Who fulfilled the dream of flying?

1300 million sweat1300 million tears According to Xinhua News Agency, China will conduct its first manned space flight from June 10 to June 17. Radio waves fly in all directions, from the coast of the East China Sea to the Pamir Plateau, from Mohe in northern Xinjiang to the vast Nansha, from the vast territory of the motherland to the Chinese-inhabited areas around the world, many descendants of the Chinese people are looking forward to the Shenzhou.

"Shenzhou" bears the persistent dream of the Chinese nation. Looking back at the smoke of history, how many romantic flying imaginations have been brewed and how many magnificent exploration dramas have been staged on our ancient ark.

Here, please follow the reporter's brush strokes and walk into the historical corridor of the Chinese nation's flying road ... Along 40 degrees north latitude, not far from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, which holds up Shenzhou, it is a world-famous artistic treasure-Dunhuang.

Walking into large and small caves, "flying" colored sculptures and murals abound. Some fly high, some bow their heads, some scatter flowers, some fly lightly, all radiant and lifelike. Although there are angels with wings in ancient western artistic images, the shape of "flying" is quite different, and one of the most remarkable features is that it has no wings. The ancient ancestors of China seemed to have understood the concept of weightlessness in modern space for a long time, and portrayed the image of people floating freely in space vividly.

"Shenzhou"-flying. The first Chinese astronaut to go into space came from the yellow land with flying imagination, in order to realize the dream of the Chinese nation for thousands of years.

Looking back, how romantic the road to flying is. Dragon, the totem of the Chinese nation, can be traced back to ancient times. Hidden in the Dragon's Dragon Pool, scales are flying. This magical thing created by China's ancient ancestors by imagination is high above and free in the sky. In the minds of our ancestors, there has long been a desire to fly like a dragon. The Chinese nation calls itself "the descendants of the dragon".

In the ancient legends with a long history in China, there is an interesting myth about a couple: Houyi shooting the sun and the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon. Hou Yi shot the sun with a bow and shot nine suns in a row. The strong bow and arrow in his hand is beyond the reach of modern rockets. Speaking of the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon, although modern humans have realized their dream of landing on the moon, a "moon base" like Guanghan Palace is still out of reach today.

Throughout the history of ancient myths in China, The Goddess of Mending Heaven and Kuafu Day by Day ... The wisdom sparks of Chinese ancestors' romantic imagination are endless, which makes many future generations ecstatic.

China's ancient literature is a garden for literati to exert their imagination. Qu Yuan's Tian Wen asked the blue sky 172 "why" in one breath; Li Bai's longing for "we are both revered to distant thoughts, and I want to go to the sky to embrace the sun and the moon" and Su Dongpo's nervousness "I want to go home by the wind, but I am afraid of Qionglou Yuyu" all reflect the curiosity, yearning and speculation of the ancient people in China about Langlang space. As for The Journey to the West's "somersault cloud" of "the Monkey King", it is the romantic idea of human flying to the extreme.

In ancient China, flying was not only a fantasy, but also practiced by many great pioneers. According to Mo Wen, Lu Ban, a famous craftsman in the Spring and Autumn Period, was able to "chop bamboo and wood and think it was a magpie, and then fly away". It is recorded in "Zhang Hengchuan in the Later Han Dynasty" that Zhang Heng, a famous scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, also made a flying wooden bird. In the Ming Dynasty in China more than 50 0 years ago, a man named Wan Hu came up with the idea of manned flight powered by rockets. He sat in a chair tied with 49 "fires" (earth rockets) and tried to fly into the sky with two big kites, showing amazing courage and extraordinary foresight. In order to commemorate the pioneer of manned rocket flight in the world, scientists all over the world named a crater on the moon after him.

