Compulsory knowledge of geography in senior one: atmospheric environment

It doesn't matter if junior high school geography is not good, but you must work hard. As the saying goes, interest is the best teacher. As long as you like it, you will learn it well. The cultivation of interest is sometimes because he wants to learn well, because he is useful, sometimes through repeated efforts to make progress, and sometimes by "kissing his teacher and believing in his way." Next, I sorted out the content of geography study in senior one for you. Let's have a look!

Compulsory knowledge of geography in senior one: atmospheric environment

First, the key content analysis

1, the composition of the atmosphere and the role of major components, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone and solid impurities.

The composition of the lower atmosphere: clean air with stable proportion (mainly oxygen and nitrogen), unstable water vapor and solid impurities.

Nitrogen-the basic component of organisms

Oxygen-a necessary substance for life activities

Carbon dioxide-the raw material of photosynthesis; Thermal insulation function

Ozone, the umbrella of life on earth, absorbs ultraviolet rays.

The formation of water vapor and solid impurities-clouds leads to rain; Impurities: condensed nuclei

2. The vertical stratification of the atmosphere and the influence of each layer on human activities.

Relationship between other characteristics of airflow and people.

The higher the troposphere, the lower it is. Convection accounts for 3/4 of the atmospheric mass. Water vapor and dust; Inconsistent weather phenomena at different latitudes

The higher the stratosphere, the higher the advection and high-altitude flight; The existence of ozone layer

There is ionosphere in the upper atmosphere (radio communication; Solar activity interferes with short-wave communication

3. Atmospheric heating process

(1) Basic energy source: solar radiation (wavelength range of various radiation and the essence of solar radiation-short wave radiation).

(2) the heating process of the atmosphere (thermal effect of the atmosphere)-the sun heats the earth and the earth heats the atmosphere.

Weakening effect of atmosphere on solar radiation: three forms and their respective phenomena (with examples)

The main reason affecting the weakening degree is the solar altitude angle (the weakening degree is different at different latitudes)

Thermal insulation of the ground atmosphere;

Understand ground radiation (infrared long-wave radiation); Atmospheric radiation (infrared long-wave radiation)

The process of heat preservation: the atmosphere strongly absorbs long-wave radiation from the ground; Atmospheric inverse radiation returns heat to the ground.

(Illustrations and examples-such as when the frost occurred; Comparison of daily temperature difference)

The significance of heat preservation: reducing the daily variation of temperature; Ensure the appropriate temperature of the earth; Maintain global heat balance

4. Causes of vertical and horizontal motion of the atmosphere.

(1) The fundamental cause of atmospheric motion: uneven cold and hot (between latitudes; Between land and sea)

3 a concrete summary of geography knowledge points in senior one.

(2) the form of atmospheric movement:

The simplest form: thermal cycle (diagram and explanation); Example: suburban wind; Sea-land wind; The main reason of monsoon

Decomposition of thermal cycle: vertical motion of atmosphere caused by uneven cooling and heating

Horizontal air pressure difference Horizontal air flow flows from high pressure to low pressure.

Horizontal motion of the atmosphere (wind):

The root cause of wind: uneven heat and cold

The direct cause of wind formation: horizontal pressure difference (or horizontal pressure gradient force)

Three forces affecting wind: horizontal pressure gradient force; Geostrophic deflection; surface friction

Determination of wind direction: 1 force wind (theoretical wind)-perpendicular to isobar, with high pressure pointing to low pressure.

Level 2 wind (high altitude wind)-parallel to the isobar, north to right, south to left.

3 force wind (actual ground wind)-diagonally across the isobar, north to right, south to left.

Pay attention to the wind direction map of a certain point in the actual ground pressure field in the northern hemisphere.

5. Three-circle circulation and the formation of pressure zone and wind zone

(1) No rotation, uniform surface-single cycle (thermal cycle)

(2) Rotation, uniform surface-three-circle circulation

(3) Composition of three-circle circulation: 0-30 low latitude circulation; 30-60 mid-latitude circulation; 60-90 high latitude circulation

Formation of seven kinds of air pressures and six kinds of winds on the ground: an ideal model of zonal distribution

Wet and dry conditions in each pressure zone (low pressure and low humidity; High pressure drying)

Wind direction and dry and wet conditions in each wind area (trade winds are generally dry; The west wind is wet)

Polar front: close to 60 degrees, formed by the meeting of prevailing westerly winds and polar easterly winds.

The pressure zone and wind zone move with the seasonal north-south movement of the direct point of the sun.

(4) Influence of land and sea distribution on pressure area and wind area: actual surface conditions (blocky)

The most important influence: the temperature difference between land and sea.

Performance (atmospheric activity center): July (summer) Northern Hemisphere: Eurasian continent-Asian depression; Pacific upper high

Northern hemisphere 65438+ 10 month (winter): Eurasian continent-Asian high; Pacific high and low pressure

(5) Monsoon circulation (note the chart)

Conceptual understanding: it is an integral part of global atmospheric circulation; East Asian monsoon is the most typical.

