pears (lucky water, abundant water and built water) can be pollinated with Cuiguan, Qing Xiang and Cuiqing. X0d \ Three thinning techniques are the time and method to correctly master the thinning of flower buds, buds and fruits. \ x0d \ a. Flower bud thinning: combining with winter pruning, excessive flower buds are thinned. In winter, flower buds should be sparse in proportion. In principle, it's a flower bud: leaf bud = 1: 1, which is about half of the flower amount of the whole tree. But pay attention to the number of flower buds formed by pear trees that year. In production practice, it is advisable to leave a flower bud every 5-6 inches for the backbone branches. Note that only the flower buds are sparse and the leaf buds remain. \ x0d \ b. Bud thinning: If flower buds are not thinned in winter pruning, it can be remedied by thinning before flowering. Generally, according to the thinning standard of 20cm, leave 1 bud. Bud thinning principle: sparse weak and strong, sparse small and large, sparse and dense, sparse axillary buds and top flower buds, sparse lower flower buds, sparse buds that germinate too late, sparse secondary buds, decide how much to remove, and keep abreast of the weather forecast. \ x0d \ C. Fruit thinning: It depends on the variety, tree vigor, flowering period and climate. Young trees and flourishing trees with large flowers and weak trees should be thinned early, while young trees with small flowers should be thinned late or less. In normal years, the weather should be sparse early, otherwise it will be sparse late. Principle: Each fruit should have 25-30 leaves. In normal years, one fruit can be left in one fruit table, and 1-2 fruits can be left in one fruit table for varieties with medium fruit shape. \x0d\4。 Shaping and pruning \x0d\ The shaping of pear trees, according to different varieties and different site conditions, is mainly conducive to the use of a variety of tree forms, such as thinning and deleting layers, multi-trunk and happy shape, and multi-branch and round head. \x0d\ Prune young pear trees with fewer branches and more branches. Pay attention to the cultivation of fruiting branches of trees that bear fruit for the first time, and the length of extended branches of main side branches will be shortened year by year. After a large number of pear trees bear fruit, the backbone branches are prone to droop, so the angle of extension branches should be improved. If the lumen is too dense, the dense auxiliary branches should be thinned or cut short. If there are too many fruits and the branches droop, you can erect a bamboo pole in the middle of the crown and hang the drooping branches evenly around. \x0d\ III。 Pest control \x0d\( 1) scab: it mainly occurs in sepals, fruits, leaves, petioles, new shoots and buds, and the symptoms are: small yellow spots in the early stage and black mold in the later stage. Leaves mostly occur on the back of leaves, and diseases occur along the veins, causing early defoliation in severe cases. Fruits mostly occur in the young fruit period, and the growth of the damaged young fruits stops, and gradually become corked and cracked, which causes the deformity of young fruits, which is the most serious in the rainy season (April-May). \x0d\ Control method: \ x0d \ a. Eliminate overwintering bacteria sources. In winter, defoliation, fruit dropping, pruning, peeling and centralized burning are removed. \ x0d \ B. Chemical control. Spraying Bomei 5-degree sulfur mixture before germination, spraying 500 times of 25% carbendazim wettable powder when 3/4 flowers wither, and spraying 600-800 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or other disease prevention agents 1 time during the new bud growth period in mid-May and the fruit growth period in mid-June. \x0d\(2) Pear rust: It mainly harms leaves, new shoots and young fruits. Needle-shaped yellow spots first appeared on the leaves, and gradually expanded into orange-yellow circular spots. In the later stage, the leaves are purple-red, concave and convex, and a cluster of grayish yellow hairs grow. The symptoms on the fruit are the same as those on the leaves. The disease occurs once a year on fruit trees, and the peak period is from mid-April to early May. \x0d\ Control method: It is best not to have cypress trees such as pine and cypress within \ x0d \ a.5km.. \ x0d \ b. Spray 1: 2: 200 times Bordeaux solution (copper sulfate: quicklime: water) before flowering, and spray 15% triadimefon wettable powder or 40% Fu Ling 1000 times solution after flowering for 2-3 times continuously, and the effect is good. \x0d\(3) Pear moth: it harms the tender shoots and fruits of peaches and pears. It occurs five generations a year, and the young fruit is from the top of the fruit and near the depression of the calyx until the core is eaten. There is insect dung in the pulp, which is dry and rotten around. The first generation is in April-May, which mainly harms the tender shoots of peaches, and then it happens once a month, which mainly harms pears, and it harms pear peaks from August to September. \x0d\ Control method: In orchards with peach and pear cultivation, spray chemicals on peach trees in the first half of April and the first half of May. In the middle and late June and mid-July, all generations of larvae were sprayed on pear trees for shielding. The medicine can be 40% omethoate or 20% fenvalerate, 20% hypertonic monocrotophos 800- 1000 times, or 5% fenvalerate and 20% fenvalerate 4000-5000 times, and the effect is good. \x0d\(4) Pear aphid: It harms leaves. The damaged leaves roll into a tube, which is the most serious in April-May, and propagate in weeds after the end of May. In June+10, 5438, winged aphids flew to mulberry trees to do harm, and wintered in the bud crack of pear trees in winter, which occurred for more than 20 generations a year. \x0d\ Control method: Pay attention to the control of pear trees after flowering, and use 40% omethoate 1000 times solution or 1500 times net wettable powder once. \x0d\ IV。 Timely harvesting \x0d\ timely harvesting is an important link to improve pear fruit quality. The peel of Huangpi pear should change from dark brown to light yellow brown, and the peel of Qingpi pear should change from dark green to light green or light yellow. The meat quality should change from rough to crisp, from sour to sweet, and the seeds should change from white to light brown, which can be used as the standard for starting harvesting. The harvest should be carried out in stages. First of all, we should harvest big fruits. After 7- 10 days, small fruits will gradually increase and then be harvested. \x0d\ When picking, you should handle it gently, and don't pull it hard and fold it hard, which will lose the goods. At the same time, we should do a good job in protecting leaves and branches.