Speaking of rockets, China people are even more proud of them. The name rocket first appeared in the Three Kingdoms period. According to the ancient book Wei Luji Ben, "Zhuge Liang entered the capital of Zhao, climbed the ladder, entered the city in a sedan chair, and Zhao shot back to the ladder with a rocket." This is the first written record of the word "rocket". During the reign of Yang Di in 58 1 year, people used rockets to make "tattoo flowers", which is the earliest rocket toy in the world and has been passed down to this day. "God Rocket Screen" began in the Song Dynasty. More than 100 ancient rockets were installed in a one-foot square iron screen, and arrows were installed at the top of the shaft, which played a killing role. The tail is equipped with an arrow feather, which plays a role in stabilizing flight. The working principle and basic structure of this ancient rocket are very similar to those of modern rockets.

"Flying Crow", "Flying Sand Pipe" and "Thunder" ... There are countless examples of ancient people in China using rockets. Our great ancestors wrote brilliant scientific and technological chapters on the ancient flight path of mankind.

● From the death of Feng Ru, the maker of the first plane in China, to Qian Xuesen, the "father of the China rocket", boarding the voyage home, the dream of flying for the Chinese nation was brewing in the biting wind and rain.

Modern chapter: how is the road to flying vicissitudes?

165438+20021Zhuhai on October 4th. At the 4th China Aviation and Aerospace Exhibition, the physical models of shenzhou spaceship and the return capsule were exhibited for the first time, which became the most dazzling stars at the Expo.

Bend your horse, bow and get ready to go. This is a confident appearance of China's manned spaceflight project in front of the world, which indicates that China astronauts will travel in space in the near future.

Dreams fly around, right in front of us. However, who would have thought that 90 years ago, China people went to empty buildings-1965438+2002. On August 25th, China's first aircraft designer and pilot, Feng Ru, was killed during an air show in Tang Yan. Before he died, Feng Ru said to his assistants, "After I die, don't lose your enterprising spirit because of what you have done!"

This is the first China modern flight pioneer's earnest entrustment to the descendants of the Chinese people. However, what an era it was! The mountains and rivers are broken, the sovereignty is reduced, the country is weak, and the country will not be a country. The backward and decaying old China stifled the enterprising spirit of many flying people in China.

China's modern aviation industry began in the late Qing Dynasty. 1840 After the Opium War, the country was opened, western scientific and technological knowledge poured into the closed-door Millennium country, and modern aviation knowledge was introduced. Some people of insight began to explore China's own flight path.

1887, Hua, a math teacher at Tianjin Military Equipment School, designed and manufactured the first hydrogen balloon in China. 19 10, Li Bao and Liu Zuocheng, who returned from studying in Japan, built an airplane in Beijing Nanyuan, and crashed due to engine failure during the test flight in April of the following year.

After Feng Ru, other famous aviation pioneers in China are Tan Gen, who set a world record for the flying height of seaplanes, Yang, who returned to China to establish the Guangdong Aviation School, and Le Wenwen, who was successfully tested by Soong Ching Ling at random.

Thanks to the unremitting efforts of many pioneers, some aircraft repair shops and aircraft manufacturers were set up in old China, and they began to imitate foreign aircraft, but many important parts were completely dependent on imported finished products. At that time, most of the planes used in China were purchased from abroad. During the war years, almost all the bits and pieces of these aviation industries were destroyed and disappeared by the war.

In the face of biting wind and rain, China's flying wings flapped. Some aviation schools and flight training institutions have been established in China, and a few international students have gone overseas, among which Qian Xuesen is the best.

From 65438 to 0935, 24-year-old Qian Xuesen crossed the ocean to study in the United States. Under the guidance and cooperation of Von Carmen, a world master of mechanics, Qian Xuesen began to study aerodynamics, solid mechanics, rockets and missiles of high-speed aircraft and became a famous scientist like Von Carmen.

However, Qian Xuesen clearly knows that the United States is only a post station in his life, and the distant motherland is his eternal home. In the United States, he applied the wind tunnel principle to the calculation of windmill power generation, and the selected height was from sea level to more than 8 kilometers above sea level, which was the natural condition of his motherland, China.