The cause of monsoon: the main reason-the thermal difference between land and sea (can explain the winter and summer monsoon in East Asia; Winter winds in South Asia)

The cause of the South Asian summer monsoon-the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere moves northward, crosses the equator and turns right to the southwest wind.

(or simply: seasonal movement of pressure belt and wind belt)

The influence of monsoon: the characteristics of monsoon: the same period of rain and heat; The precipitation season changes greatly, which is prone to drought and flood disasters.

Two monsoon climates in East Asia and their respective distribution areas (bounded by Qinhuai line); Their respective climatic characteristics

-temperate monsoon climate: the monsoon area north of Qinhuai; Winter is dry and cold; Summer hot and humid

-Subtropical monsoon climate: the monsoon region south of Qinhuai; Winter is mild with little rain; Summer hot and humid

-The two monsoon climates in East Asia have the same Xia Feng direction in winter and the same causes.

-Pay attention to the distribution of air pollution enterprises in the industrial layout of cities in the monsoon region.

Tropical monsoon climate in South Asia;

-High temperature throughout the year, with dry season (controlled by northeast monsoon) and rainy season (controlled by southwest monsoon) alternating.

Monsoon region is the main distribution area of rice planting in the world.

-Monsoon climate zones in East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia and tropical rain forest climate zones in Southeast Asia.

6. The relationship between atmospheric circulation and water and heat transport is a generalization of atmospheric circulation.

(1) global atmospheric circulation;

It promotes the exchange of heat and water vapor between high and low latitudes and between land and ocean;

Adjust the global distribution of water and heat;

It is an important factor in weather change and climate formation in various places.

(2) The causes of several important climates:

Mediterranean climate:

The west coast of the continent between 30 and 40 north latitude; Winter is controlled by the west wind, warm and humid; Summer is controlled by subtropical high, which is dry and hot.

Tropical grassland climate:

North and south latitudes 10-20 degrees; The annual high temperature is controlled by equatorial low pressure in rainy season and by trade winds in dry season.

Temperate maritime climate:

The west coast of the continent between 40 and 60 north latitude; Controlled by the west wind all year round, the climate is warm and humid.

Tropical rain forest climate:

Near the equator; Hot and humid all year round, controlled by equatorial low pressure all year round.

Three monsoon climates: (see above analysis)

7. Features of weather systems such as fronts, low pressure and high pressure.

Frontal system

An example of a front-type graphic symbol, indicating the position of weather and precipitation before crossing the border.

Cold front warm air mass control: sunny; The cold wave in winter passes through low pressure, cloudy day, rain, strong wind and cooling front; Summer rainstorm in northern China

Warm front cold air mass control: sunny; High pressure continuous precipitation front

Low pressure (cyclone) and high pressure (anticyclone) systems

Air pressure: high pressure and low pressure

Airflow: cyclone and anticyclone

Freshmen should know about geography.

1. Interest is the best teacher.

It doesn't matter if junior high school geography is not good, but you must work hard. As the saying goes, interest is the best teacher. As long as you like it, you will learn it well. The cultivation of interest is sometimes because he wants to learn well, because he is useful, sometimes through repeated efforts to make progress, and sometimes by "kissing his teacher and believing in his way."

Rote memorization is no longer feasible.

If rote learning is ok in junior high school, it will never work in senior high school. First, the content of high school curriculum is much more than that of junior high school, so it is impossible to memorize it. Second, no matter which subject is put forward in the college entrance examination, it is useless to memorize knowledge without application. For memory, one is to understand, the other is to remember the knowledge framework, and the third is to rely on accumulation. Of course, rote memorization is better than no memorization. Memory is the basis of learning any subject well, and geography needs memory more.

The sea of problems is a sea of suffering, but it is by no means a dead sea.

We have all had this feeling when studying. I have memorized everything in the textbook and understood it, but I still can't do it when I do the problem. This is a question of using what you have learned flexibly. To be able to use what you have learned flexibly, this is mainly achieved by doing problems. It is very necessary to do a proper number of questions or even a large number of questions. Of course, it is better to pay attention to induction and summary when doing the questions, and it is better to do targeted topics.

4. Learn geography by learning geography.

Geography is different from other disciplines such as history and politics, and has its own methodology. Everyone should try to find their own differences in the process of learning and apply them to learning. I think the biggest difference is that it often associates geographical things with their geographical location, and another feature is that it often speaks in the form of geographical charts. Everyone should strive to improve their ability to read geographical maps.

It's a good habit to ask if you don't understand.

Ask if you don't understand. This is a correct learning attitude and a very good study habit. It needs the cultivation of teachers and the efforts of students, which is helpful to the formation of a good learning atmosphere in the class, especially to the improvement of students' academic performance. Don't be discouraged because you don't understand, but stick to it, stick to it and stick to it.

6. Integrate theory with practice and apply what you have learned.

Learning useful geography in life is an important concept of the new curriculum, and many phenomena can be explained by the principles of learned geography knowledge. At the same time, it can deepen your understanding of geographical concepts and principles. We should always use the principles of geographical knowledge we have learned to explain what happened in our estuary, Dongying and Shandong, as well as some natural phenomena that happened around us. This requires us to be a conscientious person first-read more newspapers and news, and then be a thoughtful person and ask more questions.