The corrupt Kuomintang government made him feel unable to serve the country. With the establishment of 1948 new China, Qian Xuesen was ecstatic and began to prepare for returning home nervously. However, the US authorities tried every possible means to prevent Qian Xuesen from returning to China, because "he is too valuable to reach three or five divisions in any case".

1September 7, 950, the American authorities arrested Qian Xuesen on trumped-up charges. Faced with the unreasonable accusation of the public prosecutor, Qian Xuesen replied: "Knowledge is my personal property, and I will give it to whoever I have the right!"

Under the great pressure of Qian Xuesen's long-term protest and the diplomatic struggle of the motherland, the American authorities had to agree to Qian Xuesen's return to China. 1September, 955 17, Qian Xuesen boarded the ship returning to China.

● From the "Dongfanghong" No.1 to the "Shenzhou" flying, the Chinese nation has taken a "flying road" that amazed the world.

Modern chapter: how magnificent the road to flying is

The cock crows all over the world and dreams for thousands of years. With the establishment of New China, the people of China are determined to realize their dream of flying.

1956, Qian Xuesen put forward "Opinions on Establishing China's National Defense Aviation Industry", which was the first letter to the central leaders on the establishment and development of China's rocket and missile technology. Later, Qian Xuesen first mentioned the new term "aerospace". He proposed that human flight activities outside the atmosphere are called "aerospace"; Flight activities in the atmosphere are called "aviation". He also said that he put forward the word "aerospace", which was inspired by Chairman Mao's poem "Looking at a thousand rivers in the sky".

19571On October 4th, the former Soviet Union launched its first artificial earth satellite. On the Kazakh wasteland more than 2000 kilometers away from Moscow, with a dull roar, a rocket with an aluminum ball with a diameter of 58 cm at the top rose into the starry sky dreamily. From this day on, mankind began the course of advancing into space.

The news shocked the first people in China who had dreams of flying. 1958 May 17, at the second meeting of the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Mao Zedong waved his hand and turned Gan Kun around: "We also want to build satellites!"

1On April 24, 970, with a loud noise from the Gobi Desert in the northwest, the "Dongfanghong" No.1 carrying the dream of the Chinese nation was slowly launched. ...

This is the first salute for the Chinese nation to March into space. Since then, China has mastered new technologies such as satellite recovery, multiple satellites with one arrow, and synchronous positioning. Surveying and mapping recoverable satellites, new recoverable remote sensing satellites, geostationary orbit communication satellites, sun-synchronous orbit and geosynchronous orbit meteorological satellites, transmission-type earth remote sensing resource satellites, navigation satellites and ocean satellites have all flown into space.

When the whole country celebrated "Dongfanghong", scientists in China angrily put forward the idea of manned flight. However, due to various reasons, China's dream of manned flight was finally settled in a conceptual sketch. ...

1In March, 1986, the Outline of High-tech Research and Development Plan initiated by Comrade Deng Xiaoping listed the pre-research of manned space technology as a key development project.

1992 is a memorable year for China's space industry. In June 5438+this year 10, the central government made a strategic decision to develop China's manned spaceflight project.

In just 10 years, China's manned spaceflight project has made breakthrough progress, and researchers have successively conquered a series of cutting-edge core technologies such as environmental control and life support. Spacecraft payload application center, modern space launch site, space measurement and control network and spacecraft landing site have been built one after another.

1999165438+1At 6: 30 on October 20th, the Long March II F carrier rocket sent China's Shenzhou I into space, leaving the first flight path of China's manned test spacecraft. After a space flight of 2 1 hour1minute, Shenzhou-1 successfully returned to Earth, and the first flight test of China's manned spaceflight project was a complete success.

200110, the "Shenzhou II" unmanned spacecraft was launched and flew in space for nearly 7 days, and then returned after circling the earth 108 in a predetermined orbit. This is the world's first space launch in the new century, marking a gratifying step for China's manned space program.

On March 25th, 2002, the Shenzhou III unmanned spacecraft was successfully launched and returned on April 1 day. This is the first full-scale unmanned spacecraft launched by China, which shows that China has mastered a series of key technologies for manned space flight.

On June 30, 2002, the Shenzhou IV unmanned spacecraft set sail, and successfully entered the scheduled orbit in space after 10 minutes. This is the most comprehensive flight test of China's manned spaceflight project in an unmanned state. ...

The clock of history finally reached the golden autumn of 2003, and China's first manned spacecraft was ready to go.

● From manned space flight to the establishment of a space station to landing on the moon ... The Chinese nation's flying road is endless, and the vast and profound universe will surely leave a more brilliant footprint for Chinese children.

Future: How long is the flight?

Looking up at Shenzhou, a foreigner's voice echoed in the ears of China astronauts. 1988 in may, Armstrong, the first American astronaut to land on the moon, visited China. He had two opening remarks in his speech: "Who was the first person who longed to fly to the moon? Is a beautiful girl in ancient China. Who was the first man to land on the moon? American. The beautiful girl in China is Chang 'e, and the one in America is me. I took a small step to the moon and mankind took a big step forward. "

Armstrong told the truth, but China space scientists have different tastes. In the days and nights when the Chinese nation advances into space, the advanced countries in the world go faster and farther than us. ...

165438+2000122 October, the the State Council press office published a white paper entitled "China's space flight", announcing that China would carry out pre-research on deep space exploration, focusing on lunar exploration. The following year, the National Space Administration announced the outline of China's space development in the Tenth Five-Year Plan, revealed some major space projects to be launched soon, and showed the world the fascinating scene of China's flying.

The manned space program is magnificent. According to China's manned spaceflight project, astronauts will experience a "trilogy". Shenzhou 5 is only the first step, and its significance lies in achieving a historic breakthrough in manned space flight. In the second step, in addition to continuing to carry out earth observation and space experiments, we will focus on completing extravehicular activities, rendezvous and docking tests and launching long-term autonomous flight and long-term manned space laboratories, so as to build a complete and complete space engineering system in China as soon as possible and solve the space application problems of a certain scale in China. The third step is to build a larger space station with long-term care.

The new rocket is about to make a long March. China's "Long March" series of launch vehicles have launched the well-known "Dongfanghong" satellite, "Orsay" and "Shenzhou" spacecraft, which have made great contributions to China's space industry. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, and even in the next 20 years, large satellites weighing more than 4 tons or even 5 tons will account for 62% of the domestic and international satellite launch market, and the development of new rockets in China has started. China's new generation rocket series consists of three modules and existing technologies. Through the combination of modules, a new rocket family can be formed like building blocks. No matter whether a large satellite or a small satellite is launched, whether it is a single satellite with one arrow or multiple satellites with one arrow, all kinds of heavyweight satellites can be sent into different orbits as long as they move "building blocks", and the reliability index has reached the international advanced level, forming a serialized spectrum and ranking first in the world.

Set sail for the moon. 1997, three academicians, Yang Jiachi, Wang Daheng and Chen Fangyun, published "Suggestions on the Development of Lunar Exploration Technology in China" in the name of the "863 Plan". 1998, the expert group passed the project research on "Overall Scheme Design and Key Technology Decomposition of Lunar Exploration Robot", which opened the prelude to the research of lunar rover in China.

Looking forward to today's world, a new climax of lunar exploration has arrived. Not long ago, the United States proposed "returning to the moon" and announced the "New Forward Lunar Exploration Plan", clarifying that future deep space exploration will focus on the moon; The European Space Agency plans to conduct lunar exploration in four stages before 2020, and finally complete the construction of the lunar base. Astronauts will station in the permanent lunar base and launch the first lunar probe during the year. In addition, Japan and India have also put forward their own lunar exploration plans, and even some private companies in the United States have joined the lunar exploration craze and planned to launch probes ... In the face of fierce competition in space science and technology, China people can not only stop, but also strive to catch up.

Heaven is infinite, and the Chinese nation's flying road has no end ... 65.438+0.3 billion blood.